Application to Smartphones
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Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Application to Smartphones Final report for Task 2 of the AA N. 070201/2015/SI2.719458/ENV.A.1 Mauro Cordella, Felice Alfieri, Javier Sanfelix (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Seville, Spain) 2020 EUR 30068 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. For information on the methodology and quality underlying the data used in this publication for which the source is neither Eurostat nor other Commission services, users should contact the referenced source. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Contact information Name: Mauro Cordella Address: Joint Research Centre, Edificio Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3. E-41092 Seville (Spain) Email: [email protected] Tel.: +34 954 488 424 EU Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC116106 EUR 30068 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-76-15411-2 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/037522 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2020 © European Union 2020 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by the Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. All content © European Union 2020 How to cite this report: Cordella, M., Alfieri, F. and Sanfelix Forner, J., Guidance for the Assessment of Material Efficiency: Application to Smartphones, EUR 30068 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2020, ISBN 978-92-76-15411-2, doi:10.2760/037522, JRC116106. Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 1 Product group definition ..................................................................................... 5 1.1 Scoping ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Key definitions .................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Product classification ............................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Scope of the study ............................................................................... 6 1.2 Legislative context and testing methods ......................................................... 7 1.2.1 Safety ................................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 Chemicals ........................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Materials ............................................................................................ 9 1.2.4 Functional and performance aspects .................................................... 11 1.2.5 End-of-Life of the product ................................................................... 19 1.2.6 Ecolabels and Green Public Procurement .............................................. 22 2 Market ........................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Basic market data ..................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Market sales ..................................................................................... 25 2.1.2 Market penetration ............................................................................ 27 2.1.3 Market shares by vendor .................................................................... 28 2.1.4 Market shares by operating system ..................................................... 28 2.2 Key actors ................................................................................................ 30 2.3 Costs ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Purchase price .................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Margins ............................................................................................ 33 2.3.3 Operative costs ................................................................................. 34 2.3.4 Repair/refurbishment costs ................................................................. 34 2.3.5 Overview of costs .............................................................................. 37 2.4 Market drivers, trends and circular business models ...................................... 38 2.4.1 Drivers, trends and business strategies ................................................ 38 2.4.2 Circular business models .................................................................... 39 3 User behaviour ............................................................................................... 44 3.1 Conditions of use and behavioural aspects .................................................... 44 3.1.1 Type of phone and age of users ........................................................... 44 3.1.2 Functionalities ................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 Time and place of use ........................................................................ 47 3.1.4 Purchasing behaviour ......................................................................... 48 3.2 Causes of replacement ............................................................................... 48 i 3.3 Product's lifetime ....................................................................................... 48 4 Technical aspects ............................................................................................ 50 4.1 Technological aspects ................................................................................ 50 4.1.1 Design and innovation ........................................................................ 50 4.1.2 Manufacture ..................................................................................... 51 4.1.3 Functions ......................................................................................... 52 4.1.4 Parts ................................................................................................ 54 4.2 Materials .................................................................................................. 58 4.2.1 Bill of Materials ................................................................................. 58 4.2.2 Critical Raw Materials and minerals from conflict-affected and high- risk areas ................................................................................................... 62 4.2.3 Recycled materials ............................................................................. 63 4.2.4 Other substances of concern ............................................................... 64 4.2.5 Reducing the impacts of materials ....................................................... 66 4.3 Product longevity ...................................................................................... 66 4.3.1 Limiting states .................................................................................. 68 4.3.2 Durability analysis ............................................................................. 72 4.3.3 Reparability and upgradability analysis ................................................. 75 4.4 End of Life ................................................................................................ 83 4.4.1 End of Life practices ........................................................................... 83 4.4.2 Collection and end of life services ........................................................ 83 4.4.3 Recycling process .............................................................................. 84 4.4.4 Transport and risk of illegal export of WEEE .......................................... 89 4.4.5 Improving the efficiency of recycling processes ..................................... 90 4.5 Trade-offs between material efficiency aspects .............................................. 90 4.6 Networks, cloud offloading and data centres ................................................. 91 5 Material efficiency hot-spots ............................................................................. 93 5.1 Material efficiency concept .......................................................................... 93 5.2 Guidance for the LCA-supported analysis of hotspots