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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G. Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol) at the University of Edinburgh

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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G. Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol) at the University of Edinburgh This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. The Freedom and Authority of Conscience: Religion and Politics in the Thought of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1582-1648) Chao-Chi Hsu PhD Thesis History University of Edinburgh 2018 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis was composed by me, and that the work contained herein is my own except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. ii Abstract This thesis focuses on a long-misunderstood person – Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1582-1648), a diplomat, philosopher, and historian. He has been labelled ‘the father of English deism’, a title invented by John Leland (1691-1766) more than a hundred years after his death. Although this label has recently been challenged, modern scholarship continues to pay disproportionate attention to Herbert’s religious ideas, while research on political and historical aspects of his thought remains quite underdeveloped. This thesis places Herbert in the context of contemporary issues of religion and politics, including the controversy over the royal supremacy, the relationship between King and Parliament, and debates over the lawfulness of resistance to tyrants in the Early English Civil War. It argues that his viewpoints on these issues reflected his deep concern for the freedom and authority of individual conscience. Herbert held that laws enacted in the name of the royal supremacy should not force individuals to accept anything contrary to the judgement of their consciences. He also suggested that the safety and liberty of the people took priority over the prerogatives of the King, and that Parliament, as the highest court in the kingdom, had the authority to protect the people’s consciences from the oppression of the King’s unlawful commands. Finally, Herbert held that resistance to tyrants was indeed lawful and that conscience granted that a tyrant’s misdeeds could lawfully be bridled. The thesis is based on a close analysis of Herbert’s religious treatises, his manuscript collections deposited in the National Library of Wales, and his historical works, including ‘On the King’s Supremacy in the Church’ and The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth. His manuscript collections and historical treatises in iii particular have never been properly examined. The main contributions of the thesis are to restore Herbert’s thought to its seventeenth-century context, broaden the research on Herbert to include his political thought, and reveal that the common purpose of his works of philosophy, religion, and history was to save the people from unjust religious coercion. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding and a more complete picture of Herbert’s thought, and challenges several commonly held views of Herbert: that Herbert’s thought was a precursor to eighteenth-century deism, that his theory of common notions represented the whole picture of his thought, and that his historical works were of little value and aimed only at gaining royal recognition. iv Lay Summary This thesis focuses on a long-misunderstood person – Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1582-1648), a diplomat, philosopher, and historian. In the middle of the eighteenth century John Leland denounced Herbert as ‘the father of English deism’, a label unchallenged until very recently. This label suggested that he was a forerunner of those who believed that religion had to be placed on rational foundations rather than on a belief in Scriptural authority. As a result, the attention of most previous scholars has been directed to his religious thought, and research on other aspects of his thought is very underdeveloped. By contrast, this thesis places him in the context of contemporary issues of religion and politics, including controversies over the power of kings over the established church, the relationship between the King and Parliament, and the lawfulness of resistance to tyrants in the Early English Civil War. It argues that his viewpoints on these contemporary issues reflected his deep concern for the freedom and authority of individual conscience. Herbert held that individual conscience weighed more heavily than the king’s authority, that Parliament could best protect the people’s conscience from the oppression of the king’s unlawful commands, and that conscience granted that the people could lawfully resist a tyrant. This thesis provides the first detailed account of Herbert’s participation in contemporary issues of religion and politics, and it does so by analysing his religious treatises, his manuscript collections deposited in the National Library of Wales, and his historical works, including ‘On the King’s Supremacy in the Church’ and The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth. Many of these sources have received little or no attention before. v Acknowledgements I would first like to express my thanks to the Ministry of Education, R. O. C. Taiwan. It provided me with a three-year scholarship to support my stay in the U.K. to research and write this doctoral thesis. Although completing this thesis is not a requirement of the scholarship, it was, for me, a duty to finish it. Thanks are also due to my supervisors Dr. Thomas Ahnert and Dr. Felicity Green for giving me invaluable advice, support, and encouragement during the past four years. Over more than fifty meetings they offered valuable suggestions and guidance, helped me to learn palaeography and write English prose, and expressed their concern for my life in the U.K. Without their help this thesis could never have been completed. I am also grateful to a retired English grammar teacher, Adrian, for his advice on my English writing, and his concern for my life in the U.K. Thanks should be extended to my friends and housekeepers at 29 Lauder Road, Edinburgh. The experience of living there was miraculous and inspirational, in quite unexpected ways. I owe great thanks to my best friend Yu-Lu Tsai, who studies Church History in the Divinity School at the University of Edinburgh. We worked together and exchanged ideas on our theses constantly. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Shu-Neng Wu, whose constant encouragements in my third-year study gave me energy to endure the cold weather in Edinburgh. I must also thank my former supervisor Shih-Tsung Wang at the National Taiwan University. His comprehensive teaching of the history of ideas inspired and benefited this thesis. vi I am also indebted to my parents and family members in Taiwan. Although they cannot fully feel the value of completing a doctoral programme in history, and although they, influenced by local cultures, worry much about my future career, they still keep delivering their constant and warm support for me. In the end, I would like to thank everyone who participated and continues to participate in my life. The value of a doctoral thesis in history may not be obvious from a narrow utilitarian point of view, but its true value will transcend its author. vii Abbreviations Used in References AB Edward Herbert, The Autobiography of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, ed. Sidney Lee (London: G. Routledge, 1906). DV Edward Herbert, De Veritate, ed. and trans. Meyrick Heath Carré (Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith ltd, 1937). DRL Edward Herbert, Lord Herbert of Cherbury’s De Religione Laici, ed. Harold R. Hutcheson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944). DRG Edward Herbert, Pagan Religion: A Translation of De Religione Gentilium, trans. J. A. Butler (Ottawa; Binghamton, NY: Dovehouse; Medieval & Renaissance texts & studies, 1996). L&R Edward Herbert, The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth (London: Printed by E. G. for T. Whitaker, 1649). Dialogue Edward Herbert, A Dialogue between a Tutor and His Pupil (London: Printed for W. Bathoe, 1768). KSC Edward Herbert, ‘On the King’s Supremacy in the Church’, in Lord Herbert of Cherbury’s De Religione Laici, ed. Harold R. Hutcheson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944), pp. 183-186. viii Table of contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ....................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary ............................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... vi Table of contents ......................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...............................................................................................
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