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A Just War Doctrine Critique of US History Textbooks

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A Just War Doctrine Critique of US History Textbooks University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 "We Have Never Known What Death Was Before"--A Just War Doctrine Critique of U.S. History Textbooks Mark Pearcy University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Other Education Commons Scholar Commons Citation Pearcy, Mark, ""We Have Never Known What Death Was Before"--A Just War Doctrine Critique of U.S. History Textbooks" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3286 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ―We Have Never Known What Death Was Before‖— A Just War Doctrine Critique of U.S. History Textbooks by Mark Pearcy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Secondary Education College of Education University of South Florida Major Professor: Howard Johnston, Ph.D. John Belohlavek, Ph.D. Michael Berson, Ph.D. Stephen Thornton, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 25, 2011 Keywords: Civil War, moral education, American history, analysis, military Copyright © 2011, Mark Pearcy DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my wife, Michelle, and my two daughters, Katie and Thea. Thank you for everything, and I love you with my all my heart. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a great debt to the faculty and staff of the Secondary Education department at the University of South Florida for their assistance and support throughout my time in the doctoral program. I particularly want to thank Dr. Michael Berson, Dr. James Duplass, Dr. Barbara Cruz, and Dr. Stephen Thornton for their guidance. I also wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. John Belohlavek of the History department, who made this research possible. I also wish to extend a very special thanks to Dr. Howard Johnston, my major professor, whose mentorship and wisdom has made me a better teacher and a better person over the past five years. i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................2 Background Information ..........................................................................................4 Rationale for Study ..................................................................................................6 Purpose Statement ....................................................................................................7 Research Questions ..................................................................................................8 Educational Significance .........................................................................................9 ―Just War‖ Doctrine ...............................................................................................10 Why ―Just War?‖ ...................................................................................................16 Why the Civil War? ...............................................................................................18 Limitations .............................................................................................................20 How I Came to the Study .......................................................................................22 CHAPTER TWO ...............................................................................................................25 Critical Pragmatism ...............................................................................................25 Power and Ideology ...............................................................................................27 Moral Education.....................................................................................................34 The Ethic of Care ...................................................................................................36 The Role of the Textbook ......................................................................................38 Textbook Bias ........................................................................................................42 ii Historiography and the Psychology of War ...........................................................48 CHAPTER THREE ...........................................................................................................56 Research Design.....................................................................................................56 Description of Textbooks .......................................................................................57 Sampling ................................................................................................................57 Data Collection ......................................................................................................59 Reliability and Validity ..........................................................................................69 CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................73 Secession and States‘-Rights .................................................................................73 Historical Narrative Analysis .....................................................................74 The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. ........................................74 Nullification crisis, 1828-1832. .....................................................82 Wilmot Proviso 1846. ....................................................................95 Fugitive Slave Law 1850. ............................................................104 Categorical Analysis ................................................................................115 Just cause. ....................................................................................117 Right intention. ............................................................................123 Proper authority. ..........................................................................126 The Election of 1860 ............................................................................................128 Historical Narrative Analysis ...................................................................129 Categorical Analysis ................................................................................142 Just cause. ....................................................................................142 Right intention. ............................................................................148 Fort Sumter ..........................................................................................................159 Historical Narrative Analysis ...................................................................160 iii Categorical Analysis ................................................................................175 Just cause. ....................................................................................176 Last resort.....................................................................................182 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................188 Historical Narrative Analysis ...............................................................................188 Combatants ..............................................................................................189 Battle and casualties. ....................................................................190 Non-combatants .......................................................................................219 Women in the war. .......................................................................219 Discontent on the home front. ......................................................223 Death and dying. ..........................................................................229 Vicksburg. ....................................................................................234 Sherman‘s ―March to the Sea‖ .....................................................236 Categorical Analysis ............................................................................................246 Benevolent Quarantine and Treatment of Prisoners of War (POWs) ......246 Mala in se .................................................................................................257 Proportionality .........................................................................................260 CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................278 Lee‘s Surrender at Appomattox ...........................................................................278 Historical Narrative Analysis ...................................................................279 Categorical Analysis ................................................................................286
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