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Notes from Prue View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Social and Literary Constraints On Women Writers In New Zealand 1945-1970 By Michael John O‘Leary A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Gender and Women‘s Studies Victoria University of Wellington 2011 Contents Contents ........................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ vi Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 Motivation for writing this thesis ......................................................................... 4 Why write this thesis in GWS ............................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 Methodology/Literature Review .................................................... 9 Feminist methodology ........................................................................................ 9 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 18 Selection of the Women Writers ....................................................................... 22 Chapter 3 Social and Historical Background Post WW1 ............................ 25 Industrialisation in New Zealand 1945-1970 .................................................... 30 Chapter 4 Literary Background.................................................................... 35 Georgians versus Modernists .......................................................................... 35 No place for a woman ...................................................................................... 41 The audience is male ....................................................................................... 44 Ban on the personal ......................................................................................... 45 Giving New Zealand women ‗a swelled head‘ .................................................. 47 Chapter 5 Women Poets ............................................................................... 52 Ruth Gilbert ..................................................................................................... 53 Eileen Duggan ................................................................................................. 60 ‗Ordinary‘ men ................................................................................................. 63 numbers........................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 6 Women Novelists ......................................................................... 77 The effect of WW2 ........................................................................................... 78 Mary Scott, Joyce West & Nelle Scanlan ......................................................... 83 Rosemary Frances Rees: 1876-1963 .............................................................. 86 Edith Ngaio Marsh: 1895-1982 ....................................................................... 89 Dorothy Quentin: 1911-1983 ............................................................................ 92 Dorothy Eden 1912-1982 ................................................................................ 94 Janet Paterson Frame: 1924-2004................................................................... 97 Chapter 7 Three Marriages and a Single Parent ....................................... 104 Anne and Colin McCahon .............................................................................. 104 J.C. Sturm and James K. Baxter .................................................................... 106 Meg and Alistair Campbell ............................................................................. 110 Karen Peterson Butterworth ........................................................................... 113 Chapter 8 Māori Women Writers ................................................................ 120 No Māori woman, no cry ................................................................................ 120 Erihapeti Murchie .......................................................................................... 120 Maewa Kaihau ............................................................................................... 123 Te Ao Hou ..................................................................................................... 124 ii Arapera Blank ................................................................................................ 125 J.C. Sturm ...................................................................................................... 126 Tuini Ngawai .................................................................................................. 130 Renée ............................................................................................................ 134 Chapter 9 Lesbian Writing in New Zealand ............................................... 138 Ursula Bethell ................................................................................................ 142 Eve Langley ................................................................................................... 144 Jane Mander .................................................................................................. 146 Katherine Mansfield ....................................................................................... 149 Ngaio Marsh .................................................................................................. 151 Esma North and Marjory Lydia Nicholls ......................................................... 153 Chapter 10 Children‘s Writers .................................................................... 157 Early reading inspires writing ......................................................................... 158 Washday at the Pā ........................................................................................ 158 Elsie Locke .................................................................................................... 160 The School Journal ........................................................................................ 163 Chapter 11 Conclusion ............................................................................... 165 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 171 List of Appendices Appendix 1 From ROSEMARY REES: A BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ 204 Appendix 2 From NGAIO MARSH: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY .................. 209 Appendix 3 From DOROTHY QUENTIN: A SHORTER BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 214 Appendix 4 From DOROTHY EDEN: A SHORTER BIBLIOGRAPHY ....... 219 BOOKS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER ....................................................... 219 Appendix 5 ELSIE LOCKE: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................... 224 Appendix 6 RUTH GILBERT: BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 230 Appendix 7 JANET FRAME: BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 233 Appendix 8 E-mail correspondence between Niel Wright and Cameron La Follette. ........................................................................................................ 236 Appendix 9 New Zealand Poetry Checklist ............................................... 240 Appendix 10 New Zealand Fiction Checklist ............................................. 249 Appendix 11 Louis Johnson‘s review of Ruth Gilbert‘s book The Sunlit Hour ...................................................................................................................... 260 Appendix 12 Willow Macky‘s letter to the editor of numbers 7 regarding Johnson‘s review of Ruth Gilbert‘s book The Sunlit Hour in numbers 6 and Johnson‘s reply. .......................................................................................... 262 Appendix 13 Publisher: Spiral Collective. .................................................. 265 iii Abstract This study explores the reasons why so few women writers in Aotearoa New Zealand were seen as prominent figures in the literary scene from the end of World War Two up to the time when the feminist movement gained momentum, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using feminist methodology, I examine whether women writers were deliberately under- represented and their work trivialised by the male writers, critics and publishers of the time. What were the factors accounting for this under- representation? I also discuss to what extent there were successes and achievements, either literary or commercial, for the women writers of the time despite their real and/or perceived exclusion from the canon. Literary writers by definition create public documents, including manuscripts, working papers, and letters. The existence of such records means that perhaps more so than for many groups, we have evidence regarding attitudes, intentions, motives and responses to situations of the individual women writers of this period with which to answer these questions. The Georgians vs Modernists debate is examined. The starting date of 1945 for this thesis is significant for it
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