DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Species Diversity for Sustainable Management of Crop Pests and Diseases in Agroecosystems: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Species Diversity for Sustainable Management of Crop Pests and Diseases in Agroecosystems: a Review Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2012) 32:273–303 DOI 10.1007/s13593-011-0022-4 REVIEW ARTICLE Plant species diversity for sustainable management of crop pests and diseases in agroecosystems: a review Alain Ratnadass & Paula Fernandes & Jacques Avelino & Robert Habib Accepted: 11 December 2010 /Published online: 17 May 2011 # The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Farmers are facing serious plant protection issues disruption of the spatial cycle, (3) disruption of the temporal and phytosanitary risks, in particular in the tropics. Such cycle, (4) allelopathy effects, (5) general and specific soil issues are food insecurity, lower income in traditional low- suppressiveness, (6) crop physiological resistance, (7) con- input agroecosystems, adverse effects of pesticide use on servation of natural enemies and facilitation of their action human health and on the environment in intensive systems against aerial pests and (8) direct and indirect architectural/ and export restrictions due to strict regulations on quarantine physical effects. Here we review the reported examples of pests and limits on pesticide residues. To provide more and such effects on a broad range of pathogens and pests, e.g. better food to populations in both the southern and northern insects, mites, myriapods, nematodes, parasitic weeds, fungi, hemispheres in a sustainable manner, there is a need for a bacteria and viruses across different cropping systems. Our drastic reduction in pesticide use while keeping crop pest and review confirms that it is not necessarily true that vegetational disease damage under control. This can be achieved by diversification reduces the incidence of pests and diseases. breaking with industrial agriculture and using an agro- The ability of some pests and pathogens to use a wide range of ecological approach, whose main pillar is the conserva- plants as alternative hosts/reservoirs is the main limitation to tion or introduction of plant diversity in agroecosystems. the suppressive role of this strategy, but all other pathways Earlier literature suggest that increasing vegetational identified for the control of pests and disease based on plant biodiversity in agroecosystems can reduce the impact of species diversity (PSD) also have certain limitations. Improv- pests and diseases by the following mechanisms: (1) ing our understanding of the mechanisms involved should resource dilution and stimulo-deterrent diversion, (2) enable us to explain how, where and when exceptions to the : above principle are likely to occur, with a view to developing A. Ratnadass (*) P. Fernandes sustainable agroecosystems based on enhanced ecological CIRAD, UPR HortSys, processes of pest and disease control by optimized vegeta- F-34398 Montpellier, France e-mail: [email protected] tional diversification. J. Avelino Keywords Integrated pest management . Agroecology. CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs: Analyse et maîtrise du risque, Conservation agriculture . Horticulture . Agroforestry F-34398 Montpellier, France R. Habib Contents CIRAD, Département Persyst, F-34398 Montpellier, France 1. Introduction.............................2 2. Bottom-up temporal cycle disruption of pests and P. Fernandes pathogens via non-host effects.................3 PRAM, BP 214, F-97285 Le Lamentin Cedex 2, Martinique 2.1. Hosts and non-host effects on pests and diseases..3 2.2. Examples of positive effects of introducing PSD..3 J. Avelino CATIE 7170, 2.3. Examples of alternate host-associated negative Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica effects of PSD.........................4 274 A. Ratnadass et al. 3. Bottom-up resource concentration/dilution and spatial 10.3. Instances where PSD negatively affects natural disruption of pest dynamics/pathogen epidemics....5 enemy populations and/or pest predation via provision of alternate food...............16 3.1. Evidence of resource concentration/dilution 11. Refugia/shelters for predators due to vegetative effects..............................5 structural/architectural characteristics...........17 3.2. Evidence of spatial cycle disruption effects.....6 12. Positive and negative effects of PSD on pest and 3.3. Drawbacks of species mixtures aiming at disrup- disease impact via microclimate alteration.......17 tive effects on crop pests/diseases............ 6 13. Physical barrier effects on crop pests and diseases..19 4. Pest deterrence or repellence...................6 13.1. Barrier effects against pests and pathogens at the “ ” 4.1. Evidence of positive deterrent diversion field level.............................19 effects..................................6 13.2. Barrier effects against pests and pathogens at the 4.2. Lack of evidence of positive “deterrent diversion” landscape level ........................19 effects..................................7 13.3. Negative impacts of barrier effects via natural enemy 5. Pest stimulation or attraction....................7 arrestment or facilitation of pest action........20 5.1. General principles and evidence of effectiveness of 14. Conclusions and directions for future research on the trap cropping (or “stimulant diversion”) PSD-induced effects on pests and diseases.......20 strategy..............................7 14.1. Main lessons drawn from the literature review...20 5.2. Limitations to the trap cropping strategy.......7 14.2. PSD effects at the soil and field levels .......20 6. The “Push-Pull” strategy......................8 14.3. PSD effects at the field and landscape levels...23 6.1. Principles and instances of successful implemen- 14.4. Directions for future research..............23 tation..............................8 15. Acknowledgements.........................24 6.2. Limitations to the ‘push-pull’ principles.......9 16. References .............................24 7. Below-ground bottom-up allelopathic effects.......9 7.1. Trap crops/Suicidal germination inducers ......9 1 Introduction 7.2. Direct antibiotic effects during plant growth....10 7.3. Antibiotic effect after biomass decomposition...11 Farmers, particularly in the tropics, are faced with dramatic 7.4. Limitations to the use of plants with allelopathic plant protection issues/phytosanitary risks resulting in: effects..............................12 8. Stimulation of soil pest-pathogen antagonists......12 & Food insecurity and reduced income in traditional low- input agrosystems, e.g. in subsistence systems in Sub- 8.1. Activation of general microflora and Saharan Africa macrofauna.............................12 & Adverse effects of pesticide use on human health and on 8.2. Activation of specific pathogen-antagonist micro- the environment in and around intensive systems, e.g. in organisms..............................13 French overseas islands in the Caribbean, the Indian 8.3. Instances of negative impacts of PSD via the soil Ocean or the Pacific or in peri-urban horticulture in Africa pathogen antagonist pathway...............13 & Export restrictions due to strict regulations imposed by 9. Crop physiological resistance via improved importing countries concerning quarantine pests and nutrition................................14 minimum limits on pesticide residues 9.1. “Tolerance/compensation”-like resistance......14 9.2. Non-preference (antixenosis)-like resistance....14 To provide more and better food to populations in both 9.3. Antibiosis-like resistance..................15 the southern and northern hemispheres in a sustainable 9.4. Negative impacts of PSD resulting in increased manner, there is a need for a shift from agrochemistry to disease incidence via the plant nutrition agroecology. Agroecology is based on the optimization of pathway..............................15 biological interactions and regulations in agroecosystems, 10. Top-down effects on crop pests via provision of and its application to crop protection can be referred to as alternative food.........................15 agroecological crop protection (Deguine et al. 2008). The high vulnerability of modern intensive agroecosystems 10.1. Pollen and nectar food sources for pest para- to crop damage by pests and diseases is classically ascribed to sitoids and predators....................15 over-simplification of the systems (Tilman et al. 2002). The 10.2. Shelters for alternate hosts and prey of pest hypothesis that the resilience of these intensive agroecosys- parasitoids and predators.................16 tems can be increased simply by making their traits match Plant diversity for pest and disease management 275 those of natural ecosystems or of certain low-input, diversi- Integrating selected PSD plants in agroecosystems can fied, traditional agroecosystems was therefore proposed reduce the impact of pests and diseases via several causal (Lewis et al. 1997;DawsonandFry1998;Jackson2002). pathways either individually or in combination, namely: (1) Agroecosystem diversification at different scales is one pest-suppressing effects via visual and olfactory cues: of the two pillars of the agroecological approach, alongside resource dilution and stimulo-deterrent diversionary effects; soil quality enhancement (Nicholls and Altieri 2004; Ferron (2) disruption of the spatial cycle via non-host effects; (3) a and Deguine 2005; Deguine et al. 2008). In addition to reduction in the inoculum/carry-over population thanks to agronomic benefits (Malézieux et al. 2009), introducing the absence of a host plant: disruption of the temporal vegetational diversity in agrosystems may lead to different cycle; (4) below-ground bottom-up allelopathic effects;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from the Same Database
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Genetic Basis of Maize Resistance to Multiple Insect Pests: Integrated Genome-Wide Comparative Mapping and Candidate Gene Prioritization A. Badji 1,* , D. B. Kwemoi 2, L. Machida 3 , D. Okii 1, N. Mwila 1, S. Agbahoungba 4, F. Kumi 5 , A. Ibanda 1 , A. Bararyenya 1, M. Solemanegy 1, T. Odong 1, P. Wasswa 1, M. Otim 2, G. Asea 2, M. Ochwo-Ssemakula 1, H. Talwana 1, S. Kyamanywa 1 and P. Rubaihayo 1 1 Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere Univesity, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] (D.O.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (A.I.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (T.O.); [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (M.O.-S.); [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (P.R.) 2 Cereals Program, National Crop Resource Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084 Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] (D.B.K.); [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (G.A.) 3 Alliance Bioversity International-CIAT, P.O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] 4 Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01BP 526 Cotonou, Benin; [email protected] 5 Department of Crop Science, University of Cape Coast, P.O. Box 5007 PMB Cape Coast, Ghana; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 May 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: Several species of herbivores feed on maize in field and storage setups, making the development of multiple insect resistance a critical breeding target.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Wild Host Plants in the Abundance of Lepidopteran Stem Borers Along Altitudinal Gradients in Kenya
    Ann. soc. enromol. Fr. (n.s.), 2006, 42 (3-4) : 363-370 ARTICLE The role ofwild host plants in the abundance oflepidopteran stem borers along altitudinal gradient in Kenya GEORGE O. ONG'AMO(I), BRUNO P. LE RD(I), STI~,PHANE DUPAS(l), PASCAL MOYAL(l), ERIC MUCHUGU(3), PAUL-ANDRE CALATAYUD(I) & JEAN-FRAN<;:OIS SILVAIN(2) (I) Nocruid Stem Borer Biodiversity Project (NSBB), Insrirur de Recherche pour le Developpernenr I International Cenrre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (IRD/ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya (2) IRD, UR R072 clo CNRS, UPR 9034, Laboraroire Evolution, Genomes et Speciarion, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif/Yvene, France (31 Stem borer Biological Control Project (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract. Presence of wild host plants of stem borers in cereal-growing areas has been considered as reservoirs of lepidopteran stem borers, responsible for attack of crops during the growing season. Surveys to catalogue hosts and borers as well as to assess the abundance of the hosts were carried out during the cropping and non-cropping seasons in different agro-ecological zones along varying altitude gradient in Kenya. A total of 61 stem borer species belonging to families Noctuidae (25), Crambidae (14), Pyralidae (9), Tortricidae (11) and Cossidae (2) were recovered from 42 wild plant species. Two noctuids, Busseola fusca (Fuller), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, and two crambids, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Chilo orichalcociliellus (Strand) were the four main borer species found associated with maize plants. In the wild, B. fusca was recovered from a limited number of host plant species and among them were Sorghum arundinaceum (Desvaux) Stapf, Setaria megaphylla (Steudel) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Arthropod Pest Management Systems for Human Health Improvement in Africa
    Insect Sci. Applic. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 85-98, 2003 0191-9040/03 $3.00 + 0.00 Printed in Kenya. All rights reserved © 2003 ICIPE MINI REVIEW- INTEGRATED ARTHROPOD PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR HUMAN HEALTH IMPROVEMENT IN AFRICA JOHANN BAUMGARTNER1, FRITZ SCHULTHESS2 AND YUNLONG XIA3 'International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 17319, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Postfach 112-4, Chur, Switzerland; international Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya (Accepted 12 March'2003) Abstract— In a sub-Saharan African context, limited natural resources, infectious diseases, including those transmitted by arthropod vectors, and chronic exposure to food contaminated with mycotoxin- producing fungi which, among others, are vectored by insects, are among the major constraints to human health. Thus, pest control should be an important component in human health improvement projects. It appears that the advantages of preventive over curative methods are rarely recognised in Africa, with more emphasis being given to the search for the 'silver bullet' than to integrated control approaches. Integrated pest management (IPM) systems can be assigned to different decision- making levels as well as to different integration levels, combining ecological (individual pest species, species communities, species assemblages) and management (crop, cropping systems, farms, communities) levels with the respective control systems. These levels produce a highly structured environment for decision-making, in which the use of modern information technology is important. Case studies show that IPM systems are developed and implemented at four integration levels, whereby most work is done on the lowest integration level, addressing a single pest or pest complex attacking a particular crop, group of livestock or human population, and the respective control measures undertaken.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template
    EFFECTS OF INTERCROPPING AND BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES ON SUGARCANE APHID (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) INFESTATIONS ON SORGHUM, AND IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES AND ALTERNATE HOSTS IN HAITI By WILFRID CALVIN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Wilfrid Calvin To Jehovah, Issa, Calissa, Amelise, and Mercilhome ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank God for always holding my hand through every step in my life. I am also grateful to my family for their unfailing support throughout my life. I would like to thank my lovely wife for her undying assistance and constant encouragement during my study period. Special thanks to my adorable daughter who endured with love such a long period of time away from daddy to make this achievement possible. I thank Dr. Julien Beuzelin, my committee chair, for all his guidance and support during my master’s study. My committee members, Drs. Oscar Liburd and Marc Branham, have also provided useful advice and support for which I am so thankful. I am also thankful to Mr. Ludger Jean Simon for his support toward the success of the experiments conducted in Haiti. I would like to thank Dr. Elijah Talamas for his help identifying insect samples from Haiti. I thank Donna Larsen for providing technical assistance in all experiments conducted at the UF/IFAS Everglades Research and Education Center (EREC) and for all the help to make my stay in Belle Glade successful. I am also thankful to Erik Roldán for all his help during my master’s program.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Chilo Partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bt Maize in South Africa
    Response of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Bt maize in South Africa J Vorster orcid.org/0000-0001-8126-6860 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Environmental Science at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof J van den Berg Co-supervisor: Prof MJ du Plessis Assistant supervisor: Dr A Erasmus Graduation May 2018 23441674 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of so many people. I am blessed and very grateful to have them in my life. I would like to start with our God Almighty and our Saviour who bestowed upon me the strength, wisdom and peace of mind to finish this project and who also have sent me these blessed people in my life. I would like to thank Prof. Johnnie van den Berg and Dr. Annemie Erasmus for all the guidance and support they have given me. You taught me that small things can make a big difference. Statistics can be difficult sometimes and I thank Prof. Hannalene du Plessis and Prof. Suria Elis for the help with the statistics. Thank you to all the staff at the ARC-GCI that assisted me with the trials in the lab and the planting. Elrine Strydom, Mabel du Toit, Heidi Meyer and Ursula du Plessis, thank you for the countless after hours we had to spend and for the warm hearted kindness you have given me. I would also like to thank my parents whom I dearly love for all the encouragement and motivation to do my best. You taught me that hard work does not come easily, but the fruit that you pick from it is what motivates us.
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control
    Chapter 1 Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control Joyce E. Parker, William E. Snyder, George C. Hamilton and Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55044 1. Introduction There is growing public concern about pesticides’ non-target effects on humans and other organisms, and many pests have evolved resistance to some of the most commonly-used pesticides. Together, these factors have led to increasing interest in non-chemical, ecologically- sound ways to manage pests [1]. One pest-management alternative is the diversification of agricultural fields by establishing “polycultures” that include one or more different crop varieties or species within the same field, to more-closely match the higher species richness typical of natural systems [2, 3]. After all, destructive, explosive herbivore outbreaks typical of agricultural monocultures are rarely seen in highly-diverse unmanaged communities. There are several reasons that diverse plantings might experience fewer pest problems. First, it can be more difficult for specialized herbivores to “find” their host plant against a back‐ ground of one or more non-host species [4]. Second, diverse plantings may provide a broader base of resources for natural enemies to exploit, both in terms of non-pest prey species and resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the plant themselves, building natural enemy communities and strengthening their impacts on pests [4]. Both host-hiding and encourage‐ ment of natural enemies have the potential to depress pest populations, reducing the need for pesticide applications and increasing crop yields [5, 6]. On the other hand, crop diversification can present management and economic challenges for farmers, making these schemes difficult to implement.
    [Show full text]
  • Heteronychus Arator
    Heteronychus arator Scientific Name Heteronychus arator (Fabricius) Synonyms: Heteronychus arator australis Endrödi, Heteronychus indenticulatus Endrodi, Heteronychus madagassus Endrodi, Heteronychus sanctaehelenae Blanchard, Heteronychus transvaalensis Peringuey, Scarabaeus arator Fabricius Common Name(s) Black maize beetle, African black beetle, black lawn beetle, black beetle Type of Pest Beetle Figure 1. Illustration of each stage of the life Taxonomic Position cycle of the black maize beetle, showing a close up view of each stage and a Insecta, Coleoptera, Class: Order: background view showing that the eggs, Family: Scarabaeidae larvae, and pupae are all underground stages with the adults being the only stage Reason for Inclusion appearing above ground. Illustration CAPS Target: AHP Prioritized Pest List- courtesy of NSW Agriculture. http://www.ricecrc.org/Hort/ascu/zecl/zeck11 2006 – 2009 3.htm Pest Description Life stages are shown in Figures 1 and 2. 1 Eggs: White, oval, and measuring approximately 1.8 mm (approx. /16 in) long at time of oviposition. Eggs grow larger through development and become more 3 round in shape. Eggs are laid singly at a soil depth of 1 to 5 cm (approx. /8 to 2 in). Females each lay between 12 to 20 eggs total. In the field, eggs hatch after approximately 20 days. Larvae can be seen clearly with the naked eye (CABI, 2007; Matthiessen and Learmoth, 2005). Larvae: There are three larval instars. Larvae are creamy-white except for the brown head capsule and hind segments, which appear dark where the contents of the gut show through the body wall. The head capsule is smooth textured, 1 1 measuring 1.5 mm (approx.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Dynamics of Coccus Viridis, a Ubiquitous Ant-Tended Agricultural Pest, Assessed by a New Photographic Method
    Bulletin of Insectology 62 (2): 183-189, 2009 ISSN 1721-8861 Population dynamics of Coccus viridis, a ubiquitous ant-tended agricultural pest, assessed by a new photographic method 1 1 2 Shalene JHA , John H. VANDERMEER , Ivette PERFECTO 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA 2School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Abstract Ant and homopteran mutualisms are complex because they depend on the behavior, abundance, and predation levels of both insect species. Because homopteran populations are critically impacted by these seasonally varying factors, it is important to measure the population dynamics of ant-tended homopterans outside of the laboratory. In this study, we develop a new method for docu- menting the population dynamics of sessile ant-tended homopterans in the field, using digital photography. We monitored the population dynamics of Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera Coccidae), the green coffee scale, over a two year period, with and without the protection of the ant, Azteca instabilis (Smith) (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Our results reveal that C. viridis birth is episodic over the course of a single day, and that long term population dynamics depend critically on seasonality. We found that parasitization, chewing insect predation, and fungal infection are distinctive between C. viridis life-stages and that all three are critical factors governing C. viridis population growth and survivorship. Key words: scale, insect, coffee, Mexico, natural enemies. Introduction namics in their estimation. Scale insects, phloem- feeding homopterans that are only mobile during their Habitat selection is an essential task for all organisms; it first life-stage, are especially dependent on site-specific mediates the availability of food, mates, nesting sites resource availability and predator protection for sus- and refugia from natural enemies.
    [Show full text]
  • VINEYARD BIODIVERSITY and INSECT INTERACTIONS! ! - Establishing and Monitoring Insectariums! !
    ! VINEYARD BIODIVERSITY AND INSECT INTERACTIONS! ! - Establishing and monitoring insectariums! ! Prepared for : GWRDC Regional - SA Central (Adelaide Hills, Currency Creek, Kangaroo Island, Langhorne Creek, McLaren Vale and Southern Fleurieu Wine Regions) By : Mary Retallack Date : August 2011 ! ! ! !"#$%&'(&)'*!%*!+& ,- .*!/'01)!.'*&----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&2 3-! "&(')1+&'*&4.*%5"/0&#.'0.4%/+.!5&-----------------------------------------------------------------------------&6! ! &ABA <%5%+3!C0-72D0E2!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!F! &A&A! ;D,!*2!G*0.*1%-2*3,!*HE0-3#+3I!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!J! &AKA! ;#,2!0L!%+D#+5*+$!G*0.*1%-2*3,!*+!3D%!1*+%,#-.!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!B&! 7- .*+%)!"/.18+&--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&,2! ! ! KABA ;D#3!#-%!*+2%53#-*MH2I!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!BN! KA&A! O3D%-!C#,2!0L!L0-H*+$!#!2M*3#G8%!D#G*3#3!L0-!G%+%L*5*#82!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!&P! KAKA! ?%8%53*+$!3D%!-*$D3!2E%5*%2!30!E8#+3!AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA!&B! 9- :$"*!.*;&5'1/&.*+%)!"/.18&-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&3<!
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 5.3 MON 810 Literature Review – List of All Hits (June 2016
    Appendix 5.3 MON 810 literature review – List of all hits (June 2016-May 2017) -Web of ScienceTM Core Collection database 12/8/2016 Web of Science [v.5.23] ­ Export Transfer Service Web of Science™ Page 1 (Records 1 ­­ 50) [ 1 ] Record 1 of 50 Title: Ground beetle acquisition of Cry1Ab from plant­ and residue­based food webs Author(s): Andow, DA (Andow, D. A.); Zwahlen, C (Zwahlen, C.) Source: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Volume: 103 Pages: 204­209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.09.009 Published: DEC 2016 Abstract: Ground beetles are significant predators in agricultural habitats. While many studies have characterized effects of Bt maize on various carabid species, few have examined the potential acquisition of Cry toxins from live plants versus plant residue. In this study, we examined how live Bt maize and Bt maize residue affect acquisition of Cry1Ab in six species. Adult beetles were collected live from fields with either current­year Bt maize, one­year­old Bt maize residue, two­year­old Bt maize residue, or fields without any Bt crops or residue for the past two years, and specimens were analyzed using ELISA. Observed Cry1Ab concentrations in the beetles were similar to that reported in previously published studies. Only one specimen of Cyclotrachelus iowensis acquired Cry1Ab from two­year­old maize residue. Three species acquired Cry1Ab from fields with either live plants or plant residue (Cyclotrachelus iowensis, Poecilus lucublandus, Poecilus chalcites), implying participation in both live­plant and residue­based food webs. Two species acquired toxin from fields with live plants, but not from fields with residue (Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Elaphropus incurvus), suggesting participation only in live plant­based food webs.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Warning System for the Black Maize Beetle (Heteronychus Arator Fabricius) in a Major Maize
    Early warning system for the black maize beetle (Heteronychus arator Fabricius) in a major maize producing region of South Africa by Nicolene de Klerk Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in Entomology Department of Zoology and Entomology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein South Africa 2015 Supervisor: Prof. S.vd M. Louw Co-supervisor: Prof. J.B.J. van Rensburg Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation submitted by me for the degree Magister Scientiae at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and that I have not previously submitted the same work at another University / Faculty. I furthermore concede copyright of the dissertation to the University of the Free State. ……………………………… Nicolene de Klerk 15 May 2015 i Acknowledgements During the course of this study people from various departments and institutions assisted which led to the completion of this study. Appreciation is expressed to all. Financial aid was provided by the ARC (Agricultural Research Council) and the Maize Trust. Assistance by ARC staff included Mabel du Toit and Mischack Moroladi. Special thanks to Dr. T.W. Drinkwater. Weather data were obtained from SA (South African) weather services as well as from ARC-ISCW (Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Soil, Climate and Water). Statistical support was provided by Nicolene Thiebaut, Frikkie Calitz and Wiltrud Durand. Thanks to all 99 maize producers that assisted with capturing the insect populations over the years. To my husband, Adriaan and my children, Angelene, Lee-Ann, Niané, Lichané and Adriaan thank you all for supporting me in the many struggles that faced us throughout the journey.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled Influence of Soil-Quality on Coffee-Plant Quality
    A Thesis entitled Influence of Soil-Quality on Coffee-Plant Quality and a Complex Tropical Insect Food Web by David J. Gonthier Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Biology (Ecology track) Dr. Stacy Philpott, Committee Chair Dr. Scott Heckathorn, Committee Member Dr. Ivette Perfecto, Committee Member Dr. Patricia Komuniecki, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2010 Copyright 2010, David J. Gonthier This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Influence of Soil-Quality on Coffee-Plant Quality and a Complex Tropical Insect Food Web by David J. Gonthier Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Biology (Ecology track) The University of Toledo May 2010 Tropical systems are complex, species diverse, and are often regulated by top-down forces (higher trophic levels control lower trophic levels). In many ecosystems insects, especially herbivores and their mutualists, may be strongly affected by plant quality and other bottom-up controls (nutrient availability, plant genetic variation, ect.). Yet few have asked how plant quality (nutritional and defensive plant traits) can contribute to the population regulation and the complexity of these systems. In this thesis, I investigate the importance of soil-quality to both the elemental and secondary metabolite content in coffee and ask how changes to plant quality can influence hemipteran herbivores, their ant-mutualists, predators, and insect communities in a tropical coffee agroecosystem.
    [Show full text]