DOCSLIB.ORG

Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Colton's Nicaragua Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador & Costa Rica. Revised, Enlarged and Published by S.H. Goetzel & Co. Mobile Ala. Stock#: 38861 Map Maker: Colton Date: 1860 Place: Mobile, AL Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG+ Size: 16 x 12 inches Price: SOLD Description: Detailed map of Central America, coloured by country and province, which accompanied a description of the War in Nicaragua. Written by the legendary American Fillibuster, William Walker, one of the most colorful of the Americans to enter into political intrigues in Central America during the 19th Century. Walker is perhaps best know for his failed attempt to take over Sonora and Baja California and declare them independent states. Following the demise of his Sonora Republic, he became involved in a brief successful attempt to take over Nicaragua, before a similar scheme resulted in his death in Honduras in 1860. Historical Context-Sonora & Baja California Following the Mexican-American War, the United States had vastly expanded its territory, while numerous American speculators had made great fortunes through events such as the California Gold Rush. Not surprisingly, certain American adventurers turned their gaze even further southwards to see what other riches could be prized from Latin America. Some of the more ambitious of these figures even harbored designs to invade parts of Mexico and Central America, with the objective of establishing new American- allied republics. This imperialist act of nation-building was termed 'filibustering'. Drawer Ref: Central America Stock#: 38861 Page 1 of 5 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Colton's Nicaragua Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador & Costa Rica. Revised, Enlarged and Published by S.H. Goetzel & Co. Mobile Ala. By far the most prominent filibuster was William Walker (1824-60). Born in Nashville, he was both a physician and lawyer and was famed for his charm and wit but also for his grandiose ambition and almost complete recklessness. An ideological American imperialist and supporter of slavery, his schemes were intended to advance these ends. Walker travelled to San Francisco in 1849, hoping to make a fortune in the Gold Rush. While in California, he learned that Sonora and Baja California, which remained possessions of Mexico, were rich in gold and silver, yet lightly populated and poorly defended. Walker at first applied to the Mexican government for permission to establish a colony in Sonora, an application that was wisely declined. Undeterred, Walker believed that seizing control of Baja and Sonora by force could be accomplished with relative ease. Furthermore, once this was accomplished, he was confident that the prevailing pro- expansionist sentiment within the United Stares would quickly lead to official American support for his enterprise. Walker recruited a rag-tag group of supporters of slavery and the Manifest Destiny Doctrine (mostly from Kentucky and Tennessee), to establish an independent republic in Mexico, which might ultimately become a slave-holding state in the United States, in the same fashion as the Republic of Texas. In the Summer of 1853, Walker and his supporters invaded and conquered La Paz, the capital of Baja California. There, Walker declared himself the President of the Republic of Baja California, establishing his capital in Ensenada. However, his efforts to take Sonora (and create the Republic of Sonora), failed and he was soon forced out of Mexico altogether. Far from being supportive of Walker's endeavors, the U.S. Government, which was then negotiating the Gadsden Purchase with Mexico, believed Walker to be loose-cannon and a political liability. He was tried in federal court in San Francisco for conducting an illegal war under the Neutrality Act of 1794. However, his actions were widely popular in America and a jury took only eight minutes to acquit him of all charges. Historical Context-Nicaragua Since there was no inter-oceanic route joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at the time and the transcontinental railway had not been completed, a major trade route between New York City and San Francisco ran through southern Nicaragua. Ships from New York entered the San Juan River from the Atlantic and sailed across Lake Nicaragua. People and goods were then transported by stagecoach over a narrow strip of land near the city of Rivas, before reaching the Pacific and being shipped to San Francisco. The commercial exploitation of this route had been granted by Nicaragua to the Accessory Transit Company, controlled by Wall Street tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt. Drawer Ref: Central America Stock#: 38861 Page 2 of 5 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Colton's Nicaragua Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador & Costa Rica. Revised, Enlarged and Published by S.H. Goetzel & Co. Mobile Ala. In 1854, a civil war erupted in Nicaragua between the Legitimist Party, based in the city of Granada and the Democratic Party, based in León. The Democratic Party sought military support from Walker, who, to circumvent U.S. neutrality laws, obtained a contract from Democratic president Francisco Castellón to bring as many as three hundred "colonists" to Nicaragua. These mercenaries received the right to bear arms in the service of the Democratic government. Walker sailed from San Francisco on May 3, 1855, with approximately 60 men. Upon landing, the force was reinforced by 170 locals and about 100 Americans, including the well-known explorer and journalist Charles Wilkins Webber and the English adventurer Charles Frederick Henningsen, a veteran of the First Carlist War, the Hungarian Revolution and the war in Circassia. With Castellón's consent, Walker attacked the Legitimists in the town of Rivas, near the trans-Isthmian route. He was driven off but not without inflicting heavy casualties. On September 4, during the Battle of La Virgen, Walker defeated the Legitimist army. On October 13, he conquered the Legitimist capital of Granada and took effective control of the country. Initially, as commander of the army, Walker ruled Nicaragua through provisional President Patricio Rivas. U.S. President Franklin Pierce recognized Walker's regime as the legitimate government of Nicaragua on May 20, 1856. Walker's first ambassadorial appointment, Colonel Parker H. French, was refused recognition. Meanwhile, C. K. Garrison and Charles Morgan, subordinates of Cornelius Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company, provided financial and logistic assistance to the filibusters in exchange for Walker, as ruler of Nicaragua, seizing the Company's property (on the pretext of a charter violation) and turning it over to Garrison and Morgan. Outraged, Vanderbilt dispatched two secret agents to the Costa Rican government with detailed plans on how to deal a death blow to the filibusters. They would help regain control of Vanderbilt's steamboats which had become a logistical lifeline for Walker's army. Walker had also scared his neighbors and potential American and European investors with talk of further military conquests in Central America. Juan Rafael Mora, President of Costa Rica, rejected Walker's diplomatic overtures and instead declared war on his regime, the Campaign of 1856-57. Walker organized a battalion of four companies, of which one was composed by Germans, the other by French, and the other two by Americans, totaling 240 men They were placed under the command of Colonel Schlessinger to invade Costa Rica in a preemptive action but this advance force was defeated at the Battle of Santa Rosa in March 20, 1856. In April 1856, Costa Rican troops entered into Nicaraguan territory and inflicted a defeat on Walker's men at the Second Battle of Rivas, in which Juan Santamaría, later to be recognized as one of Costa Rica's national heroes, played a key role. From the north, President José Santos Guardiola sent Honduran troops, who went side by side with Drawer Ref: Central America Stock#: 38861 Page 3 of 5 Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Colton's Nicaragua Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador & Costa Rica. Revised, Enlarged and Published by S.H. Goetzel & Co. Mobile Ala. Salvadoran troops, to fight William Walker under the leadership of the Xatruch brothers. Florencio Xatruch was named General-in-Chief of the Allied Armies of Central America. He also led the combat against the filibusters in la Puebla, Rivas. Later, for political reasons, Juan Rafael Mora was left in charge. Several Central American countries recognized Xatruch as Brigade and Division General. On June 12, 1857, Xatruch made a triumphant entrance to Comayagua, which was then the capital of Honduras, after Walker surrendered. The nickname Catracho, by which Hondurans are known popularly still today and the more infamous nickname Salvadorans are known by today (Salvatrucho), are derived from Xatruch's figure and successful campaign as leader of the Allied Armies of Central America. As the troops of El Salvador and Honduras were national heroes, that played a key role, fighting side by side as Central American brothers, against William Walker's troops. As the general and his soldiers returned from battle, some Nicaraguans affectionately yelled out "¡Vienen los xatruches!", meaning "Here come Xatruch's boys!" However, Nicaraguans had so much trouble pronouncing the general's last name (a Catalan last name) that they altered the phrase to "los catruches" and ultimately settled on "los catrachos". Walker took up residence in Granada and set himself up as President of Nicaragua, after conducting a fraudulent election. He was inaugurated on July 12, 1856 and soon launched an Americanization program, reinstating slavery, declaring English an official language and reorganizing currency and fiscal policy to encourage immigration from the United States.
Recommended publications
  • The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents Donald Frank Andrews University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents Donald Frank Andrews University of Tennessee, Knoxville

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1977 The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents Donald Frank Andrews University of Tennessee, Knoxville Recommended Citation Andrews, Donald Frank, "The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1977. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4205 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Donald Frank Andrews entitled "The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. Nathalia Wright, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Kenneth Curry, Michael Lofaro, Ralph W. Haskins Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Donald Frank Andrews entitled "The· .Ameritan· Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents." I reconunend that it be accepted in partial fu lfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English.
  • KENTUCKY in AMERICAN LETTERS Volume I by JOHN WILSON TOWNSEND

    KENTUCKY in AMERICAN LETTERS Volume I by JOHN WILSON TOWNSEND

    KENTUCKY IN AMERICAN LETTERS Volume I BY JOHN WILSON TOWNSEND KENTUCKY IN AMERICAN LETTERS JOHN FILSON John Filson, the first Kentucky historian, was born at East Fallowfield, Pennsylvania, in 1747. He was educated at the academy of the Rev. Samuel Finley, at Nottingham, Maryland. Finley was afterwards president of Princeton University. John Filson looked askance at the Revolutionary War, and came out to Kentucky about 1783. In Lexington he conducted a school for a year, and spent his leisure hours in collecting data for a history of Kentucky. He interviewed Daniel Boone, Levi Todd, James Harrod, and many other Kentucky pioneers; and the information they gave him was united with his own observations, forming the material for his book. Filson did not remain in Kentucky much over a year for, in 1784, he went to Wilmington, Delaware, and persuaded James Adams, the town's chief printer, to issue his manuscript as The Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke; and then he continued his journey to Philadelphia, where his map of the three original counties of Kentucky—Jefferson, Fayette, and Lincoln— was printed and dedicated to General Washington and the United States Congress. This Wilmington edition of Filson's history is far and away the most famous history of Kentucky ever published. Though it contained but 118 pages, one of the six extant copies recently fetched the fabulous sum of $1,250—the highest price ever paid for a Kentucky book. The little work was divided into two parts, the first part being devoted to the history of the country, and the second part was the first biography of Daniel Boone ever published.
  • William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857

    William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857

    ELLIS, JOHN C. William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857. (1973) Directed by: Dr. Franklin D. Parker. Pp. 118 The purpose of this paper is to show how William Walker was toppled from power after initially being so i • successful in Nicaragua. Walker's attempt at seizing Nicaragua from 1855 to 1857 caused international conster- ■ nation not only throughout Central America but also in the capitals of Washington and London. Within four months of entering Nicaragua with only I fifty-seven followers. Walker had brought Nicaragua under his domination. In July, 1856 Walker had himself inaugurated as President of Nicaragua. However, Walker's amazing career in Nicaragua was to last only briefly, as the opposition of the Legitimists in Nicaragua coupled with the efforts of the other Central American nations removed Walker from power. Walker's ability as a military commander in the use of military strategy and tactics did not shine forth like his ability to guide and lead men. Walker did not learn from his mistakes. He attempted to use the same military tactics over and over, especially in attempts to storm towns which if properly defended were practically impreg- nable fortresses. Walker furthermore abandoned without a fight several strong defensive positions which could have been used to prevent or deter the Allied offensives. Administratively, Walker committed several glaring errors. The control of the Accessory Transit Company was a very vital issue, but Walker dealt with it as if it were of minor im- portance. The outcome of his dealings with the Accessory Transit Company was a great factor in his eventual overthrow as President of Nicaragua.
  • William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: the War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860

    William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: the War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860

    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2017 William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860 John J. Mangipano University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Latin American History Commons, Medical Humanities Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Mangipano, John J., "William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860" (2017). Dissertations. 1375. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1375 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILLIAM WALKER AND THE SEEDS OF PROGRESSIVE IMPERIALISM: THE WAR IN NICARAGUA AND THE MESSAGE OF REGENERATION, 1855-1860 by John J. Mangipano A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of History at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Deanne Nuwer, Committee Chair Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Heather Stur, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Matthew Casey, Committee Member Assistant Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Max Grivno, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Douglas Bristol, Jr., Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr.
  • White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America

    White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America

    "A Plumb Craving for the Other Color": White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America By Alison Marie Weiss A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Paula Fass, Chair Professor Waldo Martin Professor Margaret Chowning Professor Brian DeLay Professor Elisa Tamarkin Spring 2013 Copyright 2013 by Alison Marie Weiss 1 Abstract “A Plumb Craving for the Other Color”: White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America by Alison Marie Weiss Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Paula Fass, Chair “‘A Plumb Craving for the Other Color’: White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America” examines interracial relations between white men and non-white women in the antebellum period. Focusing on black, Indian, and Spanish American women, this dissertation argues that such liaisons were far more prevalent, institutionalized, and tolerated than historians have previously argued. Although such phenomena as black concubines, tribally organized Indian marriages, and land-rich Mexican wives have been separately examined, no single study has put them together and questioned their particular prevalence at a specific time in American history. This dissertation argues that the relationships white men formed with non- white women follow certain patterns that evidence a sexual “crisis” in antebellum America. Taking evidence from court records, periodicals, diaries, letters, travelogues and fiction, this study reveals that non-white women and their relations with white men were often portrayed in astonishingly similar ways.
  • The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents

    The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-1977 The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents Donald Frank Andrews University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Andrews, Donald Frank, "The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1977. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4205 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Donald Frank Andrews entitled "The American Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English. Nathalia Wright, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Kenneth Curry, Michael Lofaro, Ralph W. Haskins Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Donald Frank Andrews entitled "The· .Ameritan· Whig Review, 1845-1852: Its History and Literary Contents." I reconunend that it be accepted in partial fu lfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in English.
  • Heroic Medicine in Kentucky in 1825 Dr. John F. Henrys Care of Peyton

    Heroic Medicine in Kentucky in 1825 Dr. John F. Henrys Care of Peyton

    HEROIC MEDICINE IN KENTUCKY IN 1825: DR. JOHN F. HENRY'S CARE OF PEYTON SHORT WILLIAM BARLOW AND DAVID O. POWELL In an effort to portray American medical practice in the nineteenth century more realistically, historians in recent years have shifted their attention from medical ideas and institutions to the behavior of physicians. In regard to therapeutics, such a behaviorist approach to medical history emphasizes what doctors actually did in treating patients rather than what they thought or were taught about remedies. However, as a recent study sug- gests, there are significant "difficulties inherent in determining what nineteenth-century physicians actually did at the bed-side.''1 One of the major difficulties is a lack of reliable source material. Most doctors kept only sketchy records that were primarily fi- nancial rather than therapeutic. Consequently, relatively few • detailed medical case histories of the early part of the last cen- tury are available for analysis. For that reason the following document is significant,z It was written by Dr. John F. Henry, of Hopkinsville on 6 September 1825 concerning the death of a fellow townsman, Peyton Short, five days earlier on 1 Septem- ber.3 It is a day-by-day and at times hour-by-hour account of WILLIAM BARLOW is professor of history at Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey. DAVID O. POWELL is professor of history at C. W. Post College, Long Island University, Greenvale, New York. The authors wish to thank Clyde Stallings, formerly of the manuscript department, The Filson Club, for providing genealogical information on the Henry, Short, Breathitt, and Webber families.
  • Welcome to Costa Rica

    Welcome to Costa Rica

    Welcome to Costa Rica +506 2232 0400 +506 8893 3863 [email protected] facebook.com/aratourscr www.aratours.com 1 Contact The Team of ARA Tours Office Hours ARA Tours attends you during office hours in Monday - Friday: 07.00 - 18.00 German and English. Outside office hours you can Saturday: 08:00 – 17:00 call us under the emergency number below where you can also reach us on weekends. WhatsApp Assistance: +506-8893-3863 Visiting Address Monday – Friday: 06:00 – 18:00 Sabana Sur. Del Colegio de Médicos 100 metros al Weekends: 08:00 – 16:00 este y 150 metros al sur frente a la Universidad La Salle, San José, Costa Rica Outside Office Hours: +506-8946-8222 Head Office Week days: 18:00 – 06:00 Prefix for Costa Rica: +506 Weekends: 16:00 – 08:00 Phone: +506-2232-0400 Fax: +506-2232-0363 Mail: [email protected] www.aratours.com offering plenty of ways to explore this natural paradise. Enjoy the wide range of opportunities, approach people, exchange stories, get inspired by Exploring the zest of life, and fill up your energy in the nature! But don’t forget that you are a guest in a country with a different culture and lifestyle. Show respect to the people, help to leave nature Costa Rica as it is, and explore it as “gently” as possible. By visiting you help to protect nature and ensure that “Natural Paradise”, “Garden of Eden between the people living there receive an income. the Pacific and the Atlantic”, “Tropical Garden between two Oceans” - that’s how Costa Rica We would like to express our gratitude and wish you often is described in articles, travel guides, and an exciting and interesting trip through the natural travel reports.
  • UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title "A Plumb Craving for the Other Color": White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g35n0pb Author Weiss, Alison Marie Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California "A Plumb Craving for the Other Color": White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America By Alison Marie Weiss A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Paula Fass, Chair Professor Waldo Martin Professor Margaret Chowning Professor Brian DeLay Professor Elisa Tamarkin Spring 2013 Copyright 2013 by Alison Marie Weiss 1 Abstract “A Plumb Craving for the Other Color”: White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America by Alison Marie Weiss Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Paula Fass, Chair “‘A Plumb Craving for the Other Color’: White Men, Non-White Women, and Sexual Crisis in Antebellum America” examines interracial relations between white men and non-white women in the antebellum period. Focusing on black, Indian, and Spanish American women, this dissertation argues that such liaisons were far more prevalent, institutionalized, and tolerated than historians have previously argued. Although such phenomena as black concubines, tribally organized Indian marriages, and land-rich Mexican wives have been separately examined, no single study has put them together and questioned their particular prevalence at a specific time in American history.
  • With Walker in Nicaragua

    With Walker in Nicaragua

    WITH WALKER IN NICARAGUA Reminiscences of an Oficer of the American Phalanx JAMES CARSON JAMISON Cnjtnin of Cornjany D, First Light Infantry, Army of the Republic of Nicaragua E. W. STEPHENS PUBLISHING COMPANY, COLUMBIA,mas our^, 1909 Copyright 1909by J. C. JAMISON DEDICATION. It is with a grateful heart that the Author dedicates these hges, crude and desultory, he freely admits, written at haphazard and largely from memory, to his friend and kinsman, Mr. Charles White, of Spokane, Washington, whose regard and friendship for more than thirty years have been true and constant. J. C. J. PREFACE. This volume is written lovingly in memory of those comrades who gave up their lives in battle in a strange land, for a strange people; whose bones lie in an alien countr~rimsonedwith their life's blood, poured out to save from misrule and oppression a people who invoked their arms and valor, and later heaped upon them the curses of ingratitude. Its pages are offered further as a tribute to the bravery and for- titude of those few men who endured the dangers and hardships of the Nicaraguan campaigns, and are still alive. It is with a full heart that the author makes acknowl- edgment of the kindly services of those friends whose encouragement largely impelled the writing of these reminiscences, which in no way are offered as a com- prehensive history of the enterprises that gave them birth, but merely as a series of pictures of events and incideots that came within his vision and experience. Especially is the author grateful to his old-time friend, Mr.
  • From National Policy to Grassroots Activism in Costa Rica's Osa

    From National Policy to Grassroots Activism in Costa Rica's Osa

    1 Environmentalisms in Practice: From National Policy to Grassroots Activism in Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula PhD Thesis Clate Korsant Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2017 2 I, Clate Korsant, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. I confirm that where the information has other sources it has been indicated in the thesis. Clate Joseph Korsant September 2017 3 Abstract This thesis examines the characteristics of Costa Rican environmentalism, focusing on biodiversity conservation in the Osa Peninsula. Relatively remote and long inaccessible, the Osa Peninsula is seen as a frontier region and the most renowned biodiversity hotspot of one of the world’s most relatively biodiverse nations. Given the shift towards community- based initiatives, I explain how individuals have come to care for and interact with their surroundings, the interrelations of differing regimes of value, and tensions inherent to the politics of land use. Conservationist practice in the Osa Peninsula represents a messy, conflict-ridden, contentious, and ambiguous phenomenon, entangled with Costa Rica’s history of elite domination over the extraction and use of resources, indoctrination and the influence of external interests, and global agendas. This in-depth ethnographic study of the different manifestations of environmentalism in the Osa Peninsula, including government policies, environmental education, grass roots activism, volunteering, and ecotourism, reveal environmentalism to be more complex than the static monolithic entity previously depicted. This ethnography illuminates the relationship between power and place, and the importance of global and historic processes that inform the politics of conservationism.
  • “The Grey Eyed Man of Destiny” and the American Press: an Analysis of Antebellum

    “The Grey Eyed Man of Destiny” and the American Press: an Analysis of Antebellum

    The University of North Carolina at Asheville “The Grey Eyed Man of Destiny” and the American Press: An Analysis of Antebellum American Media Influence upon the Filibustering Career of William Walker A Senior Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History in Candidacy for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History by Ian David Brater Asheville, North Carolina 22 November 2004 1 We think there is no man who deserves more of the reading public than Walker of Nicaragua. The newspapers should erect him a monument. They are under some obligation . to the Emperor of Russia, the Chinese and to Lord Palmerston, but Walker throws all the other heroes and heroines into profound darkness . Walker is like the widow’s cruse, never gives out . He may be designated the Hero of Vicissitudes. One steamer leaves him on the flat of his back; another reports him up again . One day he is on the point of starving to death, his men are deserting him in regiments, and he hasn’t a cent in his exchequer. The next day he is flush of provisions, men and money. Somebody is always flanking Walker, except when Walker is flanking somebody else. 1 This quote from the (Charlotte) Western Democrat illustrates the intimacy of the relationship between the American press and William Walker, a notorious filibuster of the mid nineteenth century. Sensationalism and intense political debate became commonplace in the stories of William Walker and the fate of Nicaragua. This no doubt kept many American newspapers and journals busy turning out articles for a public that demanded knowledge on the latest developments concerning Walker and his prospects.