DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 30 – Somatosensory System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CHAPTER 30 Somatosensory System Jon H. Kaas Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA OUTLINE Introduction 1075 Ventroposterior Superior Nucleus 1088 Ventroposterior Inferior Nucleus 1088 Receptor Types and Afferent Pathways 1076 The Posterior Group and the Posterior Ventromedial Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptor Afferents Nucleus 1088 from the Hand 1077 Anterior Pulvinar, Medial Pulvinar, and Lateral The SA-I Afferent or the Non-Pacinian Iii Posterior Nucleus 1089 (NP Iii) Channel 1077 The RA-I Afferent or the Non-Pacinian I Anterior Parietal Cortex 1089 (NPI) Channel 1078 Anterior Parietal Cortex in Monkeys 1089 The SA-II Afferent or Non-Pacinian II (NP II) Area 3b 1090 Channel 1078 Area 1 1090 The RA-II Afferent or Pacinian (PC) Channel 1079 Area 2 1091 Cutaneous Receptor Afferents of the Hairy Skin 1079 Area 3a 1091 Deep Receptor Afferents 1080 Subcortical Projections 1091 C-Fiber and A-delta Afferents Mediating Anterior Parietal Cortex in Humans 1091 Temperature, Itch, Pain, and Touch 1080 Architectonic Fields 1091 Afferent Pathways 1081 Maps in 3a, 3b, 1, and 2: Evidence from Scalp Terminations of Peripheral Nerve Afferents in the and Brain Surface Recordings 1092 Spinal Cord and Brainstem 1081 Sensory and Perceptual Impairments Following Ascending Spinal Cord Pathways 1082 Lesions 1094 The Dorsal (Posterior) Column System 1082 Somatosensory Cortex of the Lateral (Sylvian) Second-Order Axons of the Dorsolateral Sulcus Including Insula 1095 Spinal Cord (The Spinomedullothalamic System) 1083 Organization of Cortex of the Lateral Sulcus in The Spinothalamic Pathways 1084 Monkeys 1095 Relay Nuclei of the Medulla and Upper Lateral and Insular Parietal Cortex in Humans 1096 Spinal Cord 1084 Posterior Parietal Cortex 1097 Dorsal ColumneTrigeminal Nuclear Complex 1084 Posterior Parietal Cortex in Monkeys 1097 Lateral Cervical Nucleus, Nuclei X and Z, Area 5a (PE) 1097 External Cuneate Nucleus, and Clarke’s Area 5b (PEc) 1098 Column 1085 Area 7b (PF and PFG) 1098 Lateral Cervical Nucleus 1085 Area 7a (PG) 1098 Nuclei X and Z 1085 Areas of the Intraparietal Sulcus: AIP, LIP, External Cuneate Nucleus 1085 CIP, VIP, MIP, and PIP 1098 Clarke’s Nucleus or Column 1085 Posterior Parietal Cortex Function in Humans 1100 Somatosensory Regions of the Midbrain 1085 Somatosensory Cortex of the Medial Wall: The Somatosensory Thalamus 1086 Supplementary Sensory Area and Cingulate Ventroposterior Nucleus (VP) 1086 Cortex 1101 The Human Nervous System, Third Edition DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10030-6 1074 Copyright Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION 1075 are only briefly mentioned here, as they are reviewed INTRODUCTION elsewhere (e.g., Chapter 32). The basic parts and pathways of the somatosensory This chapter outlines the organization of the somato- system of humans are shown in Figure 30.1. In brief, sensory system of humans. The emphasis is on the peripheral nerve afferents related to receptors in the components of this system that are important in identi- skin, muscles, and joints course centrally past their cell fying objects and features of surfaces by touch. Even bodies in the dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia to though small shapes can be perceived with information enter the spinal cord and brainstem. These afferents solely from tactile receptors, most discriminations synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal involve an active process of tactile exploration and cord, or on equivalent neurons in the brainstem, and multiple contacts on the skin, and an integration of cuta- send a collateral to the dorsal column–trigeminal neous and proprioceptive information as well as efferent nuclear complex. Most of the second-order neurons in control. Thus, this chapter concentrates on the pathways this complex have axons that cross to the contralateral and neural centers for processing information from the lower brainstem to form the medial lemniscus column low-threshold mechanoreceptors of the skin that of axons that ascend to the somatosensory thalamus. provide information about touch, and the deeper recep- Second-order neurons representing the teeth and tongue tors in joints and muscles that provide information project both ipsilaterally and contralaterally to the thal- about position. Conclusions are based on both studies amus (see Chapter 32). Other second-order neurons in humans and studies in other primates, especially in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in the brainstem the frequently studied macaque monkeys. At least the send axons to the contralateral side to form the early stages of processing are likely to be similar in anterolateral spinothalamic ascending pathway (see humans and monkeys, but humans appear to have Figure 30.4). The low-threshold mechanoreceptor infor- a more expanded cortical network for processing mation from the skin and the information from muscle somatosensory information. The important subsystems spindle receptors and joints course in the medial dealing with afferents coding for pain and temperature lemniscus to terminate in nuclei of the ventroposterior FIGURE 30. 1 The basic components of the somatosensory system shown on a posterolateral view of a human brain. Receptors in the skin project to the dorsal column nuclei or the trigeminal nuclei to form the dorsal column trigeminal complex. The trigeminal complex in the brainstem provide second-order afferents, representing the face, that join those from the dorsal column nuclei, representing the body, to terminate in the contralateral ventroposterior complex of the thalamus. Third-order neurons in the thalamus project to anterior parietal cortex, where information is distributed to posterior and lateral parietal cortex. VI. SYSTEMS 1076 30. SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM thalamic complex. The spinothalamic pathway carries VPI and Pa project widely to areas of somatosensory information about pain, temperature, and touch to infe- cortex, and LP projects to posterior parietal cortex. Areas rior and caudal parts of the ventroposterior complex. 3b, l, and 2 form a hierarchical sequence of processing, The somatosensory thalamus has been subdivided in while area 3a relates especially to motor cortex. All various ways (e.g., Chapter 19; Hirai and Jones, 1989; four areas project to somatosensory cortex of the lateral Mai et al., 1997; Morel et al., 1997; Jones, 2007). Because sulcus (lateral parietal cortex), especially the second some of the earlier parcellations of thalamic nuclei were somatosensory area, S2, and a more recently discovered based solely in cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic parietal ventral somatosensory area, PV (Krubitzer et al., criteria (e.g., Ha¨ssler, 1959), and because they do not 1995). These and other areas of the lateral sulcus relate to reflect the many recent advances in understanding motor areas of cortex to guide action, and to perirhinal based on microelectrode recordings, studies of connec- cortex to engage the hippocampus in object recognition tions, and chemoarchitecture, we use more recently and memory (Mishkin, 1979). Other connections of area proposed subdivisions stemming from studies largely 2 and subdivisions of lateral parietal cortex are with in monkeys (see Kaas, 2008 for review). Thus, the relay subdivisions of posterior parietal cortex that are of afferents from the skin via the medial lemniscus is involved with the early stages of forming movement to the ventroposterior nucleus (VP), which has been intentions and sensory guidance for motor actions (Des- traditionally subdivided into a ventroposterior medial murget et al., 2009). Subdivisions of the posterior pari- subnucleus (VPM) representing the face and a ventro- etal cortex project to premotor and motor areas of the posterior lateral subnucleus (VPL) representing the frontal lobe (e.g., Tanne-Gariepy et al., 2002; Stepniew- body. The muscle spindle receptor inputs are relayed ska et al., 2009b). Projections from the posterior parietal to a dorsal or superior part of the ventroposterior cortex also involve the medial limbic cortex of the pari- complex that is often included in VPM and VPL. We etal lobe in producing motivational and possibly distinguish this representation of deep body receptors emotional states. as the ventroposterior superior nucleus (VPS). Many of the spinothalamic afferents terminate in a ventroposte- rior inferior nucleus (VPI). Other spinothalamic affer- RECEPTOR TYPES AND AFFERENT ents end in a caudal part of the VP complex that is PATHWAYS often included in VPI or end in the posterior group of nuclei, part of which has been distinguished as a distinct In humans, the hand is the most important tactile relay nucleus for pain and temperature, the ventrome- organ for object identification (Darian-Smith, 1984). dial posterior nucleus (VMpo) (Dostrovsky and Craig, Receptors in the hand must convey information about 2008). The somatosensory thalamus also includes nuclei texture and shape. This is done primarily from the finger without ascending somatosensory inputs. The anterior pads during active exploration; consequently, finger pulvinar (Pa) and the lateral posterior complex (LP) position and temporal sequence are important. The receive inputs from somatosensory cortex and project glabrous (hairless) skin of the hand has the highest back to somatosensory cortex. innervation density and tactile acuity of any body The somatosensory cortex has also been variously surface (Darian-Smith, 1984). Hairy skin is less impor- subdivided into proposed subdivisions of functional tant in object identification, and hairy skin
Recommended publications
  • Download The

    Download The

    ACTIONS OF ISOVALINE AND ENDOGENOUS AMINO ACIDS ON INHIBITORY RECEPTORS IN VENTROBASAL THALAMUS by JAMES EDWARD COOKE BSc, Carleton University, 2002 MSc, Carleton University, 2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Pharmacology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August, 2010 © James Edward Cooke, 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis consists of three manuscripts that examine the effects of amino acids and inhibitory neurotransmission in ventrobasal thalamus, a region of the brain responsible for processing nociceptive information. In the first manuscript we examined the possibility that a proposed antagonist of receptors for endogenous amino acids was selective for -amino acids. In the second manuscript, we determined the ionic mechanism of action of isovaline, a non-biogenic amino acid with chemical similarity to glycine and GABA. In the third manuscript, we determined that the inhibitory action of isovaline is mediated by metabotropic receptors, likely GABAB. In the first manuscript we used whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry to examine the differential antagonism of GABAAergic IPSCs by a proposed -amino acid antagonist, TAG. In IPSCs that were attributable to both GABAergic and glycinergic stimulation, TAG significantly reduced both components. TAG had no effect in purely GABAAergic IPSCs. Our data supports the hypothesis that a specific GABAA subunit, 4, is sensitive to the -amino acid antagonist, TAG. The second manuscript examines the ionic mechanism of action of isovaline, demonstrated to have analgesic properties in animal models. Isovaline inhibited action potential firing of thalamocortical neurons by activating a long-lasting potassium conductance that was insensitive to the glycine antagonist, strychnine.
  • Patients and Experiences from the First Danish Flavour Clinic

    Patients and Experiences from the First Danish Flavour Clinic

    DANISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Patients and experiences from the first Danish flavour clinic Alexander Fjaeldstad1, 2, 3, Jelena Stankovic2, Mine Onat2, Dovile Stankevice1 & Therese Ovesen1, 2 ABSTRACT duced sense of smell (hyposmia) [1, 2], making olfac­ INTRODUCTION: Chemosensory dysfunction is common. tory dysfunction a very common disorder. Apart from ORIGINAL ARTICLE Although patients complain of taste loss, the most common these quantitative olfactory disorders, olfactory dis­ 1) Flavour Clinic, Ear cause of a diminished taste experience is olfactory orders can have a qualitative nature where stimuli are Nose and Throat dysfunction. Department, Holstebro distorted (parosmia) or emerge without apparent stim­ Regional Hospital, METHODS: Since January 2017, patients with complaints ulation (phantosmia). Around 10% of patients with dis­ Denmark about smell and/or taste loss have been referred to the torted flavour perception have an actual taste disorder, 2) Flavour Institute, Flavour Clinic by ear, nose and throat (ENT) practitioners. Prior while only a few percent have isolated taste disorders. Department of Clinical to referral, CT, endoscopy of the nasal cavity and allergy Medicine, Aarhus These include loss of taste (ageusia), reduced sense of testing were required. Patients underwent full olfactory and University, Denmark taste (hypogeusia) or distorted sense of taste (parageu­ 3) Hedonia Research gustatory testing, complete ENT and neurological examination sia). Group, Department of and review of medicine and medical history. Patients also In all cases, the sensory loss can cause a wide range Psychiatry, University of completed different questionnaires such as the Mini Mental Oxford, United Kingdom of complications and consequences for patients. Status Examination, the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test and the Patients often complain of a reduced quality of life due Major Depression Inventory.
  • Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology

    Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology

    TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OUTLINE A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Taste and Smell System B. Quantifying Chemosensory Disturbances C. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders causing Primary Smell Impairment with Secondary Loss of Food Flavors a. Post Traumatic Anosmia b. Medications (prescribed & over the counter) c. Alcohol Abuse d. Neurodegenerative Disorders e. Multiple Sclerosis f. Migraine g. Chronic Medical Disorders (liver and kidney disease, thyroid deficiency, Diabetes). D. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders Causing a Primary Taste disorder with usually Normal Olfactory Function. a. Medications (prescribed and over the counter), b. Toxins (smoking and Radiation Treatments) c. Chronic medical Disorders ( Liver and Kidney Disease, Hypothyroidism, GERD, Diabetes,) d. Neurological Disorders( Bell’s Palsy, Stroke, MS,) e. Intubation during an emergency or for general anesthesia. E. Abnormal Smells and Tastes (Dysosmia and Dysgeusia): Diagnosis and Treatment F. Morbidity of Smell and Taste Impairment. G. Treatment of Smell and Taste Impairment (Education, Counseling ,Changes in Food Preparation) H. Role of Smell Testing in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders 1 BACKGROUND Disorders of taste and smell play a very important role in many neurological conditions such as; head trauma, facial and trigeminal nerve impairment, and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson Disorders, Lewy Body Disease and Frontal Temporal Dementia. Impaired smell and taste impairs quality of life such as loss of food enjoyment, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite and safety concerns such as inability to smell smoke, gas, spoiled food and one’s body odor. Dysosmia and Dysgeusia are very unpleasant disorders that often accompany smell and taste impairments.
  • The Relationship Among Pain, Sensory Loss, and Small Nerve Fibers in Diabetes

    The Relationship Among Pain, Sensory Loss, and Small Nerve Fibers in Diabetes

    Pathophysiology/Complications ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Relationship Among Pain, Sensory Loss, and Small Nerve Fibers in Diabetes 1,2 LEA SORENSEN, RN, BHSC ing our own, have shown this not to be 1 LYNDA MOLYNEAUX, RN the case (9–11). However, in view of the 1,2 DENNIS K. YUE, MD, PHD, FRACP pivotal role played by small nerve fibers in the transmission of pain sensation, fur- ther studies are obviously of importance. OBJECTIVE — Many individuals with diabetes experience neuropathic pain, often without Direct examination of intraepidermal objective signs of large-fiber neuropathy. We examined intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) to nerve fibers (IENF) using skin biopsy evaluate the role of small nerve fibers in the genesis of neuropathic pain. technique is a proven procedure to iden- tify small-fiber abnormalities. Several RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — Twenty-five diabetic subjects with neuro- studies using this technique have shown pathic pain and 13 without were studied. The pain was present for at least 6 months for which the density of IENF to be reduced in id- no other cause could be found. Punch skin biopsies were obtained from the distal leg. IENFs were stained using antibody to protein gene product 9.5 and counted with confocal microscopy. iopathic and nondiabetic neuropathies Neuropathy was graded by vibration perception and cold detection thresholds and the Michigan (12–14). This technique has also shown Neuropathy Screening Instrument. that people with diabetes have reduced IENF and altered nerve morphology RESULTS — In the total cohort, IENF density was significantly lower in those with pain (14,15). However, to our knowledge, no compared with those without (3 [1–6] vs.
  • Understanding Perceptions of Variation in Sensory Experience

    Understanding Perceptions of Variation in Sensory Experience

    What do people know about the senses? Understanding perceptions of variation in sensory experience Christine Cuskley*1 and Charalampos Saitis2 1Linguistics and Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK 2Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University London, London, UK *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Academic disciplines spanning cognitive science, art, and music have made strides in understanding how humans sense and experience the world. We now have a better scientific understanding of how human sensation and perception function both in the brain and in interaction than ever before. However, there is little research on how this high level scientific understanding is translated into knowledge for the public more widely. We present descriptive results from a simple survey and compare how public understanding and perception of sensory experience lines up with scientific understanding. Results show that even in a sample with fairly high educational attainment, many respondents were unaware of fairly common forms of sensory variation. In line with the well- documented under representation of sign languages within linguistics, respondents tended to under- estimate the number of sign languages in the world. We outline how our results represent gaps in public understanding of sensory variation, and argue that filling these gaps can form an important early intervention, acting as a basic foundation for improving acceptance, inclusivity, and accessibility for cognitively diverse populations. Introduction Our senses form our window into the world. Understanding human sensory experience, and how it supports uniquely human endeavours like music and language, is key to a better understanding of what it means to be human.
  • Somatosensory Function in Speech Perception

    Somatosensory Function in Speech Perception

    Somatosensory function in speech perception Takayuki Itoa, Mark Tiedea,b, and David J. Ostrya,c,1 aHaskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511; bResearch Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139; and cDepartment of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1 Edited by Fernando Nottebohm, The Rockefeller University, Millbrook, NY, and approved December 4, 2008 (received for review October 7, 2008) Somatosensory signals from the facial skin and muscles of the vocal taken from a computer-generated continuum between the words tract provide a rich source of sensory input in speech production. head and had. We found that perception of these speech sounds We show here that the somatosensory system is also involved in varied in a systematic manner depending on the direction of skin the perception of speech. We use a robotic device to create stretch. The presence of any perceptual change at all depended patterns of facial skin deformation that would normally accom- on the temporal pattern of the stretch, such that perceptual pany speech production. We find that when we stretch the facial change was present only when the timing of skin stretch was skin while people listen to words, it alters the sounds they hear. comparable to that which occurs during speech production. The The systematic perceptual variation we observe in conjunction findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the somatosen- with speech-like patterns of skin stretch indicates that somatosen- sory system is involved in the perceptual processing of speech. sory inputs affect the neural processing of speech sounds and The findings underscore the idea that there is a broad nonau- shows the involvement of the somatosensory system in the per- ditory basis to speech perception (17–21).
  • Accessibility Guide for Sensory Loss

    Accessibility Guide for Sensory Loss

    A simple touch leads to endless possibilities Accessibility Guidelines for Sensory Loss 2020 3rd Edition Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 DeafBlind Ontario Services .................................................................................................. 2 About the Accessibility Guidelines for Sensory Loss ....................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 3 Copyright ............................................................................................................................. 3 Accessibility Guidelines ....................................................................................................... 3 Quick Design Tips ................................................................................................................ 4 DIY Orientation and Accessibility Enhancements ................................................................ 4 Deafblindness ....................................................................................................................... 5 What is Deafblindness? ....................................................................................................... 5 Deafblindness and Communication ..................................................................................... 5 Types of Deafblindness ......................................................................................................
  • Olfactory Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases

    Olfactory Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases

    Eur J Gen Med 2004; 1(3): 1-11 REVIEW ARTICLE OLFACTORY DYSFUNCTION IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES M. Hakan Özdener, Nancy E. Rawson Monell Chemical Senses Center, University City Science Center Interest in olfactory dysfunction has increased tremendously in the past decade, in part due to observations that chemosensory impairment is an early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases. Several features of the olfactory system make it particularly relevant to understanding neurodegeneration/regeneration. First, while being vulnerable to environmental and infectious exposure, the olfactory system has the unique property of ongoing replacement of the olfactory sensory neurons under physiological conditions and following injury. Second, the receptor neurons residing in the periphery are developmentally related to the central nervous system, yet are accessible relatively noninvasively via biopsy from living subjects. Third, olfactory performance can easily be tested in a variety of ways that provide insight into the function of brain areas involved in detection, identification and memory. In addition to providing insights into the etiology or diagnosis of disease, a better understanding of olfactory neurobiology is needed to develop ways to treat olfactory dysfunction, which affects both quality of life and personal safety. At least 3,000,000 Americans suffer from chemosensory disorders and that is likely to grow as the aging segment of the population increases. Olfactory impairment represents a danger to the individuals resulting from inability to detect hazards as natural gas and spoiled food and threatens quality of life through the loss of enjoyment of foods and fragrances. The neurological systems responsible for olfactory function represent perhaps the most diverse, complex and adaptable components of the nervous system.
  • Paraneoplastic Neurological and Muscular Syndromes

    Paraneoplastic Neurological and Muscular Syndromes

    Paraneoplastic neurological and muscular syndromes Short compendium Version 4.5, April 2016 By Finn E. Somnier, M.D., D.Sc. (Med.), copyright ® Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark 30/01/2016, Copyright, Finn E. Somnier, MD., D.S. (Med.) Table of contents PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROMES .................................................... 4 DEFINITION, SPECIAL FEATURES, IMMUNE MECHANISMS ................................................................ 4 SHORT INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM .................................................. 7 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY ..................................................................................................... 12 THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................. 18 SYNDROMES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................ 22 MORVAN’S FIBRILLARY CHOREA ................................................................................................ 22 PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION (PCD) ...................................................... 24 Anti-Hu syndrome .................................................................................................................. 25 Anti-Yo syndrome ................................................................................................................... 26 Anti-CV2 / CRMP5 syndrome ............................................................................................
  • Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following

    Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) College of Education and Human Sciences Spring 2016 Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following Hand and Orofacial Motor Tasks and Pulsed Cutaneous Stimulation Austin Oder Rosner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss Part of the Communication Sciences and Disorders Commons Rosner, Austin Oder, "Hemodynamic Changes in Cortical Sensorimotor Systems Following Hand and Orofacial Motor Tasks and Pulsed Cutaneous Stimulation" (2016). Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. 256. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/256 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN CORTICAL SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEMS FOLLOWING HAND AND OROFACIAL MOTOR TASKS AND PULSED CUTANEOUS STIMULATION by Austin Oder Rosner A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Interdepartmental Area of Human Sciences (Communication Disorders) Under the Supervision of Professor Steven M. Barlow Lincoln, Nebraska January, 2016 HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN CORTICAL SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEMS FOLLOWING HAND AND OROFACIAL MOTOR TASKS AND PULSED CUTANEOUS STIMULATION Austin Oder Rosner, Ph.D.
  • Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta

    Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta

    Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta To cite this version: Rochelle Ackerley, Michael Borich, Calogero Maria Oddo, Silvio Ionta. Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation. Multisensory Research, Brill, 2016, 29 (6-7), pp.607- 633. 10.1163/22134808-00002530. hal-01599609 HAL Id: hal-01599609 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01599609 Submitted on 2 Oct 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Multisensory Research 29 (2016) 607–633 brill.com/msr Insights and Perspectives on Sensory-Motor Integration and Rehabilitation Rochelle Ackerley 1,2, Michael Borich 3, Calogero Maria Oddo 4 and Silvio Ionta 5,6,∗ 1 Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden 2 Laboratoire Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives (UMR 7260), CNRS — Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France 3 Neural Plasticity Research Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory
  • Miracle Berry’ Demo ‘Miracle Berry’ Demo What Are Miracle Berries?

    Miracle Berry’ Demo ‘Miracle Berry’ Demo What Are Miracle Berries?

    Applied Neuroscience Columbia Science Honors Program Fall 2016 Sensory Systems and Neural Circuits, Part Two Last week’s class Sensory systems and neural circuits 1. Introduction to sensory systems 2. Visual system 3. Auditory system 4. Introduction to neural circuits How do we take cues from our environment and make sense of the world around us? Sensory systems How do sensory systems work? Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing action potentials after receiving a stimulus. Each sensory system follows a specific plan: 1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Coding Today’s class Objective: Sensory Systems and Neural Circuits, Part Two Agenda: Sensory Systems Gustatory system (taste) Olfactory system (odor) Demo 1: Jellybean test Somatosensory system (touch and pain) Demo 2: Flavor tripping with ‘Miracle Berries’ Sensory systems What are different types of senses? Hearing Vision Smell Touch (olfaction) Pain Humans Taste Temperature (gustation) Vestibular Autonomic Senses Senses Proprioception Chemical senses Sensory systems associated with the nose and mouth (olfaction and taste) detect chemicals in the environment. Gustatory system: detects ingested, primarily water-soluble, molecules called tastants Olfactory system: detects airborne molecules called odors These systems rely on receptors in the nasal cavity, mouth or face that interact with the relevant molecules and generate action potentials. Gustatory System Objective: Understand how the gustatory system works Agenda: 1. Morphology of cells 2. Gustatory pathway v Flavor tripping with ‘Miracle Berries’ (later in the class) Gustatory System Morphology of taste buds and cell types: • Taste buds are located on papillae and are distributed across the tongue • They are also found on the oral mucosa of the palate and epiglottis • Taste buds contain 80 cells arranged around a central taste pore.