ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 Introduction: 4 Map: 4 Directors’ letter: 5 State of the Planet: 6 highlights: 8 Transdisciplinary research: 18 Global South: 19 Research highlights: 22 Research: 30 Publications: 32 Financial summary: 49 Organisation: 50 Funders: 51

Text: Edited by Alistair Scrutton and Daniel Strain Layout: Jerker Lokrantz/Azote Cover: Front - View over Seoul, South Korea. Photo: J Lokrantz/Azote; Back - School of Bigeye trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus) in Malaysia. Photo: B Christensen/Azote Printed on recycled, FSC-certifed paper. This annual report covers the period from 1 April 2016 to 31 March 2017

Misty rainforest in Danum Valley, Borneo, Malaysia. Photo: B Christensen/Azote FUTURE EARTH ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 2017 A GLOBAL COMMUNITY OF RESEARCH

Global Hubs Strategic Partner National Networks established or in Regional Centres Global Research development & Ofces Project ofces

Future Earth is a global community of researchers and practitioners committed to increasing knowledge of the Earth and fnding solutions to the most pressing challenges facing humans and the planet. Our global hubs and regional and national networks on six continents mobilise scientists and other leaders in sustainability to generate the knowledge needed to support transformations to a more sustainable world. We also support 20 Global Research Projects that produce fndings relevant to society on topics from the air to the oceans and to sustainable cities.

4

Aerial view of farm landscape in southern Bavaria, Germany. Photo:N Ryrholm/Azote LETTER FROM OUR GLOBAL HUB DIRECTORS

Afer 2015, a landmark year for sustainability that saw the launch of minds in their borders to address local priorities for sustainability the United Nations Goals and the Paris – from making communities in Asia more resilient to monsoons to Agreement, the world got down to implementing its ambitions in securing clean drinking water in North Africa. 2016. The research community made huge strides to take stock of what it has accomplished and determine how it can support the And we have made big steps in generating the knowledge needed fundamental transformations occurring around the globe. to solve the challenges facing the world. In early 2016, Future Earth kicked of a series of research collaborations called Knowledge-Action The same was true for Future Earth. In the last year, we broadened Networks (page 31) focusing on the likes of ocean, health and cities. These our research agenda and deepened our engagement with collaborations are now providing a platform for diverse voices – hailing professionals and innovators outside academia to deliver on from research to policy and the arts – to share their knowledge and shape our global mission: to generate the knowledge needed to build sustainability research on the global stage. Our Global Research Projects transformations to a more sustainable world. We participated in also produced leading research on the planet’s land, air and water and the some of the biggest sustainability events of the year. We strapped people who depend on them (research highlights, page 22). This year, we virtual reality headsets onto attendees at the Habitat III summit in gained a new perspective on the diversity of animals and plants that live in Quito, Ecuador, and discussed local climate data at the Marrakech mountains and learned when humans began to shif the world’s climate. Climate Change Conference in Morocco. We also strengthened our international ties by signing new strategic partnership agreements The next year will also be an important one for Future Earth. We’re with the Group on Earth Observations and the Intergovernmental gearing up for major global events like the 7th International Conference Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. on (ICSS) in Stockholm, Sweden, and the 2018 Cities and Climate Change Science Conference in Edmonton, Canada. We have also grown by leaps and bounds. In 2016-2017, Future Earth We also recognise that Future Earth is a collaborative enterprise, and if brought on new team members in research and communications. we want to achieve our mission in 2017-2018, we need your help to do We launched new products for a range of communities, including it. We invite all those working in sustainability to to join us to generate researchers, local governments, businesses, non-governmental integrate knowledges to help build a more sustainable world. organisations and more: the Open Network (page 12), Future Earth Media Lab (page 13) and magazine (page 16), to name Wendy Broadgate a few. Thorsten Kiefer Fumiko Kasuga We grew across the globe. The last year saw the launch of new Anne-Hélène Prieur-Richard regional and national networks from South Asia to North Africa (See Josh Tewksbury Global South, page 19). These networks are playing a crucial role in - August 2017 making Future Earth a truly global programme. They tap the best 5 STATE OF THE PLANET IN NUMBERS

In 2016-2017, Future Earth kicked of a new efort to take regular stock of the state of the planet – examining the good news and bad for humanity’s life support system. As part of this initiative, we captured some of the latest research from sustainability science in an animated video and online slideshow launched on Earth Day.

Here are fve numbers that are important for understanding our place in the world:

The number of people living in extreme poverty has dropped by more than half in the last 20 years1. This trend is part of a profound transformation in human wellbeing that has occurred around the world: People are living longer than they ever have 2, and infant mortality rates are plummeting 3. Since 1990, 2.6 % billion people have gained access to -50 improved drinking water 4.

The 62 richest people in the world in 2015 accumulated 1.75 trillion USD in wealth – the same as the wealth of the poorest 50% of the global 5. Despite the gains in human wellbeing seen in recent decades, inequality is soaring around the globe. This means that hundreds of millions of 1.75 people are being lef behind – unable to beneft from pioneering and life-sustaining advances in medicine, TRILLION technology, energy and more. Research by Will Stefen and colleagues has shown that the world has crossed four out of nine “”, key limits that were likely important to the emergence of human civilisations 6. People are pushing Earth into uncertain and potentially dangerous territory – driving up global temperatures, clear-cutting forests, dumping fertilisers into rivers and oceans and forcing animals, plants and other 4 organisms towards extinction.

According to the “Carbon Law” developed by a team of international scientists, the world must cut its emissions by half every decade to curb the growth in global temperatures 7. The planet’s 7.5 billion people and counting now face the daunting challenge of moving Earth toward a new and more sustainable trajectory. But change is possible: In the last decade, new global investments in 8 1/2 jumped up nearly six-fold .

The world’s farmers will need to feed over 9 billion people by 2050. But research by Karlheinz Erb, a Global Land Programme fellow, and colleagues shows that there are many options for feeding a growing planet – all without requiring further deforestation 9. If people cut down on their meat intake or switch to vegetarian or vegan diets, the options expand substantially. BILLION9

[1]-[3] Max Roser/Our World in Data based on various data sources: ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty; ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy; ourworldindata.org/child-mortality, [4] WHO: www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/, [5] Oxfam: policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/an-economy-for-the-1-how-privilege-and-power-in-the-economy-drive-extreme-inequ-592643, [6] Stefen et al. 2015: science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855, [7] Rockström et al. 2017: science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6331/1269 [8] FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre: fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/fles/ publications/globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdf [9] Erb et al. 2016: www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11382 FUTURE EARTH HIGHLIGHTS

8 FROM KNOWLEDGE TO ACTION ON SUSTAINABILITY

Future Earth kicked of an initial series of nine Knowledge- the health of the world’s seas. The Water-Energy-Food Action Networks in 2016. These research collaborations bring Nexus Knowledge-Action Network got rolling, too, helping together researchers with leaders in policy, business, civil to organise a symposium in November 2016 on sustainable society, the arts and more to generate solutions for critical innovation. sustainability challenges – from threats to to the rapid growth in cities and vanishing coral reefs. Learn more: www.futureearth.org/knowledge-action- networks And they made big gains this year: In July 2016, experts in the links between planetary and human health met in Italy Join the discussions online: network.futureearth.org/ to discuss the priorities for research around the Health communities/knowledgeactionnetworks Knowledge-Action Network. Later that year, members of the Ocean Knowledge-Action Network participated in an Participants in a December 2016 workshop in Kiel, Germany, discuss international workshop in Germany. There they worked to building a global network for ocean research. Photo: Jan Stefen, identify the research questions that are most important to GEOMAR

9 GEARING UP FOR IPCC’S SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT

Climate experts from around the world met in Stockholm in August 2016 to discuss research needs for the next global-scale report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – its Sixth Assessment Report, scheduled to come out in 2022. The meeting was organised by Future Earth, the UN’s Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA) and IPCC. It brought together more than 80 participants from 28 countries, including leaders in international science and policy, such as Isabella Lövin, Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden.

From the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, participants talked about the lessons they could learn from IPCC’s most recent assessment report. That includes how climate scientists can do a better job of assessing and communicating the risks around climate change – Corinne Le Quéré argued that scientists should spend 20% of their time communicating the results of their work. Attendees discussed how IPCC can delve deeper into solutions for adapting to climate change, such as by building sea walls to keep out rising sea-levels.

Read more: www.futureearth.org/blog/2016-sep-13/gearing- ipccs-sixth-assessment-report

Participants at the 2016 climate change risks and solutions workshop discuss sustainability issues at the Royal Swedish Academy in Stockholm. Photo: Erik Pihl

10 SCIENCE AND THE SDGS

A report released by the German their means of implementation interact, in supporting or Committee Future Earth laid out the contradictory ways. important role that science can play in international eforts to implement the “This report shows that research collaboration across 2030 agenda on sustainable development nations, disciplines and knowledge domains can work and curb climate change. The report extremely well to suggest possible pathways for enhancing captures the results of two international global sustainability,” Martin Visbeck, chair of the German conferences supported by Deutsche Committee, wrote in the report. Forschungsgemeinschaf that examined some specifc dimensions on how scientists Read the report here can support the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The report concludes that researchers can help to develop an innovative and smart At a 2016 workshop in Villia Vigoni, Italy, participants discussed how science can indicator framework and contribute foundational knowledge support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The results of this workshop and an earlier meeting were summarised in a report published in the form of topical assessments (in addition to IPBES in December 2016. Credit: DKN (German Committee Future Earth) and IPCC) and in particular untangle how goals, targets and

11 OPEN NETWORK - A DIGITAL COMMUNITY FOR GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY

In October 2016, Future Earth launched the Open Network. The Open Network now includes more than 3,000 members This online platform brings together researchers and other from 108 countries and counting. Researchers are also using professionals to do the work needed to build transformations it to scope out and apply for funding opportunities, including toward a sustainable world. Here, members from across through the Future Earth Program for Early-stage Grants the globe can connect with peers, collaborate on research Advancing Sustainability Science (PEGASuS). Anyone with an and engagement and learn about new opportunities in interest in sustainability can get started on the Open Network, sustainability. The platform’s features include private and and it’s free to join. public discussion groups, a crowd-sourced jobs board and events calendar and tools for hosting webinars. Start exploring at network.futureearth.org

12 FUTURE EARTH MEDIA LAB

Virtual reality (VR) has been called the “empathy machine.” The technology is now so good that 360-degree documentary flms can trick the mind into creating a memory of having visited, for example, a favela or refugee camp in real life. This has signifcant potential to connect people to global sustainability science.

The Future Earth Media Lab has been bringing together VR flmmakers and technologists with journalists and scientists for a series of hackathons to develop new VR experiences. The frst hackathon has led to two new VR flms in production, one on planetary boundaries and the other flmed in Fortaleza in Brazil documenting life in the Gereba favela. These collaborations gave rise to Future Earth’s frst spin-of company – Scene There. The BBC and Wired covered its frst major projects: a VR experience in North Korea and our favela initiative. The next hackathon will focus on climate and take place in Leeds, UK, in 2017.

This is one of the many projects spinning up at the Media Lab, a co-production with Globaïa and the International Council for Science, which is designed as a space for innovation around narrative, design, technology and communications. Other projects relate to data visualisation, artifcial intelligence and solutions-focused journalism. In 2016, we launched the Media Lab website and blog.

medialab.futureearth.org medium.com/future-earth-media-lab

Caption: Hurricane Matthew strikes South Carolina (9 October 2016). NullSchool screenshot

13 FUTURE EARTH, HABITAT III AND LAUNCH OF OUR URBAN KNOWLEDGE-ACTION NETWORK

Cities are the action arm of civilisation. But how will the Earth community in the negotiation process, which led to the world catalyse cities to deliver the Sustainable Development adoption of the New Urban Agenda – an international plan for Goals? Over 30,000 people descended on the Ecuadorian developing sustainable and equitable cities. capital Quito for the third United Nations cities conference, Habitat III, in October 2016. Throughout the summit, Future In advance of the conference, we ran an urban data visualisation Earth ran Habitat X Change, a knowledge exchange pavilion competition that attracted innovative entries from across the that connected science and society, with our partners the globe. Winners included visualisations of Colombia’s civil war International Council for Science and the University of and its impact on urbanisation and crowd-sourced food maps Applied Sciences Potsdam. Habitat III was the perfect venue of Chennai, India. to launch the Urban Knowledge-Action Network and the Anthropocene magazine (page 16) at two high-profle events. Scientists must have a say in the future of cities, Nature 10 Leaders of the Urban Knowledge-Action Network published a commentary in Nature arguing for much greater interaction City visualisation competition - www.cityvis.io between science and policy for city development. This Habitat X Change - www.habitatxchange.org was one of the outcomes of the engagement of the Future Urban Knowledge-Action Network

Caption: Chennai Flood Map by Arun Ganesh, Sajjad Anwar, Sanjay Bhangar, Prasanna Loganathar (OpenStreetMap India/Mapbox)

14 SEEDS OF BRIGHTER FUTURES

“How do you retain hope in a time that isn’t hopeful?” That was the question posed by Elena Bennett of McGill University at the 2017 meeting of the World Economic Forum. It’s also the question at the centre of Seeds of Good , a project launched by Bennett and her colleagues. This efort, which emerged from an initiative sponsored by Future Earth, gathers examples, or “seeds,” of ways that people are already transforming their communities for the better.

In 2016, the project had collected more than 500 seeds. They include a drive to develop “community currencies” in Kenya and a campaign to protect rainforests by providing low-cost healthcare in Indonesian Borneo. The researchers say that, taken together, these seeds might reveal pathways for the world to become more sustainable and equitable.

Researchers from the Future Earth Global Research Projects ecoSERVICES and the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (PECS) contributed to Seeds of Good Anthropocenes.

Learn more: www.goodanthropocenes.net

Read our blog: www.futureearth.org/blog/2017-mar-20/seeds-project-ofers- glimpse-brighter-futures

Caption: Residents from around Nairobi, Kenya, celebrate the 2014 launch of Gatina-Pesa, a “community currency” efort that seeks to bolster local economies. Inset: A map of case studies collected through the seeds project. Photos: Seeds of Good Anthropocenes.

15 A NEW MAGAZINE: ANTHROPOCENE – INNOVATION IN THE HUMAN AGE

October 2016 saw the publication of the frst issue of and electricity and asked whether the way we think about Anthropocene magazine, a new digital, print and live magazine electronic waste is in need of repair. ProPublica’s Andrew Revkin from Future Earth. This publication brings together writers, also shared his own “Anthropocene journey.” Funding for the designers, scientists and entrepreneurs to explore how magazine comes from individual and institutional memberships we can create a sustainable human age we actually want as well as foundations. to live in. Much like Foreign Policy, MIT Technology Review and Harvard Business Review have done for their respective www.anthropocenemagazine.org felds, Anthropocene aims to be a thought leader for the sustainability and development world. In 2017, the magazine Become a supporting member: www.anthropocenemagazine. won the 2017 Excellence in Journalism Award from the org/membership/ Renewable Resource Foundation. Get Daily Science updates in your inbox: www. The frst issue was launched at the Habitat III summit in anthropocenemagazine.org/daily-science/ Quito, Ecuador. It explored art that can deliver clean water

16 17 At the heart of Future Earth’s mission to engage both science and society is support for transdisciplinary research (TD) that advances actionable knowledge for addressing sustainability challenges. This approach to research focuses on “co- designing” and “co-producing” knowledge in collaboration with societal partners – the same people and groups that will apply research results to solving problems. The goal is to produce solutions for global sustainability with greater legitimacy and utility.

TD researchers aim to engage local expertise in research – from the initial framing of research questions to designing and implemention. It involves the co-design of research questions and co-production of actionable scientifc knowledge. Co-design and co-production give societal partners a stake in research, thereby lending results greater legitimacy. That means that those partners may be more likely to implement sustainability solutions.

The Future Earth Secretariat has established a TD Task Team, which is being drawn from the Secretariat and Regional Centres, as well as Global Research Projects and TD experts, while a TD training curriculum is also being developed. We are pursuing a partnership to develop a portfolio of TD case studies that will support the training curriculum and give our community an opportunity to highlight their work. With other partners we are exploring the feasibility of creating a TD portal through which interested people and groups could access TD resources.

Additional planned activities include design opportunities to advance active participation of Future Earth members in a TD platform that facilitates learning and zero-travel networking. Future Earth is collaborating with our strategic partner START, an international non-governmental organisation, to advance TD research skills in Africa through a training workshop at Stellenbosch University in late 2017.

TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TRANSDISCIPLINARY This workshop is backed by the US National Science Foundation in support of the Belmont Forum’s upcoming research action on urbanisation and the food-energy-water nexus. Future Earth and START will be collaborating on a TD curriculum development efort with African university networks in 2018.

Caption: Fisherman with gear at Lake Malawi, Malawi. Photo: A Tedeholm/Azote 18 FUTURE EARTH AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH Future Earth aims to promote a global network of researchers, innovators and businesses and the last year saw major progress in expanding Future Earth’s reach to regions in the world that most feel the impact of global environmental pressures.

AFRICA Future Earth participates in a range of initiatives in Africa and will soon gain an important partner in the region: The Southern Africa sub-regional ofce for Future Earth is projected to become operational in 2017. It will be located in Pretoria, South Africa, and will be hosted by the South Africa National Research Foundation and the South Africa Department of Science and Technology.

In the last year, many of Future Earth’s Global Research Projects organised high-profle events in Africa. Earth System (ESG), for example, held its 2016 conference at the University of Nairobi in Kenya in December. The event brought together leaders in research, policy and civil society from the region and around the world and included a feld trip to visit the sites of sand dam building projects. Future Earth Coasts, the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and Integrated Marine Research (IMBeR), together with the Ocean Acidifcation International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC), collaborated in organising “OA-Senegal” in Dakar in February 2017. This event brought together 20 participants from 18 coastal African countries to build capacity on the chemistry, biology, economics and social science of ocean acidifcation, and its linkages to policy.

There are more activities underway: UNESCO is now leading an efort aimed at understanding how the vision of Future Earth can be implemented in East Africa. In 2017, Future Earth and its partner START will also kick of a series of projects in North and West Africa. These projects will build dialogues and promote capacity development among regional researchers and leaders around food, energy and water security challenges.

Caption: Researchers collect data as part of a START programme on climate change in Africa. Photo: START 19 MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA was organised by Future Earth’s Water-Energy-Food Nexus Knowledge-Action Network and the Innovation for Sustainable The Future Earth MENA Regional Centre, which is based in Nicosia, Development Network (inno4SD). Cyprus, mobilises experts to tackle the critical sustainability challenges facing the region – including securing water supplies in Also in 2016, the Regional Centre formed a Regional Advisory the face of mounting droughts and navigating drastic political and Committee made up of 11 members from nine countries. This societal transformations. To achieve these goals, the Regional Centre committee met to set research priorities and opportunities for the signed a new collaboration with the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in 2016. region. They include strategies to manage water defciency, secure The Bibliotheca Alexandrina, which is based in Alexandria, Egypt, will food provision, seek opportunities for energy production and secure lead eforts to spur sustainability research in North African nations. social stability and environmental sustainability in the light of rapid urbanisation and changing population dynamics. Among other activities, the Regional Centre hosted a symposium in late-2016 about how sustainable innovation can help to develop solutions around the nexus of food, water and energy. This workshop Caption: Beach seine fshing in Oman. Photo: T Svensson/Azote

20 ASIA & OCEANIA The last year saw the launch of the South Asia Regional Ofce of Future Earth. This ofce is hosted by the Divecha Centre for Climate Change (DCCC) of the Indian Institute of Science in Bengaluru, India. The ofce engages counterparts across the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries and some Indian Ocean island countries. The ofce is preparing a strategic plan for South Asia that will be fnalised by late- 2017 and will focus on important issues in the sub-region. They include the efects of climate change on monsoons and mountain glaciers.

In early 2017, it was agreed that the International Project Ofce of Monsoon Asia Integrated Research for Sustainability – Future Earth (MAIRS-FE) will be based in Peking University, Beijing, and its Regional Project Ofce in the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. This Global Research Project, which completed its transition to Future Earth in 2017, explores a range of issues related to the unique topography and monsoon climate of Asia.

The Sustainability Initiative in the Marginal Seas of South and East Asia (SIMSEA) is a Caption: Flooded streets in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during the monsoon season. Photo: T H Snickars/Azote Future Earth regional activity in Asia, an international alliance of physical, ecological and social scientists the strategic planning and priority setting of Future Earth globally. working together to generate policy and community-relevant Future Earth Australia is overseen by a steering committee of knowledge towards sustainability of the marginal seas of South and industry leaders and research experts with an advisory council of East Asia. SIMSEA held a regional symposium in September, 2016, thought-leaders and infuencers in Australian sustainability. The and it works closely with Asian Regional Center. Academy has appointed Dr. Imran Ahmad as Director of Future Earth Australia and is leading the initiative. The initial partner Australia has recently launched a national/regional hub, called universities and research centers include: Commonwealth Scientifc Future Earth Australia, at the Australian Academy of Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian National University, to coordinate contributions from this continent, to facilitate University of Queensland, University of Sydney and Macquarie interactions with regional neighbours and to represent the region in University. 21 FUTURE EARTH RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

In 2016-2017, Future Earth’s Global Research Projects generated important insights about biodiversity on the land and ocean, life in cities, greenhouse gas emissions and much more. See a sample of their research below.

To learn more about these projects, visit futureearth.org/projects 22 FOSSIL FUEL ACCOUNTING

The Global Carbon Project made headlines around the world by delivering both good news and bad news in its 2016 Global Carbon and Global Methane Budgets: The growth in carbon dioxide emissions remained fat for the third year running, but methane emissions are soaring.

Read more: www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/ www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/

CHN 10.4 0.7% 10 Gt CO2 in 2015

8 /yr) 2

6 USA 5.4 2.6%

4 1.4% emissions (Gt CO EU28 3.5 2

CO IND 2.3 5.2% 2 Emissions of CO2 by the top four emitters. 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Global Carbon Budget 2016 (CC BY 4.0)

23 Lignite mining close to Lippendorf power station in Germany. Photo S-E Arndt/Azote MOUNTAIN EXPLORATION

Delve into the world’s mountains, and the animals and plants that call them home, through the Mountain Portal from the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA). This online tool gives you clickable access to biodiversity information for more than 1000 mountain ranges worldwide.

Get started: www.mountainbiodiversity.org Screenshot from the Mountain Portal

24

The Himalayas. Photo B Nilsson/Azote CLIMATE MIGRATIONS

How will wildlife respond to a changing climate? A 2016 study by researchers with bioDISCOVERY and bioGENESIS lays out the factors that can best predict how species will respond when their habitats shif, including dispersal behaviours and genetic adaptation.

Read more: science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6304/ aad8466

Resting bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica). 25 Their migration is the longest known non-stop fight of any bird. Photo: S-E Arndt/Azote EARLY START

A 2016 study from Past Global Changes (PAGES) pinpointed when the world began to warm because of human-caused climate change. Drawing on records from corals and other sources, the researchers found that temperatures began to rise in the mid-1800s.

Read more: www.pastglobalchanges. org/news/all-news-items/9-latest- news/1532-an-early-start-to-climate- change

Corals, such as this Leptoria phrygia outside Zanzibar, Tanzania, record detailed climate histories in a similar way to the yearly growth 26 rings of trees. Photo: J Lokrantz/Azote 50 QUESTIONS

Scholars afliated with Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (IHOPE) catalogued the 50 research questions that are most important to the growing feld of historical ecology – which explores the relationships between humans and the environment over millennia.

Read more: journals.plos.org/plosone/ article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0171883

In Africa’s Amboseli Basin, a tree grows in what was once an enclosure for small livestock. Photo: Anna Shoemaker

27 VALUING BIODIVERSITY

A new special issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B co-guest edited by Rachel Cavanagh of Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) captures scientifc evidence around an important question: What role does biodiversity play in delivering vital services to humanity?

Read more: rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ content/283/1844

Rufous-necked hornbills (Aceros nipalensis) and other birds provide a valuable service to forests in 28 Southeast Asia by spreading seeds Photo: Mitash Biswas #3 Temperature-driven global sea-level variability inthe TOP PAPERS INCLIMATE SCIENCE SOCIAL MEDIA Common Era PNAS 113:11 had two papersintheTop 10“mosttalked Future Earth’s Global Research Projects about” climate science papersfor2016 8,704 by March 2017. increased from 5,926inMarch 2016to People wholiked usonFacebook LIKES ONFACEBOOK +2,778 #9 Greening oftheEarthand NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 6 its drivers shared post Our most 130 ANTHROPOCENE MAGAZINE • • • •

followers 8,700 Facebook follows, 13,800Twitter week subscribers, 30-50new subscribersa 13,000 emailnewsletter/daily science unique visitors per month Website getsapproximately 25,000 have contributed 39,400USD As of April 2017, 988 supporting members COUNTRIES OUR WEBSITE 10,700 by March 2017. increased from 8,078 inMay 2016to People whofollow usonTwitter TWITTER FOLLOWERSTWITTER +2,700 Future Earthwebsite countries visited the from 130diferent In March 2017, users tweet Our top • •

313 calendar events added. new discussionthreads started and discussion group postswritten, 253 March 2017, there have been5,235 From itslaunch (October 2016)to countries. members from approximately 108 Open Network has roughly 3,100 OPEN NETWORK NUMBER OFMENTIONS NUMBER OFTWEETS

2,494

670 DATA & STATISTICS & DATA RESEARCH

30 GLOBAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

AIMES bioDISCOVERY bioGENESIS ecoSERVICES ESG Future Earth Coasts GCP Analysis, Integration Earth System Global Carbon Project and Modelling of the Governance Earth System

GLP GMBA IGAC IHOPE iLEAPS IMBeR IRG Global Land Global Mountain International Integrated History Integrated Land Integrated Marine Integrated Risk Programme Biodiversity Global Atmospheric and Future of People Ecosystem-Atmosphere Biosphere Research Governance Project Assessment Chemistry on Earth Processes Study (formerly IMBER)

MAIRS-FE oneHEALTH PAGES PECS SOLAS UGEC Water Futur Monsoon Asia (formerly Past Global Changes Programme on Surface Ocean–Lower Urbanization and Sustainable Water Integrated Research ecoHEALTH) Ecosystem Change Atmosphere Study Global Environmental Future Programme for Sustainability and Society Change (closed 2017)

KNOWLEDGE-ACTION NETWORKS

1. Water-Energy-Food Nexus 8. Ocean 2. Transformations 9. Systems of and Production 3. Natural Assets 10. Decarbonisation 4. Sustainable Development Goals 11. Risk 5. Urban 6. Health 7. Finance & Economics

31 PUBLICATIONS

FUTURE EARTH-WIDE PUBLICATIONS Kanemaru, R., Morio, Y., Takekawa, H., Jo, H., Kasuga, F., Koyama, R., Shiota, S., Nagaoka, T., and Takahashi, K. (2016) Successful treatment with weekly high-dose erlotinib Bai, X., Surveyer, A., Elmqvist, T., Gatzweiler, F.W., Güneralp, B., Parnell, S., Prieur- against meningeal metastases from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated Richard, A-H., Shrivastava, P., Siri, J.G., Staford-Smith, M., Toussaint, J-P., and Webb, lung adenocarcinoma. Respiratory Investigation R. (2016) Defning and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 23, 69-78. Levey, D.J., Caughlin, T.T., Brudvig, L.A., Haddad, N.M., Damschen, E.I., Tewksbury, J.J., and Evans, D.M. (2016) Disentangling fragmentation efects on herbivory in understory Biermann, F., Bai, X., Bondre, N., Broadgate, W., Chen, C-T.A., Dube, O.P., Erisman, J.W., plants of longleaf pine savanna. Ecology 97(9), 2248-2258. Glaser, M., van der Hel, S., Lemos, M.C., Seitzinger, S., and Seto, K.C. (2016) Down to Earth: Contextualizing the Anthropocene. Global Environmental Change 39, 341-350. McPhearson, T., Parnell, S., Simon, D., Gafney, O., Elmqvist, T., Bai, X., Roberts, D., and Revi, A. (2016) Scientists must have a say in the future of cities. Nature 538(7624), 165- Fricke, E.C., Tewksbury, J.J., Wandrag, E.M., Rogers, H.S. 2017 Mutualistic strategies 166 minimize coextinction in plant–disperser networks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284(1854). Rockström, J., Gafney, O., Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Schellnhuber, H.J. (2017) A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science 355(6331), 1269-1271. Fricke, E.C., Haak, D.C., Levey, D.J., and Tewksbury, J.J. (2016) Gut passage and secondary metabolites alter the source of post-dispersal predation for bird-dispersed chili seeds. Rogers, H.S., Buhle, E.R., HilleRisLambers, J., Fricke, E.C., Miller, R.H., and Tewksbury, J.J. 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Sustainable Water Future Programme (Water Future)

Bhaduri, A., Bogardi, J., Siddiqi, A., Voigt, H., Vörösmarty, C., Pahl-Wostl, C., Bunn, S.E., Shrivastava, P., Lawford, R., Foster, S. and Kremer, H. (2016) Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4, 64.

Bunn, S.E. (2016) Grand challenge for the future of freshwater ecosystems, Frontiers in Environmental Science 4, 21.

Green, P., Smith, K., Barchiesi, S., Vörösmarty, C., Darwall, W., Allen, D., Dalton, J. and Dopson, I. (2016). Chapter 3.4: Ecosystems. In: UNEP-DHI and UNEP, Transboundary River Basins: Status and Trends.United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.

Harrison, I.J., Green, P.A., Farrell, T.A., Jufe-Bignoli, D., Sáenz, L. and Vörösmarty, C.J. (2016) Protected areas and freshwater provisioning: A global assessment of freshwater provision, threats and management strategies to support human water security. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems.

Pahl-Wostl, C., Bhaduri, A. and Gupta, J., eds. (2016) Handbook on Water Security, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Tessler, Z.D., Vörösmarty, C.J., Grossberg, M., Gladkova, I., and Aizenman, H. (2016) A global empirical typology of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change in deltas. Sustainability Science 1-13.

46 FUTURE EARTH STRATEGIC LINKS

Future Earth has developed strong relationships with international research and engagement groups around the world. Here is a sample of those strategic links:

• Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) • Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and • European Space Agency (ESA) Ecosystem Services (IPBES) • START • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) • CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Partnership for Resilience and Preparedness (PREP) • Habitat III • Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data • Convention on Biological Diversity

FUTURE EARTH EVENTS

SELECTED EVENTS • Future Earth workshop on transdisciplinarity, sustainability and • Avoiding catastrophe - linking armed confict, harm to social innovation as incubators and transition tools to a green ecosystems and public health, Montreal, Canada, 4 - 6 May 2016 economy, Montreal, Canada, 9 - 14 August 2016 • UNEA-2 (United Nations Environment Assembly): Science Policy • Future Earth-PROVIA-IPCC Conference on “Integrated research on Forum and main UNEA, Nairobi, Kenya, 19 - 20 May 2016 climate risk and sustainable solutions across IPCC working groups: lessons learnt from AR5 to support AR6,” Stockholm, Sweden, 29-31 • Future Earth Core Projects Days, Bern, Switzerland, 27 - 28 June August 2016 2016 • Climate Tipping Points and Safe Pathways to Sustainable • Science and Engagement Committees meeting with Governing Development – an expert review workshop, Stockholm, Sweden, 13 Council, Thun, Switzerland, 29 - 30 June 2016 Sep 2016 • Future Earth Health Knowledge-Action Network scoping • Health Knowledge-Action Network luncheon at ONE UN, New York, workshop, “Advancing Planetary Health – linking health and USA, 16 Sep 2016 environment data,” Italy, 4 - 7 July 2016 • Habitat X Change at Habitat III, United Nations Conference on • The Anthropocene Experience at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, Quito, Ecuador, International Society for the Systems Sciences, Boulder, USA, 29 17 - 20 Oct 2016 July 2017 • Eco-Innovation for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus, Cyprus, 17-18 Nov 2016 47 • Future Earth regional workshop for Europe - Transdisciplinary • The Social Challenge of 1.5°C, 22 June 2016 research and co-design in practice, Stockholm, Sweden, 22 Nov 2016 • Exploring social-ecological transformations and seeds of a good • Early Career Researchers’ Network of Networks: Future Earth Anthropocene, 19 October 2016 Working Group, Paris, France, 27 Nov 2016 • Transformative innovation for a 1.5 degree world, 3 March 2017 • Future Earth Days, Paris, France, 30 Nov - 1 Dec 2016 • Development of an Integrated Ocean Research Network (Future EXAMPLES OF ENDORSED EVENTS Earth Ocean Knowledge-Action Network), Kiel, Germany, 4 - 5 • Kyoto - ASEAN Forum 2016, organised by Kyoto University and Dec 2016 co-organised by The Japan-ASEAN Science, Technology and • International Co-Design Workshop on Earth Observation in Innovation Platform: Promotion of Sustainable Development Support of the Sustainable Development Goals - The Case of Research (JASTIP) and Malaysian Kyoto University Alumni Urban Areas in Asia, Tokyo, Japan, 16 - 18 Jan 2017 (MYKYOTO), Malaysia, 8 - 9 Sep 2016 • The 5th International Workshop on Future Earth in Asia, Kyoto, • International Symposium on Global Sustainability Challenges: Japan, 23 - 24 Jan 2017 Kyoto Initiative in “Future Earth,” Kyoto University - RIHN • Presentation of Future Earth to Canada Assistant Deputy symposium on Future Earth, Kyoto, Japan, 21 Dec 2016 Ministers, Montreal, Canada, 30 Jan 2017 • Future Earth for Next Generations – Harmony with Earth and • Future Earth symposium to share “Japan Strategic Research Humanity, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 25 Feb 2017 Agenda; JSRA” defned by RIHN, Kyoto, Japan, 4 Feb 2017 • Volunteers Forum of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, organised • Urban Knowledge-Action Network Scoping Workshop, Tokyo, by Kyushu University, Kumamoto, Japan, Future Earth, 18 March Japan, 12 Feb - 14 Feb 2017 2017 • AEON-Future Earth Forum, “Generations in Dialogue: • 10th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, Interlaken, Environmental Sustainability and Human Health,” Tokyo, Japan, Switzerland, 21 - 25 Aug 2017 25 Feb 2017 • Future Earth SDGs Knowledge-Action Network workshop, “Research and Action Framework for Synergistic Scientifc and Institutional Linkages between the SDG Targets,” New York, USA, 5 - 7 March 2017. • Disruptive Low-Carbon Innovation Workshop (Decarbonisation Knowledge-Action Workshop), London, UK, 7 - 8 March 2017 • Changing the story of climate change towards building new and positive narratives in a time of populism and anti-climate sentiments, Montreal, Canada, 18 March 2017

WEBINARS • Webinar supplement to the Oceans in a High CO2 World Conference in Hobart, Australia, 3 May 2016 • Pop-up webinar: Best practices on transdisciplinary and co- designed research, 11 May 2016

48 Total funding for global operations (to the fve Global Hubs and This chart shows Future Earth Global Hub Secretariat’s year 2 including national contributions) in year 2, from 1 April 2016 to 31 expenses as divided by function. March 2017, was 5.5 million EUR. This was an increase of 1.3 million EUR, or 30%, from year 1. Some contributions were transferred to Future Earth’s research networks through annual project grants and grants for workshops. FINANCIAL SUMMARY

COORDINATION OVERALL PROGRAMME STRATEGY 14 20

COMMUNICATIONS 23 % 24

RESEARCH 7 ENABLING 12 CAPACITY BUILDING

SYNTHESIS & FORESIGHT 49 REGIONAL CENTRES & OFFICES

• Asia (host: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, RIHN, Kyoto, Japan) • Europe (host: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, Norwich, UK, until mid-2017) • Middle East and North Africa (host: Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus) • South Asia (host: Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Bengaluru, India) • Latin America (Strategic Partner, host: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Montevideo, Uruguay)

NATIONAL NETWORKS

Australia Nigeria Austria Norway Belgium Republic of Korea Benin Romania ORGANISATION ORGANISATION China Slovakia Estonia Spain Finland Sweden France Switzerland Germany Taiwan Province India of China Ireland UK Japan 50 FUNDERS & SPONSORS The Future Earth Secretariat (which is based in fve Global Hubs, four Regional Centres and three Regional Ofces) and its National Networks are funded by a range of private and public foundations, government agencies, universities and other groups. Some are earmarked funds for specifc activities.

Montreal Global Hub Paris Global Hub • Réseau des Universités du Québec • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifque (CNRS) • Fond de Recherche du Québec (FRQ) • Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur • Montréal International et de la Recherche (MENESR) • Concordia University • Alliance Nationale de Recherche pour l’Environnement (AllEnvi) • Université de Montréal • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) • McGill University • Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) • Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Japan Global Hub • Laval University • Science Council of Japan • Polytechnique Montréal • The University of Tokyo • Institut National de la Recherche Scientifque (INRS) • National Institute for Environmental Studies • Ouranos • Research Institute for Humanity and Nature • Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) • Kyoto University • Ministère des Relations Internationales du Québec • Keio University • Ville de Montréal • Japan Science and Technology Agency/Research Institute of • Dentons Science and Technology for Society

• AEON Environmental Foundation Swedish Global Hub • The Swedish Ministry of Environment (via Swedish Research Colorado Global Hub Council, FORMAS) • U.S. Global Change Research Program • The Swedish Ministry of Higher Education and Research (via the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet) • U.S. National Science Foundation • The Erling-Persson Family Foundation • Colorado State University • European Space Agency • University of Colorado • Vinnova • MacArthur Foundation • IPCC (Stockholm workshop) • Wilburforce Foundation • Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation • NOMIS Foundation 51 Regional Centre Funders • Austria (Federal Ministry for Science, Research & Economy) • The Royal Society of Great Britain (Europe) • Finland (Council of Finnish Academies) • The British Academy (Europe) • India (Indian National Science Academy) • University of East Anglia (Europe) • Ireland (Royal Irish Academy) • The Cyprus Institute/Republic of Cyprus (MENA) • Japan (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and • Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Asia) Technology, MEXT) • Japan Science and Technology Agency/Research Institute of • Mexico (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT) Science and Technology for Society (Asia) • Norway (The Research Council of Norway) • Republic of Korea (Ofce of the National Academy of Sciences) National contributors to the funding of global operations • Switzerland (Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences) • Australia (Australian Academy of Science)

FUTURE EARTH GLOBAL HUB SECRETARIAT Sweden Tokyo Paris Montreal Colorado

Amy Luers Wendy Broadgate Fumiko Kasuga Thorsten Kiefer Anne-Hélène Josh Tewksbury Executive Director Director Director Director Prieur-Richard Director from Septmeber 2017 IngMarie Alström Asako Hasegawa Hannah Moersberger Director Laurel Milliken Finance Director Communications Ofcer Capacity Building & Marie d’Acremont Information Technology Susanna Dobrota Hideyuki Mohri Research Enabling Executive Assistant Ofcer Administration & Finance Science & Communication Sandrine Paillard Christina Cook Jon Padgham Cat Downey Ofcer (Graphic Production Deputy Director Science Ofcer, Synthesis & Capacity Building Lead European Space Agency Lead) Miia Ylostalo-Joubert Foresight Mel Plett Liaison Ofcer Ayako Nagasawa Administration & David Oram Logistics & Coordination Owen Gafney Executive Assistant Coordination Advancement & Craig Starger Anthropocene analyst and Kiko Yamada-Kawai Edouard Michel Coordination Ofcer Research Liaison Ofcer Paul Shrivastava strategic communications Science Ofcer Research Enabling & (Executive Director support) Daniel Strain Executive Director Rebecca Oliver Advancement Alyson Surveyer Digital & Social Media to January 2017 Senior Engagement & Head of Coordination Communications Lead Dialogue Lead Jean-Patrick Toussaint Erik Pihl Science Ofcer, Research Research Liaison Ofcer Enabling Alistair Scrutton Global Communications Director SCIENCE AND ENGAGEMENT COMMITTEES

In 2016-2017, the Science and Engagement Committees provided crucial leadership to Future Earth, helping to shape the evolution and activities of the programme. These committees provide guidance to Future Earth on producing research that is of the highest quality and around including diverse members of society in all stages of the research process.

SCIENCE COMMITTEE Karen O’Brien (end 2016) University of Oslo, Norway Masayo Hasegawa International Environment and Economy Institute, Japan Mark Staford Smith (Chair) Commonwealth Cosmas Ochieng African Centre for Technology Scientifc and Industrial Research Organisation Studies, Kenya Mario Hernandez International Society of (CSIRO), Australia Photogrammetry and Remote sensing (ISPRS), Dahe Qin World Meteorological Organization Mexico Belinda Reyers (Vice-Chair) Council for Scientifc and (WMO), China Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa Yolanda Kakabadse (end 2016) WWF International, Michelle Scobie The University of the West Indies Switzerland Melissa Leach (Vice-Chair) Institute of Development (UWI), Trinidad and Tobago Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, UK Kathryn Myronuk Singularity University, USA Youba Sokona International Institute for Bina Agarwal (end 2016) University of Manchester, Environment and Development, Switzerland Kari Raivio University of Helsinki, Finland UK Suneetha Mazhenchery Subramanian United Debra Roberts Environmental Planning and Climate Xuemei Bai Australian National University, Australia Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies, Protection Department, eThekwini Municipality, Japan Durban, South Africa. Eduardo Brondizio Indiana University, USA Carolina Vera CIMA, Argentina Alice Ruhweza Vital Signs, Kenya Sandra Díaz Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina Tetsuzo Yasunari Research Institute for Humanity Vore Gana Seck (end 2016) Green Senegal, Senegal and Nature (RIHN), Japan Kristie Ebi Center for Health and the Global Joy Shumake-Guillemot World Health Organization Environment (CHanGE), University of Washington, (WHO)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) USA ENGAGEMENT COMMITTEE Climate and Health Joint Ofce, Switzerland Giovana Espindola Federal University of Piauí, Brazil Farooq Ullah (Chair) Stakeholder Forum, UK Asuncion Lera St. Clair Climate Action Programme, DNV GL, Norway Armin Grunwald (end 2016) Institute for Technology Tim Payn (Vice-Chair) Scion, New Zealand Assessment and Systems (ITAS), Germany Ruth Wolstenholme (Vice-Chair) Snifer, UK Björn Stigson Stigson and Partners AB, Sweden Heinz Gutscher University of Zurich, Switzerland Chandra Bhushan Centre for Science and Scott Vaughan International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Canada Tatiana Kluvankova Department of Strategic Environment, India Environmental Analyses, SPECTRA Centre of Maruxa Cardama Cities Alliance, Belgium Excellence, Slovakia Dan Koon-hong Chan Youth Initiative, UN Corinne Le Quéré (end 2016) Tyndall Centre for Sustainable Development Solutions Network, China Climate Change Research, UK James Fahn Earth Journalism Network, USA Cheikh Mbow (end 2016) START, USA Marina Grossi Brazilian Business Council for Susanne Moser (end 2016) Susanne Moser Research Sustainable Development, Brazil & Consulting, USA GOVERNING COUNCIL

Láhko national park, Norway. Photo: R Wijtmans/Azote 53