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Yahudi Lobisinin Abd Içindeki Konumu Ve Ortadoğu

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Yahudi Lobisinin Abd Içindeki Konumu Ve Ortadoğu T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞ KİLER ANAB İLİM DALI YAHUD İ LOB İSİNİN ABD İÇİNDEK İ KONUMU VE ORTADO ĞU POL İTİKASINDAK İ ROLÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Zenife UMEROVA Ankara 2006 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞ KİLER ANAB İLİM DALI YAHUD İ LOB İSİNİN ABD İÇİNDEK İ KONUMU VE ORTADO ĞU POL İTİKASINDAK İ ROLÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Zenife UMEROVA Tez Danı şmanı Doç.Dr.Ça ğrı ERHAN Ankara 2006 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞ KİLER ANAB İLİM DALI YAHUD İ LOB İSİNİN ABD İÇİNDEK İ KONUMU VE ORTADO ĞU POL İTİKASINDAK İ ROLÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danı şmanı Doç.Dr.Ça ğrı ERHAN Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası …................................................................. ………... ……………………………………………. ……...... ……………………………………………. ……….. ……………………………………………. ………. Tez Sınavı Tarihi:…………………………… İÇİNDEK İLER Kısaltmalar Giri ş ..............................................................................................................................1 Birinci Bölüm ABD’de Siyasal Yapı ve Lobicilik I. ABD’nin Siyasal Sistemi ................................................................................... 3 A. Yasama Kurumu Olarak Kongre ................................................................8 1.Temsilciler Meclisi.......................................................................... 10 2.Senato............................................................................................. 12 3.Kongre’nin Komiteler Sistemi.......................................................... 15 4.Yasama Sürecinin İş leyi şi ................................................................ 20 5.Kongre’nin Dı ş Politikadaki Yetkileri............................................... 23 a) Kongre’nin Sava ş İlan Etme Yetkisi.................................... 24 b) Senato’nun Anla şma Onaylama Yetkisi .............................. 26 c) Senato’nun Atamaları Onaylama Yetkisi............................. 28 d) Kongre’nin Mali Yetkisi .................................................... 29 B. ABD’de Yürütme ................................................................................... 30 1. Ba şkan ........................................................................................... 30 2. Yürütmeye Destek Olan Organlar.................................................... 31 3. Ba şkan’ın Dı ş Politika Yetkileri ..................................................... 33 4. Dı ş Politika Karar Alma Merkezi .................................................... 38 a) Ba şkan.............................................................................. 38 b) Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi .................................................. 39 c)Dı şişleri Bakanlı ğı ............................................................ 40 d)Savunma Bakanlı ğı............................................................ 42 e) İstihbarat Servisi (CIA) ...................................................... 43 II. ABD’de Lobicilik .......................................................................................... 45 A. Lobicilik ve ABD’de Lobicili ğin Tarihçesi.............................................. 45 B. ABD’de Lobi Faaliyetlerine Genel Bakı ş................................................. 50 1. ABD’de Lobicili ğin Tarihi.................................................................... 50 2. Günümüzde ABD’de Lobi Faaliyetleri .................................................. 54 C. ABD’de Lobicili ğin Karar Alma Organları Üzerindeki Etkisi ..................... 58 1. Lobicilikte Esaslar ............................................................................... 58 2. Lobicili ğin Dı ş Politika Üzerindeki Etkisi ............................................. 66 İkinci Bölüm ABD’de Yahudi Toplumu ve Lobisi I. ABD’de Yahudi Toplumunun Olu şumu............................................................ 70 A. Amerika’da Yahudi Tarihi ....................................................................... 70 B. Yahudi Nüfusu........................................................................................ 86 C. Amerikan Yahudilerin Dini Mezhepleri.................................................... 88 1. Reformcu Sinagoglar ...................................................................... 88 2. Muhafazakarlar .............................................................................. 89 3. Ortodokslar ................................................................................... 89 4. Yeniden İnşacılık ........................................................................... 90 D. Yahudilerin Amerikan Toplumundaki Yeri................................................. 91 1. Amerikan Yahudileri ve Politika ..................................................... 91 2. Finans Sektörü................................................................................ 99 3. E ğitim ve Akademiya ................................................................... 109 II. Amerika’da Yahudi Lobisinin Olu şumu, Yapısı ve Faaliyeti .......................... 115 A. Siyonizm Hareketinin Tarihçesi.............................................................. 115 B. ABD’de Yahudi Lobisinin Olu şumu ve İsrail Devletinin’nin Kurulu şu..... 122 C. ABD’de Yahudi Lobisini Olu şturan Örgütler ve Lobi Faaliyetleri..................142 Üçüncü Bölüm Arap – İsrail Çatı şması, ABD ve Yahudi Lobisi I. ABD’nin Ortado ğu’daki Çıkarları ve İsrail ile İttifakı............................................160 A. ABD’nin Ortado ğu’daki Çıkarları...................................................................160 B. ABD – İsrail İttifakı ........................................................................................169 II. ABD – İsrail İli şkileri, Filistin Sorunu ve ABD’de Yahudi Faktörü.......................176 A. Eisenhower Dönemi: İsrail’e silah ambargosu......................................... 176 B. John Kennedy: Lobi İçin Washington Kapıları Açılıyor........................... 182 C. Lyndon Johnson – İsrail’in Beyaz Saray’daki En İyi Dostu...................... 183 D. Nixon: Yom-Kippur Sava şı ................................................................... 189 E. Jimmy Carter:Ba şkanlık pahasına barı ş................................................... 194 F. Reagan : Üçüncü A şamaya Ula şıldı ........................................................ 199 G. Bush Dönemi: Yalnız Bir Adam ............................................................. 209 H. Clinton Dönemi: Ortado ğu’da barı ş rüzgârları......................................... 212 İ. II. Bush – O ğul Babaya Benzemedi .......................................................... 222 Sonuç............................................................................................................... 232 Kaynaklar ........................................................................................................ 239 Özet................................................................................................................. 253 Abstarct ........................................................................................................... 255 KISALTMALAR CETVEL İ ABD : Amerika Birle şik Devletleri ACDA : Silah Kontrolü ve Silahsızlanma Ajansı ADL : Anti-Propaganda Ligi AE İ : Amerikan Giri şimci Enstitüsü AIPAC : Amerikan İsrail Halkla İli şkiler Komitesi AJC : Amerikan Yahudi Komitesi AZEC : Amerikan Siyonist Acil Komitesi B. : Baskı BM : Birle şmi ş Milletler CIA : Merkezî İstihbarat Te şkilatı CIPAC : Hıristiyanların İsrail Halk Eylem Kampanyası CSP : Güvenlik Politikası Merkezi çev. : Çeviren ESF : Ekonomik Yardım Fonları FARA : Yabancı Ajansların Kayıt Kanunu FKÖ : Filistin Kurtulu ş Örgütü FMS : Yabancı Askerî Satı şları JDC : Amerikan Yahudi Ek Da ğıtım Komitesi JINSD : Ulusal Güvenlik Konuları için Yahudi Enstitüsü MEPFA : Ortado ğu Barı şını Kolayla ştırma Hareketi NSC : Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi NZO : Yeni Siyonist Örgütü PAC : Politik Eylem Komitesi PNAC : Yeni Amerikan Yüzyılı İçin Proje PR : Halkla İli şkiler TM : Temsilciler Meclisi USIA : Birle şik Devletler Enformasyon Ajansı ZOA : Amerika’nın Siyonist Örgütü GİRİŞ Bugün dünyada tek süper güç olarak kar şımıza çıkan ABD’nin dı ş politikasında verilen kararlar ve uygulamaların uluslararası sahnedeki önemi tartı şmasızdır. Buna ba ğlı olarak ABD dı ş politikasındaki kararlar, uygulamalar veya yaptırımlar ülkenin siyasal sistemine ve toplumsal yapısına dayandırılmaktadır. Böylece dı ş dünyaya ABD dı ş politikası olarak yansıyan olguyu yorumlamak için ülke-devlet yapısı, dı ş politika bürokrasisi, dı ş politika karar verme sürecinde rol oynayan ve nihai kararı etkileyen baskı grupları, lobileri, iç ve dı ş faktörleri ara ştırmak gerekir. Bu tezin konusu olan ABD’nin Ortado ğu Politikası ve İsrail ile ili şkilerini etkileyen ABD’deki Yahudi toplumu, lobisi, siyasi ve iktisadi, hatta sosyal etkisinin ara ştırılması çalı şmamın asıl amacıdır. Yahudi asıllı Amerikan vatanda şlarının ülke çapında sahip oldukları güçlü ve etkili-yetkili sosyal konumları özellikle XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında göze çarpmaya ba şlamı ştır. Yahudiler tarih boyunca vatan ve devletten mahrum kaldıklarından dünyanın dört tarafında çe şitli ülkelerde farklı toplumlarda önemli yerlere gelmi ş, etkili rollere sahiplerdi. 1 Fakat hangi ülke, millet, devlet, toplum içinde olursa olsunlar Yahudiler genellikle çe şitli a şağılamalara, zulümlere, zaman zaman da acımasız şiddete maruz kalmaktaydılar (“Anti-semitizm” kavramının
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