The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre Subject Guide Women in Ministry

Home , Ballington Booth, Bramwell Booth, Catherine Booth, Evangeline Booth, Eva Burrows, Florence Booth

THE SALVATION ARMY INTERNATIONAL HERITAGE CENTRE SUBJECT GUIDE WOMEN IN MINISTRY

This guide offers an overview of the archives and published sources available relating to women in ministry within The Salvation Army. The overview covers material held at The Salvation Army International Heritage Centre and other institutions. You can find descriptions of a large number of records in our online catalogue.

Background Through the efforts of Catherine Booth (née Mumford), The Salvation Army, and the Christian Mission before it, have had gender equality enshrined within their constitution since 1870. Catherine was brought up in a Methodist household and was particularly inspired by women in Methodist ministry such as Hester Rogers, Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, and Phoebe Palmer, whose ministry Catherine defended in her pamphlet ‘Female Teaching’. She strongly believed that women and men share equally the right to preach the word of God and the message of Jesus.

When Catherine and her husband, William Booth, founded the Christian Mission, Catherine’s influence ensured that its first constitution included a clause stating that ‘female preachers’ were eligible to hold any office. From this point onwards, women have always been eligible to hold the same administrative and ministerial positions as men within The Salvation Army. In demonstration of this, The Salvation Army has had three female Generals (worldwide leaders): Evangeline Booth, 1934-1939; Eva Burrows 1986-1993; and Linda Bond 2011-2013.

However, despite official policy, issues surrounding the status of female officers have continually surfaced, especially with regard to the position of married women officers.

As well as personal papers collections providing individual insights into women’s ministry within The Salvation Army, our collections include official guidance to officers regarding issues associated with women in ministry from the Victorian period through to the present day.

This guide will provide some references to women officers’ involvement in The Salvation Army’s social services but does not specifically focus on the role of Salvationist women in this sector of the organization.

WHAT MATERIAL DO WE HAVE?

ARCHIVES Christian Mission

Papers of the Christian Mission The minutes from the first Christian Mission Conference, 1870 [CM/1] and the ‘Doctrines and Rules of the Christian Mission’, c1870 [CM/3/2]; both include a section entitled 'Female Preachers' (section XII) that explicitly lays out the rights of female ministers within The Salvation Army.

Christian Mission Foundation Deed, 1875-1878 [CM/3/7] This deed provides legal backing to the Doctrines and Rules of the Christian Mission, as created November 1870, including the statement regarding the position of ‘Female Preachers’.

ARCHIVES International Headquarters departments

Legal Department These papers contain copies of the Christian Mission and Salvation Army Foundation Deeds and Acts, 1875-1904 [LD/2/1] and The Salvation Army’s constitution, 1969-1996 [LD/6], which provide legal backing for the rules and doctrines of The Salvation Army including statements regarding the position of ‘Female Preachers’.

General’s Office Papers of General Evangeline Booth, 1934-1939 [GEN/2]

Papers of General Eva Burrows, 1986-1993 [GEN/11]

Papers of General Linda Bond, 2011-2013 [GEN/17]

Chief of the Staff’s Office Report and correspondence on 'The Life and Work of the Women in the Church', 1947 [COS/1/2/9]

Administration Department The proceedings of Commissioners’ and International Leaders’ conferences [AD/5/1] sometimes contain addresses on aspects of women’s officership, such as:

Paper on women leaders in The Salvation Army, read at the Commissioners’ Conference, May 1944 [AD/5/1/2]

Office of the World President for Women's Ministries This collection holds the records of the Office of the World President for Women's Ministries, a post usually held by the wife of the General of The Salvation Army, and of her assistant, the World Secretary for Women's Ministries, 1946-1997. In the event of the General being a woman, she holds both roles jointly. [WWM]

Zonal Departments The proceedings of Zonal Conferences regularly contain addresses on aspects of women’s officership. These proceedings can be found in the records of the five International Headquarters Zonal Departments: Americas and Caribbean [ACZ/1/1/1]; Africa [AFZ/3]; Europe [EUZ/1/3]; South Pacific and East Asia [PEZ/1/7]; and South Asia [SAZ/5/2].

ARCHIVES Booth family papers

The Heritage Centre holds personal papers collections for the four of William and Catherine Booth’s daughters who held senior leadership roles within The Salvation Army, as well as collections for other female descendants of the Booths.

Catherine Booth [née Mumford] (1829-1890) collection [PCB] Catherine Booth advocated the rights of women to preach the gospel and serve as ministers alongside men. She instigated gender equality in The Salvation Army. These papers contain correspondence, writings and addresses, personal effects, posthumous papers, prints and drawings.

Florence Eleanor Booth [née Soper] (1861-1957) collection [FEB] Florence Booth joined The Salvation Army as a young woman in the face of opposition from her family. She helped to pioneer Salvation Army work in France, married the eldest son of William and Catherine Booth and went on to lead Women’s Social Work for almost 30 years. Her papers provide some insight into these aspects of her career.

Catherine Bramwell-Booth (1883-1987) collection [CBB] Catherine Bramwell-Booth was the eldest daughter of Florence Booth and among other appointments served as leader of Women's Social Services between 1926 and 1930. Her papers include her own correspondence and that of her mother and grandmother, as well as other material relating to their lives, work and achievements.

Catherine Booth-Clibborn (1858-1955) collection [BC] Catherine Booth-Clibborn pioneered Salvationism in France and Switzerland at a young age and worked as a religious advocate either for The Salvation Army or independently for the rest of her life. The collection contains correspondence, newspaper articles, photographs and financial material relating to her life and work and that of her extended family.

Emma Moss Booth-Tucker (1860-1903) & Minnie Booth-Tucker [née Reid] (1864-1934) [BT] Between 1880 and 1888 Consul Emma Booth-Tucker led female cadets at The Salvation Army’s Training Home. In 1884 she established the Cellar, Gutter and Garret Brigade - a team of women cadets, known as ‘slum sisters’, who lived amongst and supported families in London’s east end slums. Emma also served for a time in India with her husband, Frederick Booth-Tucker, whom she had married in 1888. The collection contains Emma Booth-Tucker’s correspondence, as well as papers relating to her career, wedding and death. The collection also contains the personal diary of Mrs-Commissioner Mary ‘Minnie’ Booth-Tucker who became Frederick’s third wife after Emma’s death in 1903.

Catherine Motee Sladen [née Booth-Tucker] (1891-1975) collection [BTS] After attending the International Training College 1913-1914, Catherine served in a corps appointment at Redhill before marrying fellow officer, Hugh Sladen, and going on to serve in the UK, Finland and at International Headquarters. The collection contains personal correspondence, diaries and papers relating to her service as well as a copy of her autobiography.

Muriel Booth-Tucker (1903-1995) collection [MBT] Muriel was the youngest child of Frederick Booth-Tucker and his second wife, Emma Moss Booth-Tucker. She was commissioned as a Salvation Army officer in 1925 and served appointments as a single woman officer in Britain, India, Ireland and Belgium. The papers contain her own personal correspondence, papers and diaries but they also include many items she collected which document the life and work of other members of the Booth- Tucker family.

Evangeline Booth (1865-1950) collection [EB] Evangeline Booth served in The Salvation Army’s Women’s Training Home, corps appointments and international leadership roles before becoming the first female General of The Salvation Army. The collection includes material relating to her life, career and publications.

Lucy Booth-Hellberg (1868-1953) collection [BHG] Lucy Booth-Hellberg entered training in 1883 and went on to serve as a Salvation Army officer as a single officer, as a married woman and as a widow before retiring in 1934. The collection largely contains correspondence relating to the death of her husband, family affairs and financial matters.

ARCHIVES Women officers’ personal papers

The Heritage Centre holds personal papers collections of many female officers which shed light on various aspects of their experiences in ministry. The collections below are a representative selection of these collections. Many more can be found in our online catalogue.

Mrs Major Ann Ashworth (fl 1983-1993) collection [AA] This collection comprises papers relating to 'officer-wives' including correspondence between Mrs Major Ann Ashworth and Major Mrs Miriam Frederiksen, proposals by Miriam Frederiksen re. 'The Dignity of Officership' for the 1984 International Conference of Leaders in Berlin, and an article by Ann Ashworth for the Danish 'Officer' magazine, 1983.

Colonel Dorothy Dale Phillips (1910-2003) collection [DDP] Phillips served in the US field, the US Women's Social Services Department, the US Editorial Department, and the UK Second World War service. She also spent several years in Japan as Territorial Young People's Secretary during the 1950s. The collection includes her personal writings and sermons.

Cadet Esther Munro (née Brown) (fl 1940-1941) collection [ERM] Esther Brown trained as a cadet in 1940. These papers include a memoir of her experiences as a Salvation Army cadet.

Lt-Colonel Miriam Frederiksen (fl 1973-2019) collection [FDK] This collection contains documents regarding issues related to both married and single female Salvation Army officers, including papers from the Commission on the Ministry of Women Officers, and from International Headquarters. Files of relevance include: Commission on the Ministry of Women Officers, 1994-1995 [FDK/1/2]; Correspondence between the International Secretary for Europe and the Territorial Commander of Denmark, 1973 [FDK/2/1]; 'Officership and Divorce' from The Officer, December 1991 [FDK/2/4]; Official statements from the General and the Chief of the Staff re. Divorce, 1989-2002 [FDK/2/5].

Brigadier Lilian Riches (1917-2018) collection [LR] Lilian Riches was commissioned as a Salvation Army officer in 1939 and spent most of her career as a Goodwill officer. This collection includes her research notes and collected papers regarding Salvation Army slum and goodwill work, which was predominantly undertaken by women officers.

Brigadier Mabel Poole (1892-1987) collection [MP] This collection contains correspondence and photographs relating to Poole’s service as a nurse at Lorne House Home for Mothers and Infants (1913-1914), Cotland Mother and Baby Home (1914-1916), the Mothers' Hospital [MH] (1916-1919) and in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

ARCHIVES Other personal papers

George Scott Railton [GSR] Typescript correspondence relating to Female Ministry, 1876-1878 [GSR/1/1]

Sister Katherine Butler RSC (1914-2000) collection [SKB] Katherine Butler became a Sister of Charity novitiate in Milltown, Dublin, aged 21. She taught in the order’s schools in Great Britain and Ireland and retired to the order’s Crumlin convent in 1977 where she remained until her death. Having always had an interest in a wide range of religions, Sister Katherine Butler attended Salvation Army services during her retirement. She researched and presented a paper on The Salvation Army’s Dublin ‘Hallelujah Lasses’, two versions of which are included within this collection.

PUBLISHED SOURCES Orders and Regulations

Orders and Regulations, 1882-2002 [R.4a-R.154] The Salvation Army’s Orders and Regulations contain guidance, from the General, for individuals in various branches of The Salvation Army. They contain information relating to female ministry such as women’s social work, the ideal character of an ‘officer wife’ and women’s uniforms. They also contain specific guidance on ‘The Position of Women’ in The Salvation Army.

PUBLISHED SOURCES Salvation Army periodicals

All the World, 1884-2013 [PER/1] All the World, a magazine about the international work of The Salvation Army, has published articles relating to women officers and on the topic of equality between men and women in international Christian mission.

Salvationist, 1986-present [PER/18] Salvationist, The Salvation Army’s UK magazine for members has produced articles that reflect on gender equality within The Salvation Army, especially with regard to married women officers.

The Christian Mission Magazine, 1870-1878 [PER/4b] Following the publication of Catherine Booth’s ‘Female Ministry’ pamphlet in 1870, the Christian Mission magazine printed several articles on this topic in 1870 and 1878.

The Deliverer, 1889-1917; July 1919-1923; 1928-1993 [PER/6] The official organ of The Salvation Army’s Women’s Social Work, The Deliverer, covers work carried out by officers of The Salvation Army’s social work as well as those carrying out slum and goodwill work. The majority of such work was carried out by women officers.

The Officer, 1893-present [PER/15] The Officer has printed many articles relating to the role of women in The Salvation Army, especially with regard to marriage, motherhood and ministry.

The Staff Review, 1922-1931 [PER/20] The Staff Review contains articles relating to religious leadership of women, staff wives and equality standards between male and female officers.

The War Cry, 1879-present [PER/23] As the main newspaper for The Salvation Army, The War Cry has printed many articles on the subject of women as preachers and leaders since 1885. A list of some of these articles can be provided upon request.

The Year Book, 1906-present [PER/28] The Salvation Army Year Book is produced annually and from time to time includes sections related to women’s ministry, for example ‘Woman’s Position in The Army’, 1930.

PUBLISHED SOURCES Booth Family Writings

[Note: Many early editions of Catherine Booth’s publications are available on-line via the Hathi Trust or the Internet Archive]

Booth, Catherine. For God Alone: Devotional thoughts from the writings of Catherine Booth. Edited by Norman Armistead. Belfast: Ambassador Productions Ltd, 1990 [BOO/123]

Booth, Catherine. Life and Death: being reports of addresses delivered in London by Mrs Booth of The Salvation Army. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1888 [RARE BOOKS/70a] Later editions are also held: [1889, RARE BOOKS/70b; 1890, RARE BOOKS/70c & BOO/116].

Booth, Catherine. Messages to the Messengers: Being Letters to Former Cadets Reprinted from 'The Officer'. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1921 [BOO/801, BOO/801a] Later editions are also held: [1982, BOO/802].

Booth, Catherine. Papers on Aggressive Christianity. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1888 [RARE BOOKS/58a] Later editions are also held: [1889, RARE BOOKS/58b; 1890, RARE BOOKS/58c & BOO/106; 1891, RARE BOOKS/58d; 1984, Pam.100].

Booth, Catherine. Papers on Godliness: being reports of a series of addresses delivered at James's Hall London, During 1881. London: Salvation Army Book Depot, [1881] [RARE BOOKS/50] Later editions are also held: [1888, RARE BOOKS/51a; 1890, RARE BOOKS/51b & BOO/101; 1986, BOO/102].

Booth, Catherine. Papers on Practical Religion. London: Salvation Army Headquarters, 1878 [RAREBOOKS/65] Later editions are also held: [1879, RAREBOOKS/64a; [1884] RAREBOOKS/66; 1889 RAREBOOKS/64b; 1890, BOO/110a; 1890 RAREBOOKS/64c; 1891 RAREBOOKS/64d].

Booth, Catherine. Popular Christianity. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1887 [RAREBOOKS/53a] Later editions are also held: [1887, RAREBOOKS/53b; 1888, RAREBOOKS/53c; 1889, RAREBOOKS/53d; 1891, BOO/104a; [1907], BOO/104b; 1907, RAREBOOKS/56].

Booth, Catherine. The Highway of Our God: Selections from the Army Mother's Writings. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1954 [BOO/117]

Booth, Catherine. The Salvation Army in Relation to the Church and State, and other addresses. Delivered at Cannon Street Hotel, City [1883]. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1889 [RAREBOOKS/62a] Later editions are also held: [1890, RAREBOOKS/62b; 1890, BOO/109].

Booth, Catherine. Settled Views: The Shorter Writings of Catherine Booth. Edited by Andrew Eason and Roger Green. Maryland: Lexington Books, 2017 [BOO/120]

Booth, Evangeline. Love is All. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, Ltd., 1935 [BOO/506] Later editions are also held: [1935, BOO/506a; undated, BOO/506b; 1935, BOO/507].

Booth, Evangeline. The Harp and The Sword: Published and Unpublished Writings and Speeches of Evangeline Cory Booth, Volume 1. Edited by John D Waldron. New York: The Salvation Army, Literary Department, USA Eastern Territory, 1992 [BOO/509]

Booth, Evangeline. The World for God: Published and Unpublished Writings and Speeches of Evangeline Cory Booth, Volume 2. Edited by John D Waldron. New York: The Salvation Army, Literary Department, USA Eastern Territory, 1992 [BOO/510]

Booth, Evangeline. Toward a Better World. London: Salvationist Publishing & Supplies Ltd, 1928 [BOO/502] Later editions are also held: [1929, BOO/501; 1929, BOO/503].

Booth, Evangeline. Woman. Michigan: Fleming H Revell Company, 1930 [BOO/504, BOO/504a] Later editions are also held: [1936, BOO/505].

Booth, Florence. Friendship with Jesus: Field Officers' Councils, 1922. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1924 [BOO.252]

Booth, Florence. International Social Council Addresses: Part III, The Women's Social Work. London: Salvation Army, 1912 [BOO/257 & RAREBOOKS/12b]

Booth, Florence. Likeness to God. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd & Marshall Brothers, 1924 [BOO/254]

Booth, Florence. Mothers and the Empire and other Addresses. London: The Salvation Army Book Department and Hodder & Stoughton, 1914 [BOO/251]

Booth, Florence. Powers of Salvation Army Officers. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1923 [BOO/253a] Later editions also held: [1924, BOO.253b].

Booth, Florence. Wanted - An Elite: Field Officers' Councils 1919. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1928 [BOO/256]

Booth, Mary. With the B.E.F in France. London: The Salvation Army, 1916 [BOO/781]

Booth, William and Catherine Booth. They Said It. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1978 [BOO/100]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. And - What About Love. London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott Ltd, 1944 [BOO/406]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. Christians and Amusements. London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott Ltd, undated [BOO/404]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. Forgiveness. 2nd edition. Glasgow: Aird & Coghill, 1923 [BOO/402]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. Love and Courtship. London: Marshall Brothers Ltd, 1926 [BOO/412]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. Mary: The Mother of Our Lord Jesus and the lessons I have learned from her. New York: Marshall Brothers Ltd, 1925 [BOO/408]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. One Thing You Cannot Do. London: Marshall Brothers, 1928 [BOO/401]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. Our Children. London: James Clarke & Co, 1924 [BOO/407]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. The Conflict Between the Two Laws. 2nd edition. Glasgow: Aird & Coghill, 1923 [BOO/403]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. The Poor Young Man. London: Marshall Brothers Limited, 1928 [BOO/411]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. They Endured. London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott Ltd, 1934 [BOO/405]

Booth-Clibborn, Catherine. 'Ye Shall Receive Power'. London: Marshall Brothers Ltd, 1924 [Boo/410]

Booth-Demarest, Victoria. What I Saw in Europe: A Challenge to Christians Everywhere. New York: Vintage Press, 1953 [BOO/464]

Booth-Tucker, Emma. Heart Messages. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1926 [BOO/302a, BOO/302b]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine. A Few Lines of Prayer. Barnet: Private, 1930 [BOO/804]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine. Fighting for The King. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1983 [BOO/806]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine. Letters: A Twentieth Century Spiritual Classic. Tring: Lion Publishing, 1986 [BOO/803]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine. Verse. London: The Favil Press, 1947 [BOO/805]

Sladen, Catherine Motee. The Unknown Road. Helskinki: The Salvation Army Press, 1940 [Pam/398, Pam/421] Later editions are also held: [1973, BOO/901 & X/SLA.101].

PUBLISHED SOURCES Pamphlets

Anon. A Life Sketch of Cornelie Booth-Schoch. London: Salvation Army, undated [Pam.625]

Anon. Catherine Booth: Woman Warrior. London: The Salvation Army (Reproduced from The Young Soldier), 1975 [Pam.283]

Anon. Church Times (Number 7885). Norwich: Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 2014 [Pam.750]

Anon. Memorandum of Guidance to Commanding and Local Officers (women only). London: Salvation Army National Headquarters, 1903 [Pam.21] Later editions are also held: [1923, Pam.21].

Anon. Women's Social Aid and Rescue Work. Midnight Rescue Work. London: The Salvation Army Printing Works, unknown [Pam.23]

Barnes, Cyril. Catherine Booth: Mother of The Salvation Army. London: The Salvation Army Supplies and Purchasing Department, 1985 [Pam.276]

Bennett, David. Catherine Booth on Women’s Place and Ministry. The Progress of her Thought, including her letter to the Rev. David Thomas. London: Camp Hill Publications, 2004 [Pam.446]

Blackwell, Benjamin. Men Under Arms: Work for Men and Women of the Forces. London: The Salvation Army, [c1940] [Pam.38]

Blair, Grainne. 'Equal Sinners': Irish Women Utilising the Salvation Army Rescue Network for Britain and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century. County Kildare: Irish Academic Press, 1997 [Pam. 798]

Blair, Grainne. Josephine Butler and Catherine Booth, Political Alliances: The Importance of the Maiden Tribute Agitation and the Eliza Armstrong Case to The Salvation Army in the Nineteenth Century. Limerick: Women's Studies Department of Government and Society, University of Limerick, 1996 [Pam.796]

Blair, Grainne. The work that angels might envy; some aspects of Salvation Army rescue work with Irish women in the nineteenth century. Dublin: Faculty of Arts, University College Dublin, 1996 [Pam.797]

Booth, Catherine. Female Ministry; or, Woman’s Right to Preach the Gospel. London: Morgan & Chase, [1870] [Pam.137, Pam/R.4, Pam.450] The pamphlet, a revision of her earlier Female Teaching, was reprinted several times throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in its own right as well as being included by Catherine in her 1878 text ‘Papers on Practical Religion’ [RARE BOOKS/64a].

Booth, Catherine. Female Teaching: Or, the Rev. A. A. Rees versus Mrs. Palmer, being a reply to a pamphlet by the above gentleman on the Sunderland Revival. 2nd edition. G J Stevenson, 1861 [Pam.452]. Photocopy of original held by the John Rylands Library, Manchester University (Meth.Arch.Pamph./Pa1861.2) – no known copy of the 1st edition of 1859 survives]. For the Rev A A Rees’ pamphlet see [Pam.451].

Clawley, Alan. Ellen Sharples: Salvation Army Slum Officer. Alan Clawley, 1999 [Pam.698]

Gilliard, Dora. Unto Me: Stories which describe the work of the Women's Social Officers of The Salvation Army. London: Salvationist Publishing & Supplies, Ltd., [c1940] [Pam.28]

Hatcher, Mathilda. Catherine Hine: 'Teacher' of Chinatown. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1943 [Pam.658]

Higginbotham, Ann. Respectable Sinners: Salvation Army Rescue Work with Unmarried Mothers, 1884-1914. In: Malmgreen, Gail (ed.) 'Religion in the Lives of English Women 1760-1930' (London: Croom Helm, 1986) [Pam.511]

Holmes, Janice. Gender, Public Disorder and The Salvation Army in Ireland, 1880-1882. In: Raughter, Rosemary (ed) 'Religious Women and their History: Breaking the Silence' (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2005) [Pam.138]

Marks, Lynne. Working-class femininity and The Salvation Army: Hallelujah Lasses in English Canada, 1882-1892. In: Gleason, Perry & Myers (eds) 'Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd, 2011) [Pam.749]

Murdoch, Norman. Female Ministry in the Thought and Work of Catherine Booth, Church History, vol.53, September 1984 [Pam.739]

Pearce, Winifred. The Marechale. London: Oliphants Ltd, 1956 [Pam.340]

Rees, Arthur Augustus. Reasons for not Co-operating in the Alleged “Sunderland Revivals.” Sunderland: 1859 [Pam.451]. A critique of female preachers, to which Catherine Booth’s Female Teaching [Pam. 452] was a response (also available at https://archive.org/details/reasonsfornotcoo00rees/mode/2up).

Yamaguchi, Midori. The Religious Rebellion of a Clergyman's Daughter [Maud Charlesworth], Women's History Review, Volume 16, Issue 5, 2007 [Pam.793]

PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies and Memoirs

The following books include autobiographies, biographies and biographical compendiums relating to the ministry of female Salvation Army officers.

Ah Kow, Adelaide. Mary Layton. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1957 [X/LAY.1]

Allighan, Garry. Four Bonnets to Golgotha. London: Macdonald, 1961 [X/BOO.205] Concerns Catherine Booth, Mrs General Florence Booth, Commissioner Catherine Bramwell-Booth and General Evangeline Booth.

Austin, Eileen. Inie: A life of mission and prayer. California: Createspace, 2011 [X/NEW.201] Concerns Adjutant Inie Elizabeth Newcombe.

Barnes, Cyril. Princess in Army Uniform and other stories. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1957 [X/7] Concerns Karin Ouchtomsky, Lady Sarah Sladen, Lady Sarah Sladen, Phoebe Strong, Mother Harriet Webb [Harriet Bonnet], Polly Faulconbridge, Martha Charlesworth and Mrs. Elizabeth Cotterill.

Barnes, Cyril. The Rising Sun: The Story of Matilda Hatcher. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1955 [X/HAT.1]

Barnes, Cyril. The White Castle: The Story of Mary Lichtenberger. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1954 [X/LIC.1]

Barnes, Cyril. Words of Catherine Booth. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1981 [X/BOO.118]

Batchelor, Mary. Catherine Bramwell-Booth: The story of her life. Tring: Lion Publishing, 1986 [X/BOO.252]

Bateman, Alan. They Gave Their Lives: the stories of twelve Salvationists who died for their faith. London: Salvation Books, 2008 [X/46] Concerns Mrs Captain Sarah Beaty, Brigadier Annie Smyth, Lieutenant Diane Thompson and Sister Sharon Swindells.

Bennet, David. The Diary and Reminiscences of Catherine Booth. Brisbane: Camp Hill Publications, 2005 [X/BOO.126]

Bennett, Judith. What a Ride! A journey of unexpected turns and extraordinary adventures. New Zealand: Flag Publications, 2019 [X/BEN.1] Concerns Major Judith Bennett.

Blumhofer, Edith. Aimee Semple McPherson - Everybody's Sister. Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1993 [X/MCP.1]

Booth-Tucker, Frederick. Consul Booth-Tucker. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1927 [X/BOO.303a] Concerns Emma Booth-Tucker.

Booth-Tucker, Frederick. The Consul: A Sketch of Emma Booth-Tucker. New York: The Salvation Army Publishing Department, 1903 [X/BOO.302a]

Booth-Tucker, Frederick. The Life of Catherine Booth: The Mother of The Salvation Army. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1893. Volumes I-III [X/101 [1] [2] [3]]

Booth-Tucker, Frederick. The Short Life of Catherine Booth: the Mother of The Salvation Army. London: International Headquarters of The Salvation Army, 1894 [X/BOO.103 [3]]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine. Catherine Booth: The story of her loves. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970 [X/BOO.115a]

Bramwell-Booth, Catherine with Ted Harrison. Commissioner Catherine. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1983 [X/BOO.251] Concerns Catherine Bramwell-Booth.

Cairns, William. Classical Biographical Extracts from the Lives of Salvationists. Sydney: The Salvation Army Literary Department, 1993 [X/39]

Carnegie, Dale. Five Minute Biographies. Kingswood: The World's Books Ltd, 1946 [X/BOO.504] Concerns General Evangeline Booth.

Carpenter, Minnie. Some Notable Officers of The Salvation Army. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1925 [X/1a] Concerns Consul Emma Booth-Tucker, Colonel Alice Barker, Brigadier Hedwig von Haartman, Mrs. Colonel Kiye Yamamuro and Colonel Elizabeth Sapsworth.

Carpenter, Minnie. Women of the Flag. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1945 [X/3] Concerns Catherine Booth, Consul Emma Booth-Tucker, Brigadier Hedwig von Haartman, Yuddha Bai (Catherine Bannister), Alice Barker, Bertha Gugelmann, Annie Elizabeth Harris, Kiye Yamamuro, Martha Chippendale, Caroline Ehrhardt, Elizabeth Swift Brengle, Anna von Wattenwyl and Elizabeth Sapsworth.

Carpenter, Minnie. Miriam Booth: A Sketch. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1918 [X/BOO.601a]

Carpenter, Minnie. The Angel Adjutant of 'Broken Earthenware'. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1921 [X/LEE.1a] Concerns Kate Lee.

Carpenter, Minnie. The Angel Adjutant of 'Twice Born Men'. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1922 [X/LEE.2] Concerns Kate Lee.

Carr, Irene. Little Mother Major: The Story of Enid Lee. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1960 [X/LEE.101]

Chappell, Jennie. Four Noble Women And their Work: Sketches of the life-work of Frances Willard, Agnes Weston, Sister Dora, and Catherine Booth. London: S. W. Partridge and Co, 1898 [RARE BOOKS/255]

Chesham, Sallie. Preaching Ladies: An Historical Restoration of the Founding of The Salvation Army in America. New York: The Salvation Army Literary Department, 1983 [RARE BOOKS/295] Concerns Eliza Shirley, Annie Shirley, Caroline Reynolds and Elizabeth Pearson.

Colpus, Eve. Female Philanthropy in the Interwar World: Between self and other. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018 [X/BOO.500] Concerns General Evangeline Booth.

Coutts, Frederick. Half Hours With Heroes. London: Collins, 1944 [X/19a]

Coutts, Frederick. More Than One Homeland. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1981 [X/CAL.1] Concerns Gladys Callis.

Cox, Adelaide. Hotchpotch. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1937 [X/COX.1a] Concerns Commissioner Adelaide Cox.

Douglas, Eileen. Elizabeth Swift Brengle. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1922 [X/BRE.1a]

Duff, Mildred. Catherine Booth: a sketch. London: The Salvation Army Book Department, 1914 [X/BOO.105a]

Duff, Mildred and Noel Hope. Mart, The Mill Girl: The Life Story of Brigadier Martha Chippendale. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1926 [X/CHI.1]

Duff, Mildred. Hedwig von Haartman. London: The Salvation Army Book Department, 1904 [X/HAA.1]

Duncan, Denis. Here Is My Hand: The story of Lieutenant-Colonel Alida Bosshardt of the Red Light Area, Amsterdam. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1997 [X/BOS.1]

Elliott, Ken. The Girl Who Invaded America: The Odyssey of Eliza Shirley. Alexandria: Crest Books, 2008 [X/SHI.2]

Elvin, Derek. Unsung Heroes. London: Salvation Army International Headquarters, 2007 [X/47]

Endersby, Mary. A Thoroughly Modern Martha: The Life of Brigadier Martha Field. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977 [X/FIE.1]

Evenden, Catherine. Compassionate Zeal. Oakville: The Salvation Army Canada and Bermuda Territory, 1987 [X/BUR.1] Concerns Margaret Burns.

Fairbank, Jenty. William and Catherine Booth: God's Soldiers. London: Hodder and Staunton, 1975 [X/BOO.47]

Fairbank, Jenty. For Such a Time: The story of the young Florence Booth. London: Salvation Books, 2007 [X/BOO.242]

Gauntlett, Carvosso. A Heroine of Reindeer Land and other 'Once Upon A Time' Stories. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1947 [X/6] Concerns Florence Soper, ‘The Lapp Girl’, Adelaide Ah Kow, Susanne Küpfer, Lily Swift [Brengle], Othilie Tonning, Evangeline Booth, Hanna Ouchterlony, Kiye Yamamuro, Célestine Oliphant [Schoch], Harriet Lawrance and Bertha Gugelmann.

Green, Roger. Catherine Booth: A Biography of the Cofounder of The Salvation Army. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1996 [X/BOO.125a]

Green, Wendy. Getting Things Done - Eva Burrows. Basingstoke: Marshall Pickering, 1988 [X/BURR.1]

Hattersley, Roy. Blood and Fire: William and Catherine Booth and their Salvation Army. London: Little Brown and Company, 1999 [X/BOO.66a]

Hicks, Elizabeth. Living Dangerously: Stories of Brave Christians. London: Scripture Union, 1986 [X/BOO.253]

Hope, Noel. Mildred Duff, a Surrendered Life. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1933 [X/DUF.1a]

Hosier, Helen. William and Catherine Booth: Founders of The Salvation Army. Ohio: Barbour, 1999 [X/BOO.74]

Hunter, Denis. Mrs Commissioner Pauline Mary Hunter: A Very Gracious Lady. Cambridge: ProPrint, 2003 [X/HUN.1]

Izzard, John. Pen of Flame: The Life and Poetry of Catherine Baird. Alexandria: Crest Books, 2002 [X/BAI.1]

Kenyon, Albert. In High Esteem. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1969 [X/31] Concerns Carole Reinhart, Lay Mong Liong, Maud Walkley, O.F. and Sonya Sorensen, M.A., B.Sc.

Kenyon, Albert. Congo Crusade: The Story of Henri and Paula Becquet. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1955 [X/BEC.101]

Kew, Clifford. Catherine Booth: Her continuing Relevance. London: The Salvation Army International Headquarters, 1990 (with a Foreword by General Eva Burrows) [X/BOO.123]

Larsson, Flora. My Best Men are Women. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1974 [X/33] Concerns Dr. Sölvi Andersen, Catherine Bannister, Clara Becker, Anna Beek, Dorothy Berry, Hildegard Bleick, Catherine Booth, Catherine Bramwell Booth, Evangeline Booth, Katie Booth [the Maréchale], Alida Bosshardt, Elizabeth Brengle [Lily Swift], Jeanie Budge, Gladys Calliss, Betty Care, Sallie Chesham, Martha Chippendale, Emma Davies, Mildred Duff, Dorothy Elphick, Martha Field, Eleanor Gebbie, Olive Gill, Georgette Gogibus, Hedvig von Haartman, Karin Hartman, Eva den Hartog, Matilda Hatcher, Eliza Haynes [Happy Eliza], Jeanetta Hodgen, Olive Holbrook, Emmy van Hoogstraten, Dr. Rin Iwasa, Majken Johansson, Kate Lee [Angel Adjutant], Mary Lichtenberger, Augusta Lindblad, Helene Löndahl, Hanna Ouchterlony, Marie Ozanne, Audrey Peters, Esther Petterson, Elizabeth Alice Sigsworth, Charlotte Stirling, Mary Styles, Julie Tickner, Othilie Tonning, Myrtle Watson, Joy Webb, Henrietta Wingett and Kieko Yamamuro .

Larsson, John. Those Incredible Booths: William and Catherine Booth as parents and the life stories of their eight children. London: Salvation Books, 2015 [X/BOO.1]

Lavine, Sigmund. Evangeline Booth: Daughter of Salvation. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1970 [X/BOO.506]

Le Feuvre, Cathy. A Girl with a Mind of her Own: The Story of Gisèle Gowans. London: Shield Books, 2014 [X/GOW.2]

Ludwig, Charles. Mother of an Army. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987 [X/BOO.122a] Concerns Catherine Booth.

Maule, Henry. Moved With Compassion: Eva den Hartog's World of Hope in the midst of Despair. London: Souvenir Press Ltd, 1977 [X/HAR.1]

Metcalf, Joan. Catherine Booth: The Army Mother. London: The International Headquarters of The Salvation Army, 1990 [X/BOO.124]

Metcalf, Joan. God Used a Woman. London: The Salvation Army, 1967 [X/BOO.113] Concerns Catherine Booth.

Mole, Winifred A. So Dear To Me. New York: Vantage Press, 1986 [X/MOL.1]

Moyles, R G. Maud, Emma, Evangeline: America's love affairs with the 3 Booth women. California: Frontier Press, 2014 [X/21]

Murdoch, Norman. Soldiers of the Cross: Pioneers of Social Change - Susie Swift and David Lamb. Alexandria: Crest Books, 2006 [X/45]

Patey, Effie. Major Eva of Calcutta. Ontario: The Salvation Army Canada and Bermuda, 1981 [X/CRA.1] Concerns Eva Crann.

Pierce, Daisy. Cycling Evangelist. Melbourne: The Salvation Army Australia Southern Territory, 1988 [X/PIE.1] Concerns Brigadier Daisy Pierce.

Preece, Charles. Woman of the Valleys. Glamorgan: New Life Publications, 1988 [X/Shep.1] Concerns Pamela ‘Mother’ Shepherd.

Read, John. Catherine Booth: Laying the theological foundations of a radical movement. Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2013 [X/BOO.120]

Rusher, Leslie. Army Spy in the West... and other stories. Melbourne: The Salvation Army, 1989 [X/43] Concerns Scarlett family, Hannah Parks, Hannah ("Paddy") Miles & Jessie Shaw and Ethel Kearns.

Rusher, Leslie. In Her Own Right. Melbourne: The Salvation Army, 1991 [X/RUS.301] Concerns Edith Rusher.

Sampson, Barbara. Women of Spirit. Wellington: The Salvation Army, 1993 [X/40] Concerns Arabella Valpy, Annie Rudman, Maraea Morris, Annette Paul, Leonora Thompson, Annie Gordon, Blanche Leach, Nelle Brown, Olive Lord, Viola Blincoe, Nanny Brown, Frances Rankin, Elsie Coxhead, Hazel Allison & Thelma Smith, Clarice Smith, Elizabeth Smith, Dorothy Cook, Annie Elliot, Edna Reed, Laura Dutton, Sophye Mehrtens, Dorothy Elphick, Eunice Eichler, Eva Findlay, Moira Wright and Joan Hutson.

Scott, Carolyn. The Heavenly Witch: The Story of The Maréchale. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981 [X/BOO.405] Concerns Catherine Booth-Clibborn.

Siegfried, Ruth. Missionary Diary. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1956 [X/SIE.1] Concerns Major Ruth Siegfried.

Stead, William. Mrs Booth of The Salvation Army. London James Nisbet and Co. Ltd, 1900 [X/BOO.110a] Concerns Catherine Booth.

Stewart, James. The General’s Daughter. Lansdale: Revival Literature, 1968 [X/BOO.407] Concerns Catherine Booth-Clibborn.

Strahan, James. The Marechale. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1921 [X/BOO.400] Concerns Catherine Booth-Clibborn.

Taylor, Gladys. Only Saints Wheel the Barrow: The Story of Alice Sigsworth. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1979 [X/SIG.1]

Taylor, Gladys. Translator Extraordinary: Clara Becker. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1969 [X/BEC.1]

Thompson, Phyllis. The Midnight Patrol. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1974 [X/SCO.101] Concerns Mary Scott.

Troutt, Margaret. The General Was a Lady: The Story of Evangeline Booth. Nashville: A. J. Holman Co., 1980 [X/BOO.505a]

Unsworth, Madge. Great Was The Company. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1963 [X/29] Concerns Rin Iwasa, Dorothy Brazier, Elisabeth Liljegren, Johanna van de Werken, Anna Othilie Tonning, Henrietta Wingett, Helmy Boije, Jeanetta V. Hodgen Emma Katarina Johanson and Marie Siblin.

Unsworth, Madge. The Biography of Mildred Duff. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1956 [X/DUF.2]

Unsworth, Madge. The Cap of Gold: The story of Johanna van de Werken. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1954 [X/WER.1a]

Watson, Bernard. Olive in China. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies Ltd, 1957 [X/CHE.1]

Welty, Susan. Look Up and Hope: The Life of Maud Ballington-Booth. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1961 [X/BOO.551]

Wilson, Phillip. General Evangeline Booth of The Salvation Army. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948 [X/BOO.502]

Wilson, Phillip. The General: Evangeline Booth. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1935 [X/BOO.501a]

Wood, Herbert. They Blazed the Trail: Early Day Officers in Canadian Territory, 1882- 1910. Canada: The Salvation Army, undated [X/30] Concerns Blanche Goodall-Read and Susie Morris.

Yaxley, Trevor with Vanderwal, Carolyn. William & Catherine: The Life and Legacy of the Booths Founders of The Salvation Army. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 2003 [X/BOO.70]

We also have several compendiums of short autobiographies and biographies of the following individuals:

Mrs Commissioner Minnie Booth-Tucker, Lt-Commissioner Agnes Povlsen, Mrs Colonel Kate Taylor, Mrs Colonel Robert Hargrave, Lt-Colonel Blanche Cox, Coralie McKinnell, in: Fighting in Many Lands. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1946-1960 [X/8]

Kate Lee, Phyllis Wilkins, in: The First Salvationist and Other Stories. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1948 [X/9]

Kiye Yamamuro, Elizabeth Swift Brengle, Hannah Ouchterlony, Mrs Colonel Barker, Catherine Bannister, in: The Salvation Army Miniature Biographies. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1930 [X/10a]

Clara Case, Catherine Hine, Marianne Pawson, in: The Salvation Army Miniature Biographies. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1930 [X/10b]

Mary Murray, Eva MCLeod, Kate Lee, in: Liberty Booklet No.1. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd, 1940s [X/12]

Anna von Wattenwyl, Annie Smyth, Emily Berwick, Catherine Booth, Martha Chippendale, Phyllis Wilkins, Betty Thorne, in: Liberty Booklet No.2. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd, 1940s [X/13]

Evangeline Cory Booth, Blanche Peyron, Mary Jane Sheppard, Harriet Lawrence, in: Liberty Booklet No.3. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd, 1950s [X/14]

Poll Cott, Harriet Jaques, Nancy Cunningham, Hannah Starling, in: Trophy Booklet. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, 1943-1954 [X/15]

Mabel Poole, Georgette Gogibus, Catherine Booth, in: Victory Booklets Nos.1-12. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd, 1958-1960 [X/16a]

Ruth Siegfried, Florence Booth, Kate Lee, in: Victory Booklets Nos.13-24. London: Salvationist Publishing and Supplies, Ltd, 1958-1960 [X/16b]

Major Mary Anderson, Brigadier Stella Bywaters, in: In The Steps of The Founder. Melbourne: The Salvation Army, 1995 [X/42]

PUBLISHED SOURCES Histories

Clifton, Shaw. ‘Ministry by women for Women’ in: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume IX, 1995-2015. London: Salvation Books, 2018. pp. 313-314 [H/1-9]

Colpus, Eve. Female Philanthropy in the Interwar World. London: Bloomsbury, 2018 [X/BOO.500]

Eason, Andrew. Women in God's Army. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003 [H/196]

Kienzle, Beverly and Pamela Walker (eds). Women Preachers and Prophets Through Two Millenia of Christianity. California: University of California Press, 1998 [H/218]

Kolsky, Rachel. Women's London: a tour guide to great lives. Grantham: IMM Lifestyle Books, 2018 [H/105]

Gariepy, Henry. ‘Commission on Women’s Ministry’ in Mobilised for God, in: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume VIII, 1977-1994. London: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing CO., 2000, pp317-219 [H/1-8]

Sandall, Robert. The History of The Salvation Army, Volume II, 1878-1886. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1950 [H/1-2a]. Chapters 2, 3 & 5 focus on women in ministry. Extracts from Catherine Booth’s Female Ministry are also included as an appendix.

Walker, Pamela. Pulling the Devil’s Kingdom Down: The Salvation Army in Victorian Britain. Berkley: University of California Press, 2001 [H/198]

Walker, Pamela. ‘A Chaste and Fervid Eloquence: Catherine Booth and the Ministry of Women in the Salvation Army’ in: Kienzle & Walker (eds). Women Preachers and Prophets Through Two Millenia of Christianity. Berkley: University of California Press, 1998, pp288- 302 [H/218]

Wiggins, Arch. ‘Catherine Booth – The Army Mother’ in: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume IV, 1886-1904. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1964. pp 294-310 [H/1-4]

THESES

Dennis, Margo. In Her Own Right: Women officers and equality in the Salvation Army. Deakin University, 1998 [UNPUB/43]

Eason, Andrew. Gender and Equality in God’s Army: An examination of women’s public and domestic roles in the Salvation Army, British origins to 1930. University of Windsor, 1998 [UNPUB/46a]

Falvey, Clare. Looking Up Whitechapel's Slum Sisters in 1888: The Place (Starting Point of a Jack-The-Ripper Walk Highlighting The Salvation Army Women's Social Work Foundations). 2014 [UNPUB.181]

Lauer, Laura. Representations of Female Piety in The Salvation Army and Baptist Union, c1880 – 1914. 1991 [UNPUB/95]

Lauer, L E. Women in British Nonconformity, circa 1880-1920, with special reference to the Society of Friends, Baptist Union and Salvation Army. St Hilda’s College Oxford, 1997 [UNPUB/94]

Lynes, Trevor. The Origins of Radicalism that Brought about the Distinctive Nature of The Salvation Army. 1995 [UNPUB/101]

Morris, Mary. Female Ministry, Equality and The Salvation Army. 1997 [UNPUB/106]

Petri, Laura. ‘Catherine Booth’s Religious Development’, in: Catherine Booth och Salvationismen, 1925. Trans. Elizabeth Balshaitis, pp.109-131 [UNPUB/124]

Rightmire, Robert. Dauntless Pioneer Woman: Colonel Mary Matthews Stillwell – Heroine of Faith. [UNPUB/131]

Stubbings, Emily. Spirituality, selfhood and self-representation: a study of two Salvationist women in England, 1884-1935 [Rebecca Jarrett and Florence Booth]. Oxford: University of Oxford: 2015 [UNPUB/189]

Yon, Patricia. Areas of Stress and Conflict in the Lives of Married Women in Ministry with The Salvation Army. Keele: University of Keele, 1993 [UNPUB/174]

WHAT MATERIAL IS ELSEWHERE?