DOCSLIB.ORG

Promoting a More Transparent and Accountable NATO

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Promoting a More Transparent and Accountable NATO Issue 51: October 2019 Promoting a more transparent and accountable NATO www.natowatch.org NATO Watch Observatory In this edition: No. 51 (June - September NATO Watch Essay: If the United 2019) States has become a rogue state, how should NATO allies respond? News, Commentary & Reports: Published by - Arctic Security 6 NATO Watch - Arms Control & Disarmament: the Gairloch, Scotland INF Treaty 6 - Climate Change 7 IV212DS - Collective Defence 8 - Cyber Security, Information Warfare & Hybrid Threats 9 Editor: Dr. Ian Davis - Defence Budgets & Procurement 9 - Energy Security 10 Welcome to NATO Watch’s quarterly - Enlargement & Partnerships 11 Observatory: the only online publication - Australia; Bosnia Herzegovina; China- dedicated entirely to news and independent NATO relations; Colombia; EU-NATO relations; Georgia; Ireland; Israel; Japan; commentary on NATO policy-making and Moldova; Morocco, New Zealand; North operational activities. The clips are drawn Macedonia; Pakistan; Policy; Serbia; from a wide range of subscriptions, feeds Sweden; UAE; Ukraine and alerts covering a substantial part of the - History 16 major English language newspapers and - Intelligence 17 other periodicals worldwide. - Iran 17 - Maritime Security 17 NATO Watch - Military Exercises 18 conducts independent monitoring and - Missile Defence 19 analysis of NATO and aims to increase - NATO @ 70 19 transparency, stimulate parliamentary - NATO Defence Ministers Meeting 19 engagement and broaden public awareness - NATO Military Committee – new and participation in a progressive reform Military Strategy 20 agenda within NATO. - NATO Parliamentary Assembly 21 - NATO Summit 21 - Nuclear Weapons 21 - Operations and Missions 22 - Afghanistan; Iraq; Kosovo - President Trump and the Transatlantic Bond 25 - Russia-NATO Relations 26 - Special Forces 26 - Space Policy 27 - Women, Peace and Security 28 Security News from NATO Member States 29 - Albania; Bulgaria; Canada; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Iceland; Copyright © NATO Watch, 2019. Some rights Latvia; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; reserved. Romania; Slovakia; Turkey; UK; USA This publication is made available under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence, which allows copy and distribution for non-profit use, provided the authors and NATO Watch are attributed properly and the text is not altered in any way. All citations must be credited to NATO Watch and/or the original sources. NATO Watch Essay: he would not. In 17 of the surveyed countries, people who lacked If the United States has confidence in him were also most likely to consider the United States the become a rogue state, how world’s top threat, a fact most should NATO allies respond? pronounced among traditional A panel of security and diplomatic Washington allies like Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. experts meeting in Washington in June warned that the rise of populist Similarly, an Ipsos Mori poll in June in authoritarian governments eschewing 24 countries on behalf of the Policy democratic values posed more of a Institute at Kings College London, threat to NATO than an aggressive included the United States among five Russia on its borders or an countries (the others being Iran, Israel, expansionist China. Charles Kupchan, Russia and Saudi Arabia) seen as less from the Council of Foreign Relations, likely to use their influence for good said that member states such as than they were 10 years ago. Turkey, Poland, Hungary and Italy needed to be called out by other President Trump’s willingness to alliance “members when they see … offend close US allies is well-known: backsliding” on defending democratic Denmark being the latest NATO ally on values domestically. the receiving end of a Trumpian backlash after rejecting his unsolicited It hard to argue with such sentiments, and ludicrous offer to buy Greenland. but what of the growing Of course, fissures in Atlanticism—the authoritarianism closer to home? While partnership between Europeans and the Atlantic Council panel apparently Americans—are not new. Trump’s had nothing to say about the behaviour ‘America First’ agenda, his rudeness of the Trump administration, two and arrogance are aggressive and recent global polls show that a growing dangerous, but they have precursors in number of people now include the earlier strains of American United States in a rogue’s gallery of exceptionalism. But while the countries that are perceived as likely to transatlantic partnership has overcome use their influence for illiberal ends. many hurdles in the past 50 years, the A survey released by the Pew Research words and deeds of the current Group in February 2019 found that 45% incumbent of the White House are of the people polled in 26 nations felt increasingly inimical to the interests that US power and influence posed “a and values of most of the other NATO major threat to our country”, while 36% member states. Examples of ‘rogue offered the same response on Russia, state’ behaviour can be cited in the and 35% on China. A similar poll in fields of nuclear arms control, cyber 2013 showed only 25% of global security and climate change. respondents holding a negative view of Nuclear threats the United States. In Germany, which has been on the receiving end of The unravelling of the Intermediate- President Trump’s hostile rhetoric, the Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and percentage of Germans who consider the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action the United States a greater threat than (JCPOA) primarily result from a that of China or Russia rose from 19% Washington playbook, despite attempts in 2013 to 49% in 2018. Figures for to pin responsibility on Moscow and Tehran respectively. France were similar. Only 27% of global respondents had After signalling its intention to do so confidence in Trump doing the right over 12 months ago, the United States thing in world affairs, while 70% feared finally withdrew from the INF Treaty on 3 2 August after accusing Russia of ‘Grey zone’ conflicts with Russia and violating it—a claim Moscow denies. Iran (and an 18-year war on terror) And with undue haste, on 20 August The US government has also increased Washington tested a medium-range and strengthened its cyber incursions cruise missile of the type that was into both Iran and Russia. It was previously banned under the treaty. In reported in the New York Times that US the case of the JCPOA—an agreement Cyber Command (CYBERCOM) has between seven states (China, France, established the ability to disrupt the Germany, Iran, Russia, the United operations of at least some parts of the Kingdom and the United States) and the Russian electric power grid, in response EU, signed in 2015, and often known as to ongoing efforts by the Russians to the Iran nuclear deal—the United States do the same to the United States. While withdrew from the agreement despite there is a plausible case for the International Atomic Energy Agency categorizing the CYBERCOM action as a declaring that Iran was in full countermeasure responding compliance. Hence, US withdrawal was proportionally to Russia’s activities in politically motivated, rather than an US energy systems, it also represents a evidence-based technical objection to major escalation in the ongoing cyber the agreement or its implementation. conflict between the two countries. Moreover, this highly dangerous Similarly, CYBERCOM carried out mindset of breaking these cyberattacks against an Iranian painstakingly negotiated agreements is intelligence organization believed to be coupled with an apparent return in US responsible for recent attacks on oil military thinking towards the idea of tankers near the Strait of Hormuz, and fighting and winning a nuclear war. partly as a response to the earlier Trump recently claimed he could shooting down of a US drone. The achieve victory in the almost 18-year- Trump administration came close to old Afghan War “in a week” by wiping ordering airstrikes but ultimately chose that country “off the face of the Earth” to conduct operations against Iran in and killing “10 million people”. the cyber domain—CYBERCOM’s first While not explicitly stated, this had to major, publicly known offensive actions mean the use of nuclear weapons. after being elevated to the status of a While this might be dismissed as full combatant command in May 2018. merely the ultimate form of social Iran and the United States have been media trolling—threatening nuclear engaged in intense political, economic, war online (Trump initially made similar informational and military competition threats towards Kim Jong-un and for a long time, but the reckless drift remarkably about a third of Americans towards war with Iran has gathered support the idea of preemptive war pace following Washington’s wrecking against North Korea)—in reality it is in of the JCPOA. With Iran being blamed keeping with both longstanding US by Washington hawks for every nuclear planning as well as a new misdeed in the Middle East, sometimes nuclear doctrine adopted in June. with remarkably little evidence, the last “Using nuclear weapons could create thing the region needs is another ill- conditions for decisive results and the conceived, unjustifiable and illegal restoration of strategic stability”, the armed conflict. joint chiefs’ document says. In addition, the so-called ‘war on terror’ “Specifically, the use of a nuclear is now 18 years old and retired US Army weapon will fundamentally change the major and former history instructor at scope of a battle and create conditions West Point, Danny Sjursen, provides a that affect how commanders will first-hand account of the myriad ways prevail in conflict”. that this has gone pear-shaped, not 4 least in increasing resentment and Crawford suggests that a reduction of terrorist threats against the West. fossil fuel use by the military would have "enormous positive implications Climate change denial and more for the climate”, save huge amounts of President Trump is also part of a money, help prevent climate change- rogue’s gallery of political leaders who related threats, and reduce the need for reject the very idea of human-induced US military forces to be in the Middle climate change.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download The
    SPECIAL ANALYSIS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE TOPIC 1964-65 WHAT POLICY FOR CONTROL Of \WEAPONS SYSTEMS WOULD BEST INSURE THE PROSPECTS FOR WORLD PEACE? PUBLISHED AND DISTRIBUTED BY THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE g_g;-J��,�� 1012 FOURTEENTH STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C., 20005 EXECUTIVE 3·8205 THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH, established in 1943, is o nonpartisan research and educational organization which studies notional policy problems. Institute publications toke two major forms: 1. LEGISLATIVE AND SPECIAL ANALYSES - factual analyses of current legislative proposals and other public policy issues before the Congress prepared with the help of recognized experts in the academic world and in the fields of low and government. A typical analysis features: (1) pertinent background, (2) o digest of significant elements, and (3) o discussion, pro and con, of the issues. The reports reflect no policy position in favor of or against specific proposals. 2. LONG-RANGE STUDIES - basic studies of major notional problems of significance for public policy. The Institute, with the counsel of its Advisory Boord, utilizes the services of competent scholars, but the opinions expressed ore those of the authors and represent no policy position on the port of the Institute. ADVISORY BOARD Poul W. McCracken, Chairman Professor, School of Business Administration, University of Mi chi gon Kori Brandt Stanley Parry Director Professor, Deportment Food Research Institute of Politicol Science Stanford University University of Notre Dome Milton Friedman Roscoe Pound Poul S. Russell Distinguished Professor Emeritus Service Professor of Economics Harvard University University of Chicago E. Blythe Stoson Gottfried Hoberler Deon Emeritus, Low School Golen L.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Meddling in Elections and Referenda in the Alliance
    SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE (STC) RUSSIAN MEDDLING IN ELECTIONS AND REFERENDA IN THE ALLIANCE General Report by Susan DAVIS (United States) General Rapporteur 181 STC 18 E fin | Original: English | 18 November 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 II. RUSSIA’S MOTIVATIONS BEHIND MEDDLING IN ELECTIONS AND REFERENDA .......... 1 III. WHAT WE KNOW: RECENT RUSSIAN MEDDLING IN ALLIED COUNTRIES ..................... 4 A. THE UNITED STATES ................................................................................................. 4 B. THE UNITED KINGDOM .............................................................................................. 7 C. FRANCE ....................................................................................................................... 8 D. GERMANY ................................................................................................................... 8 E. SPAIN ........................................................................................................................... 9 F. THE NETHERLANDS ................................................................................................... 9 IV. POLICY RESPONSES AND THE WAY FORWARD ............................................................ 10 A. ELECTION INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................ 10 B. INFORMATION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression for More Information on This Publication, Visit
    C O R P O R A T I O N MICHAEL J. MAZARR, JOE CHERAVITCH, JEFFREY W. HORNUNG, STEPHANIE PEZARD What Deters and Why Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3142 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0397-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: REUTERS/Kyodo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled What Deters and Why: North Korea and Russia, sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the Trump Twitter
    World Leaders a-Twitter: Communication Platforms and Agenda-Building During the 2018 NATO Summit Katja C. Walton International Affairs Program University of Colorado Boulder Defended April 2, 2019 Honors Thesis Defense Committee Dr. Janet Lynn Donavan, Primary Advisor Department of Political Science Dr. Douglas Snyder, Honors Council Representative International Affairs Program Dr. Levente Szentkirályi, Thesis Committee Member Program for Writing and Rhetoric World Leaders a - T w i t t e r | 2 Abstract: Twitter is a thriving microblogging service with growing prominence in the political sphere. In this study, I examine the differences between Twitter communications and verbal communications by three heads of state and government in relation to the most recent NATO Summit in July 2018. Through a three-step analysis, including descriptive statistics, content and tone analysis, and comparative analysis, the study investigates Twitter’s influence on content and tone and its agenda-building capacity for face-to-face summits. After hand-coding over 2,000 tweets and 15 verbal communications, I find that Twitter does not support more negative content and tone among world leaders than verbal communication. Rather, a leader’s tone remains consistent on both communication platforms, suggesting the salience of personality and political strategy as well as the importance of anonymity in online behavioral disinhibition. Findings also demonstrate that, in the case of Burden-Sharing negotiations during the 2018 NATO Summit, U.S. President Trump successfully implemented Twitter as an agenda-building tool to position Burden-Sharing as a prominent Summit topic. Ultimately, I conclude that the rejection of the platform’s legitimacy for diplomatic exchanges and the lack of direct discussion between politicians on Twitter demonstrates that Twitter is not a viable replacement for face-to-face summits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1961
    Ті ii.tiiU їштШ The Ukrainian Weekly ЦШ Іщ еЬВДмв шаЛ ytmth 81-83 Grand Street to realise their foil pot—- Jrrsey City 3, N. J. __ _ Tel. HEndereon 4-0237 (Ш for a creative life In SVOBODA Direct New York City Line: freedom and dignity." УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ЩОДЕННИК. ^fflBmf UKRAINIAN D A 11 У BArclay 7-4125 a DvnaoA*ower Ukrainian National Ass'n The Ukrainian Weekb Section TeL HEn^erson 5-8740 РІК LXVUJL 4. 186 SECTION TWO SVOBODA, THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 30. 1961 SECTION TWO No. 186 VOL. LXVUJ PRESIDENT KENNEDY ASSAILS YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS SUPREME ORGANS OF UCCA MONUMENT TO A GREAT COLONIALISM IN COMMUNIST CONFERENCE HOLDS ITS HOLD ANNUAL MEETING UKRAINIAN WOMAN PLEA ON BEHALF OF ENSLAVED UKRAINE EMPIRE FOURTH MEETING SENT TO PRESIDENT KENNEDY IN CLEVELAND NEW YORK, N.Y., Septem- countings and activities of the NEW YORK, N.Y., Septem-| the UCCA publications: The fi­ ber 23 (UCCA). -- President organization, which were found ber 25. — Representatives ofjkrainian Quarterly and the U- John F. Kennedy received a in excellent condition. The bulk Ukrainian Youth Organizations і krainian Bulletin, a by-monthly strong pica from the Executive of the UCCA finances which were pleasantry surprised when [ publication of the UCCA. After Committee and the Board of derive from the Ukrainian Na­ they found that the UCCA a heated discussion of its own Directors of the Ukrainian Con- tional Fund were spent on the Policy Board was still locked on this topic, the conference grcss Committee of America, to maintenance of the headquart­ in heated debate at the UCCA concluded and endorsed the "again firmly reiterate the ers and the periodic and non- headquarters at 4:00 P.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Obituaries My Reason for Writing Is This: I Felt Own Pace and Using Our Own Methods a Warm Glow Cycling in Scotland As I of Tackling the Job
    CYCLE LETTERS Write to: Cycle Letters, CTC, Parklands, Railton Road, THAT WAS THEN Guildford, GU2 9JX, or email [email protected] Bicycle suspension, 75 AUDAX OK all those kids who now time trial, cyclo- years ago… cross and road race, do they cycle to When our roads were very much school? You bet they do! rougher than they are today, almost The notion that ‘proper cyclists’ – read every imaginable kind of shock absorber was placed on the market, athletic types in lycra – marginalise but the demand was never sufficient Josephine Public on a bike and leave her to keep the inventions alive. Volumes more vulnerable on the road is gainsaid could be written on the subject, for we by the evidence that motorists give had spring seat pillars, spring forks, more room to those who do not appear spring handlebars, and innumerable to be ‘proper cyclists’: blondes without varieties of spring frames. One of helmets get the widest berth of all. the most famous was the BSA spring All cycling is good: let none of us be frame, upon which Harry Green broke marginalised. several records; but today nothing In reply to Peter Kenner’s letter in the Brian Kennedy of this sort survives. And if springing June/July issue: audax is predominantly devices were not wanted for water- a tourist event with max and min time I think that perhaps you asked the wrong bound macadam roads, who would limits. This equates to quite low average question. Cycle sport does appear to get buy them for the smooth speedways of today? The chief trouble has always speeds and, once completed, does not people cycling but sadly it does not get been that springs involve a loss of have a result or finishing sheet.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (8Mb)
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DIRECTORATE-GENERAL XXIII -TOURISM UNIT STUDIES TOURISM RESOURCES IN EASTERN EUROPE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION Volume II: COUNTRY PROFILES "­-.. UJ UJ 0 DOCUMENT 1993 This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission•s official position. Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1993 Volume II: ISBN 92-826-5978-X Volumes I and II: ISBN 92-826-5976-3 © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels • Luxembourg, 1993 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Commission of the European Comunities Directorate General XXIII- Tourism Unit TOURISM RESOURCES IN EASTERN EUROPE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION Volume II: COUNTRY PROFILES PA CAMBRIDGE Economic Consultants 1993 3000 2000 1000 500 200 ~~o Elevation in metres BLACK SEA TouRISM REsouRcEs IN EASTERN EuROPE Poland Hungary ·Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Bulgaria ~ 0 t-4 >z 0 Contents PART ONE: TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE IN POLAND 1 PART THREE: VISITOR ATIRACTIONS 16 1.1 Airports and Air Services 1 3.1 Introduction 16 Introduction 1 3.2 Cities and Historic Sites 16 Okecie Airport, Warsaw 1 Warsaw 16 Rebiechowo Airport, Gdansk. 3 Krakow 16 Balice Airport, Krakow 3 Czestochowa 16 Goleniow Airport, Szczedn 4 Gdansk 17 Lawica Airport, Poznan 4 Szczecin 17 1.2 Rail Services 5 Poznan 17 1.3 Road Access 5 Lublin 17 Private cars 5 To rum 17
    [Show full text]
  • 3Rd INTERNATIONAL FORUM on SPORT for PEACE and DEVELOPMENT
    3rd INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON SPORT FOR PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT CREATING A COMMON VISION Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORDS . 3 1 .1 . Message from the President of the International Olympic Committee, Dr Jacques Rogge . 3 1 .2 . Message from the Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General on Sport for Peace and Development, Wilfried Lemke . 4 2. PROGRAMME OF THE FORUM . 5 3. SUMMARIES . 8 3 .1 . OPENING CEREMONY . 8 3 .2 . Olympic Order Award Ceremony . 10 3 .3 . SESSION I Integrating and Mainstreaming Sport in Development and Peace – Moving from Communication to Organizational Objectives . 11 3 .4 . SESSION II The Culture of Peace through Sport – Concrete Actions and Challenges . 14 3 .5 . SESSION III Sport and Social Inclusion . 16 3 .6 . SESSION IV Sport and Social Development Legacies . 19 3 .7 . SESSION V Capitalizing on Partnerships and Networking . 22 3 .8 . SESSION VI Next Steps . 25 4. FINAL DECLARATION . 26 5. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS . 28 Page 2 / 38 3rd International Forum on Sport for Peace and Development Table of Contents Forewords 1. FOREWORDS 1.1. Message from the President of the International Olympic Committee, Dr Jacques Rogge Today, sport is at work for peace and development in countries around the world . That has happened thanks to increased collaboration and partnership between the entire sports movement and its stakeholders such as the UN agencies, UN member states, governments, institutions and individuals within and outside the sports world . We have thus made significant progress in “Creating the Common Vision”, which was the theme of the third International Forum on Sport, Peace and Development .
    [Show full text]
  • NATO at Seventy (PDF)
    PROJECT ON EUROPE AND THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP NATO at Seventy An Alliance in Crisis Ambassador Douglas Lute Ambassador Nicholas Burns REPORT FEBRUARY 2019 Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 www.belfercenter.org/Transatlantic Statements and views expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by Harvard University, the Harvard Kennedy School, or the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. The authors of this report invite liberal use of the information provided in it for educational purposes, requiring only that the reproduced material clearly cite the source. Design and Layout by Andrew Facini Cover photo: A U.S. Marine carries cold weather equipment as he begins to march across the Icelandic terrain in preparation for NATO’s Trident Juncture 2018 exercise, October 19, 2018. (NATO Photo) Copyright 2019, President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America PROJECT ON EUROPE AND THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP NATO at Seventy An Alliance in Crisis Ambassador Douglas Lute Ambassador Nicholas Burns REPORT FEBRUARY 2019 About this Report “NATO at Seventy: An Alliance in Crisis” is a report by the Project on Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. This Project aims to strengthen teaching, research, and policy-making on the relationship between the United States and Europe. This report is timed to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2019 as the world’s most successful alliance faces perhaps the most daunting and complex set of challenges in its history.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Political Aspects of the Development of Cycling in Pomorze Zachodnie (West Pomerania) in the Years 1945–1950
    #0# Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine | Vol. 30, No. 2/2020: 5–14 | DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.2-01 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLING IN POMORZE ZACHODNIE (WEST POMERANIA) IN THE YEARS 1945–1950 Ryszard Stefanik,A, B, D Maciej ZawadzkiB, D University of Szczecin, Faculty of Health and Physical Education, Poland A Study Design; B Data Collection; C Statistical Analysis; D Manuscript Preparation Address for correspondence: Ryszard Stefanik Wiosny Ludów 24/67, 71-471 Szczecin, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The article presents the determinants of the development of cycling in the areas incorporated by Poland in the first years after the Second World War. The biggest contribution into this process was made by people from large cities, pre-war enthusiasts and athletes who undertook the hardships of social activity and the engagement of local youth. Sports organizations were controlled, but also supported, by state authorities that used mass events in the propaganda policy and actions aimed at integrating the Northern and Western Lands with the rest of the country. This was an important task due to the difficult living conditions and marauding groups of criminals for whom Pomorze Zachodnie constituted an area of criminal activity, mainly plundering former German property, as well as attacking. Polish settlers. The development of cycling in Szczecin was favored by the German infrastructure, including a concrete track often used in national championships. At the end of 1949, sport in Poland was reorganized and centralized, making it similar to the Soviet model, where there was no room for social measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching the International Law of Peace Cecilia M
    Santa Clara Journal of International Law Volume 12 | Issue 2 Article 1 5-27-2014 Untraditional Approaches to Law: Teaching the International Law of Peace Cecilia M. Bailliet Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil Recommended Citation Cecilia M. Bailliet, Untraditional Approaches to Law: Teaching the International Law of Peace, 12 Santa Clara J. Int'l L. 1 (2014). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol12/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Santa Clara Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Untraditional Approaches to Law: Teaching the International Law of Peace Untraditional Approaches to Law: Teaching the International Law of Peace Cecilia M. Bailliet* “It is remarkable that peace studies and international law are regarded as separate academic disciplines.” Edward Gordon1 * Professor, Dr. Jur. Department of Public & International Law, PluriCourts, University of Oslo. 1. Edward Gordon, Book Review: ‘From Erasmus to Tolstoy: The Peace Literature of Four Centuries; Jacob Ter Meulen’s Bibliographies of the Peace Movement Before 1899’, in 34 Harvard International Law Journal 641 (1993). He suggests that law professors shied away from peace studies due to the fear of association with pro-communist or pro-Soviet sympathies as well as increased specialization within legal education. 1 12 SANTA CLARA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 (2014) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................. 3 II.
    [Show full text]
  • Documento Informativo Para As Entidades Da Base Tecnológica E Industrial De Defesa
    DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO PARA AS ENTIDADES DA BASE TECNOLÓGICA E INDUSTRIAL DE DEFESA NOVEMBRO 2018 DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO PARA AS ENTIDADES DA BASE TECNOLÓGICA E INDUSTRIAL DE DEFESA ÍNDICE I. SOBRE O NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2018 ....................................................... 3 II. TEMAS DISCUTIDOS NO NIF18 ....................................................................... 4 II. a) Logistics & Sustainment ........................................................................................ 4 II. b) Enhancing Military “Decision-Making” ...................................................................5 II. c) Disruptive Technologies ........................................................................................ 6 II. d) Autonomy .............................................................................................................. 7 II. e) Innovation and Disruptive Technologies ............................................................... 8 II. f) Trans-Atlantic Policies and Strategies for 21st Century Capabilities ..................... 10 II. g) NATO and Industry – Ready for Novel Challenges ............................................... 12 Página 2 de 14 . DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO PARA AS ENTIDADES DA BASE TECNOLÓGICA E INDUSTRIAL DE DEFESA I. SOBRE O NATO-INDUSTRY FORUM 2018 O NATO-Industry Forum 2018 (NIF18) decorreu na Alemanha com o alto patrocinio do Secretário-Geral da NATO e coorganizado pelo NATO Allied Command Transformation e o Secretário-Geral Adjunto para o Investimento em Defesa. O NIF18 teve como
    [Show full text]