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Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology Publishes a Wide Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 501 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ LONGHORNED BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) PREFERRING PINUS SPECIES AS HOST PLANT IN TURKEY Hüseyin Özdikmen* * Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, TURKEY. E- mail: [email protected], ORCID IDs: 0000-0001-9568-0093 [Özdikmen, H. 2021. Longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) preferring Pinus species as host plant in Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (1): 501-552] ABSTRACT: Pines (Pinus spp.) are some of the best-known plants around the world. They are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. Pine is one of the more extensively used types of wood used as lumber. Pine species with an area over 11.000.000 hectares are comprised of about half or slightly more than half of total forest area in Turkey (22,342,935 hectares). Detection of cerambycids in pine trees is of economic importance in terms of production losses, environmental disasters, and management costs. Accordingly, all taxa of Turkish longhorned beetles preferring Pinus species as host plant are reviewed and evaluated with their body length, adult period, host plants, regional distribution in Turkey and the range in the world. Consequently, a total of 83 longhorned beetle species, with Turksh subspecies if present, are presented from Turkey in the present study. Moreover, regional distribution patterns in Turkey of the taxa are shown into maps. KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Pinus, pine, host plant, Turkey As known, the biological significance and biodiversity of Turkey alone, in terms of many groups of animals, is almost equivalent to the European continent and even more for some groups. For example, the number of Cerambycidae members in Turkey alone is more than that of the whole continent of Europe. The longhorned beetles or Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802, also known as longicorn beetles, longhorned beetles, timber beetles, or sawyer beetles, because of their long antennae, especially in males, are among economically important and the most diverse families of Coleoptera. The long antennae and rather elongate bodies are used as general diagnostic characteristics for them. Many species are important pests of trees and logs of forest and urban trees. The members of the family are among the most important forest insects which attack the timber of standing trees and felled logs. To date, there are about 200 cerambycid species worldwide that have some economic impact on forestry, agriculture, and horticulture, causing production losses, environmental disasters, and management costs. Many species have been introduced to other regions or countries and some have become established outside their natural distribution range, causing serious problems globally with the increase of international trade in recent years (Haack et al., 2010). Almost all cerambycid beetles are phytophagous as both adults and larvae that feed on a single species or genus of plants (monophagous), on multiple plant species, either all within a single plant family (oligophagous) or multiple families (polyphagous). The adults are free-living extremely diverse, from dark nocturnal forms to brightly colored mimetic diurnal beetles and can live for a few days to a few months depending on whether they feed (Hanks, 1999; Švácha & Lawrence, Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 502 https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ 2014; Wang, 2008, 2017). The larvae are phytophagous and primarily utilize woody host plants generally. Forests are ecosystems that symbolize the whole relationship of various living groups with physical environmental factors and are indispensable natural areas for life. All longhorned beetles are xylophagous and phytophagous. For this reason, longhorned beetles which are generated large damages on or in forest trees in larval stages especially, includes many pests of forests. Detection of cerambycids in coniferous forests, with also coniferous mixed forests, comprising of approximately 2/3 of the general forest area in Turkey and containing woody plant species, is of economic importance in terms of production losses, environmental disasters, and management costs. According to data from the year 2015, 33% of the general forest area is deciduous forests (7.346.851 hectares), 48% coniferous forests (10.628.833 hectares), and 19% coniferous mixed forests (4.367.251 hectares) cover in Turkey. 99.9% of the forest areas are State owned forests. The vast majority are managed by the General Directorate of Forestry on the basis of sustainability principle. Forest area in Turkey is 22,342,935 hectares, this figure includes 28.6% of the country. There are approximately 150 species of trees in the forests. As the distribution area in forests, Oak species (Quercus spp.) (5.886.195 hectares) is the most common, after that in the order of areal size Red Pine (Pinus brutia) (5.610.215 hectares), Black Pine (Pinus nigra) (4.244.921 hectares), Beech (Fagus spp.) (1.899.929 hectares), Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) (1.518.929 hectares), Juniper (Juniperus spp.) (958.423 hectares), Fir (Abies spp.) (584.781 hectares), Cedar (Cedrus libani) (482.391 hectares), Spruce (Picea orientalis) (322.857 hectares), Stone Pine (Pinus pinea) (161.971 hectares), Alder (Alnus spp.) (146.730 hectares), Chestnut (Castanea spp.) (88.443 hectares), Hornbeam (Carpinus spp.) (34.989 hectares), Poplar (Populus spp.) (16.288 hectares), Linden (Tilia spp.) (12.574 hectares), Ash (Fraxinus spp.) (7.212 hectares), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) (1.404 hectares), other species (101,641 hectares) (OGM, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) (Map 1). Map 1. Forest assets of Turkey (2012) (from OGM, 2015). The Pinophyta or Pinophytina, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division or subdivision of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are cone-bearing seed plants, a Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ (January, 2021) 503 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ subset of gymnosperms. In Turkey, the subclass Pinidae has thirty-four species of fifteen genera in total. The order Pinales and therefore Pinaceae family are represented with fourteen species of six genera which are distributed more or less in all regions of Turkey (Campbell & Reece, 2005; Güner et al., 2018; Resimli Türkiye Florası Elektronik Versiyonu, 2020). A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus which is the largest genus of the family Pinaceae. Pines are some of the best-known plants around the world; they are native to the Northern Hemisphere, and in a few parts of the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere. Pines may be found in a very large variety of environments, ranging from semi-arid desert to rainforests, from sea level up to 5,200 metres, from the coldest to the hottest environments on Earth. They often occur in mountainous areas with favorable soils and at least some water (Pine trees, 2020). Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous resinous trees or/rarely shrubs growing 3- 80 m tall, with the majority of species reaching 15-45 m tall (Fattig, 2011). Pine may also refer to the lumber derived from pine trees. Pine is one of the more extensively used types of wood used as lumber. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. Commercial pines are grown in plantations for timber. When grown for sawing timber, pine plantations can be harvested after 25 years. Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items. Additionally, some species have large seeds, called pine nuts, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. Moreover, pines have been a frequently mentioned tree throughout history in popular culture. In Turkey, the genus, Pinus (pine), is represented by seven species as Pinus sylvestris L., 1753 that has two varieties as Pinus sylvestris L. var. elicinii Kandemir & Mataracı, 2018 and Pinus sylvestris L. var. hamata Steven, 1838; Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, 1785 that is represented only by the subspecies Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, 1914 with three varieties as Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana var. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, 1914, Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana var. fastigiata Businský, 2008 and Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana var. yaltirikiana Alptekin, 1987; Pinus pinaster Aiton, 1789; Pinus brutia Ten., 1815 that is represented by three varieties as Pinus brutia var. brutia Ten., 1815, Pinus brutia Ten. var. eldarica (Medw.) Silba, 1985 and Pinus brutia Ten. var. pendulifolia Frankis, 1993; Pinus halepensis Mill., 1768; Pinus pinea L., 1753 and Pinus radiata D. Don, 1837 (Güner et al., 2018; Resimli Türkiye Florası Elektronik Versiyonu, 2020). As seen above, pine species with an area over 11.000.000 hectares are comprised of about half or slightly more than half of total forest area in Turkey (22,342,935 hectares). As the distribution area in forests, Red Pine (Pinus brutia) (5.610.215 hectares) is the most common, after that in the order of areal size Black Pine (Pinus nigra) (4.244.921
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