DOCSLIB.ORG

Ttu Stc001 000018.Pdf (17.33Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ttu Stc001 000018.Pdf (17.33Mb) STUDIES IN THE THEORY OF HUMAN SOCIETY jl^g^ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO.. LIMITED LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OP CANADA. LTD. TORONTO Studies in the Theory of Human Society BY FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS, LL.D. • « PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND LETTERS. FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSO­ CIATION. Il3eto ^otk THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1926 All rights reserved PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published February, 1922 Press of J. J. Little & Ives Company New York, U. S. A. PREFACE These consecutive studies are a book of Sociology without the form or the formality of a text. The discursive manner has permitted me to reiterate cardinal ideas and principles, exhibiting them in many lights and relations. I have thought this important in these days of loose thinking on social themes. The theory of human society into which these ideas are or­ ganized is stated in Chapter XVI, as follows: "If I can be said to have a system of sociology it is briefly this: "i. A situation or stimulus is reacted to by more than one individual; there is pluralistic as well as singularistic behavior. Pluralistic behavior develops into rivalries, competitions, and con­ flicts, and also, into agreements, contracts, and collective enter­ prises. Therefore, social phenomena are products of two vari­ ables, namely, situation (in the psychologist's definition of the word) and pluralistic behavior. "2. When the individuals who participate in pluralistic be­ havior have become differentiated into behavioristic kinds or types, a consciousness of kind, liking or disliking, approving or disapproving one kind after another, converts gregariousness into a consciously discriminative association, herd habit into so­ ciety; and society, by a social pressure which sometimes is con­ scious but more often, perhaps, is unconscious, makes life rela­ tively hard for kinds of character and conduct that are disap­ proved. "3. Society organizes itself for collective endeavor and achieve­ ment if fundamental similarities of behavior and an awareness of them are extensive enough to maintain social cohesion, while differences of behavior and awareness of them in matters of de­ tail are sufficient to create a division of labor. "4. In the long run organized society by its approvals and dis­ approvals, its pressures and achievements, selects and perpetuates vi PREFACE the types of mind and character that are relatively intelligent, tolerant, and helpful, that exhibit initiative, that bear their share of responsibility, and that effectively play their part in collective enterprise. It selects and perpetuates the adequate." I have endeavored to bring discussion and exposition to date. The nearly completed first quarter of the Twentieth Century has not been marked by discoveries comparable to those that lifted the second half of the Nineteenth Century above all other years in the history of knowledge; but it has been a time of rectifica­ tion in science. Logic has abandoned absolutes for variables, and pigeon hole classifications for frequency distributions. Physics and chemistry have begun to build from electrons. Bi­ ology has become experimental and Mendelian. Psychology has become experimental and objective. It has discriminated between reflex and conditioning; between original nature and habit. Anthropology has discovered elements of religion older than ghosts, and found more variates of primitive social organization than Morgan and McLennan knew. These corrections of fun­ damental notions and of inductions that are data of sociology have made the revision of sociology obligatory. I offer here an individual contribution to that formidable undertaking. A large part of the content of the volume is entirely new. Materials that in a cruder form have been printed in various journals and pro­ ceedings, and a small portion taken over from Democracy and Empire now out of print, have been worked over to the extent of being nearly rewritten. The chapter on "Order and Possibility" is not strictly a part, but it sets forth prolegomena (as I conceive them) of a scientific theory of human society. Many students of both psychology and sociology continue to worry over "determinism," and in par­ ticular over "mechanistic" theories of life. Just what happens to their apprehensions when the discriminations of a statistical way of thinking are applied to them has not, I believe, before been pointed out. I am grateful to friends and colleagues for helpful criticisms and suggestions; and especially grateful to student members of my research group for untiring aid in "checking up" and "trying out." CONTENTS I HISTORICAL CHAPTER FAGB I. THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE .... 3 II. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURE 19 III. THE ECONOMIC AGES 33 IV. THE QUALITY OF CIVILIZATION 57 V. A THEORY OF HISTORY 66 VI. THE HISTORY OF SOCIAL THEORY 94 II ANALYTICAL VII. ORDER AND POSSIBILITY 127 VIII. A THEORY OF SOCIAL CAUSATION 144 IX. THE MIND OF THE MANY 154 X. THE GROUP-MAKING ROLE OF IDEAS AND BELIEFS 175 XL FOLKWAYS AND STATEWAYS 190 XII. SOCIAL SELF CONTROL 197 XIII. SOCIAL THEORY AND PUBLIC POLICY 209 XIV. THE COSTS OF PROGRESS 224 III SYNTHETIC XV. PLURALISTIC BEHAVIOR 249 XVI. FURTHER INQUIRIES OF SOCIOLOGY 291 INDEX 303 PART I HISTORICAL STUDIES IN THE THEORY OF HUMAN SOCIETY CHAPTER I THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE REVOLUTIONIZING as the life work of Charles Darwin was in the fields of biology and psychology, one may doubt if his writings disturbed the intellectual peace anywhere more profoundly than in the already perturbed realms of pre-Darwinian social philos­ ophy. Borrowing a shocking thought from the Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus, Mr. Darwin, in due course of time, gave it back to Malthusians and Godwinites, to Ricardians and Ruskinites, to Benthamites and Owenites, with a new and terrific voltage. Nine years before The Origin of Species was published, Herbert Spencer, in the concluding chapters of Social Statics, had offered an explanation of society in terms of a progressive human nature, adapting itself to changing conditions of life. These chapters are the germ of that inclusive conception and theory of evolution which were elaborated in the ten volumes of the Synthetic Philosophy. Five years later, or four years be­ fore The Origin of Species saw the light, Mr. Spencer, in the first edition of his Principles of Psychology, set forth an original interpretation of life, including mental and social life, as a cor­ respondence of internal relations to external relations, initiated and directed by the external relations. Finally, in April, 1857, Mr. Spencer pubHshed, in The Westminster Revieiv, the provo­ cative paper on "Progress: Its Law and Cause," in which a law of evolution was partially formulated, and evolution was declared to be the process of the universe and of all that it contains. 3 4 STUDIES IN THE THEORY OF HUMAN SOCIETY Mr. Spencer thus had seen evolution comprehensively, as adap­ tation and differentiation. He had not yet mentally grasped the universal redistribution of energy and matter, wherein every finite aggregate of material units, radiating energy into surrounding space, or absorbing energy therefrom, draws itself together in order-making coherence, or distributes itself abroad in riotous disintegration. That universal equilibration, which in fact is the beginning and the end of material transformation, was the aspect of the world which in thought Mr. Spencer arrived at last of all- It is not given to any one human intellect to discover all truth, and there is more in evolution than even Mr. Spencer perceived, either at the beginning of his great work, or in the fulness of his powers.^ Intent upon the broader aspects of cosmic change, his mind did not seize upon certain implications of rearrangement. In the concrete world of living organisms, equilibration becomes the relentless struggle for existence, in which the weakest go to the wall. Natural selection follows. It was this intensely con­ crete aspect that Mr. Darwin saw, and intellectually mastered. The distinction here indicated between evolution as a universal process, comprehensively described by Spencer, and Darwinism, or Mr. Darwin's account of one vitally important and concrete phase of that process, has often been noted, and is usually ob­ served by careful writers. It is of particular importance in any discussion of social evolution. One cannot hope to get far in a theoretical study of human society if he does not heed the extent to which our explanations of social origins, our philosophies of history and of human institutions, have become not only evolution­ ist, in the Spencerian sense of the word, but also Darwinian. It was not until the publication of The Descent of Man, in 1871, when controversy over The Origin of Species had raged through twelve years of intellectual tempest, that the full signifi­ cance of natural selection for the doctrine of human progress was apprehended by the scientific world. Mr. Spencer saw it when * And he did not finally reduce his general formula to its lowest terms As "universal," evolution is but a progressive emergence of order out of turbulence, and therefore a progressive complication of relationships. All other aspects of evolution are particularistic, for example, they are astro­ nomical or biological, or psychological or political, and no two of them are of quite identical pattern. THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE S The Origin of Species appeared. Mr. Darwin himself had per­ ceived that he must offer a credible explanation of the paradox that a ruthless struggle for existence yields the peaceable fruits of righteousness. But it was neither Mr. Spencer, nor Mr. Dar­ win, who first recognized the specific phase of the life struggle in which the clue to the mystery might be sought.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Southampton Research Repository
    University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Alastair Paynter (2018) “The emergence of libertarian conservatism in Britain, 1867-1914”, University of Southampton, Department of History, PhD Thesis, pp. 1-187. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History The emergence of libertarian conservatism in Britain, 1867-1914 by Alastair Matthew Paynter Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2018 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History Doctor of Philosophy THE EMERGENCE OF LIBERTARIAN CONSERVATISM IN BRITAIN, 1867-1914 by Alastair Matthew Paynter This thesis considers conservatism’s response to Collectivism during a period of crucial political and social change in the United Kingdom and the Anglosphere. The familiar political equipoise was disturbed by the widening of the franchise and the emergence of radical new threats in the form of New Liberalism and Socialism. Some conservatives responded to these changes by emphasising the importance of individual liberty and the preservation of the existing social structure and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: a Contribution to the History of the Term
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Hertfordshire Research Archive Published in the Journal of Historical Sociology, 17(4), December 2004, pp. 428-63. Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term GEOFFREY M. HODGSON ‘Social Darwinism, as almost everyone knows, is a Bad Thing.’ Robert C. Bannister (1979, p. 3) Abstract This essay is a partial history of the term ‘Social Darwinism’. Using large electronic databases, it is shown that the use of the term in leading Anglophone academic journals was rare up to the 1940s. Citations of the term were generally disapproving of the racist or imperialist ideologies with which it was associated. Neither Herbert Spencer nor William Graham Sumner were described as Social Darwinists in this early literature. Talcott Parsons (1932, 1934, 1937) extended the meaning of the term to describe any extensive use of ideas from biology in the social sciences. Subsequently, Richard Hofstadter (1944) gave the use of the term a huge boost, in the context of a global anti-fascist war. ***** A massive 1934 fresco by Diego Rivera in Mexico City is entitled ‘Man at the Crossroads’. To the colorful right of the picture are Diego’s chosen symbols of liberation, including Karl Marx, Vladimir Illych Lenin, Leon Trotsky, several young female athletes and the massed proletariat. To the darker left of the mural are sinister battalions of marching gas-masked soldiers, the ancient statue of a fearsome god, and the seated figure of a bearded Charles Darwin.
    [Show full text]
  • Eapn-2020 07 14 Eapn
    THE IMPACT OF COVID -19 ON PEOPLE EXPERIENCING POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY. REBUILDING EUROPE WITH A SOCIAL HEART. GRACIELA MALGESINI BEFORE THE PANDEMIC The healthcare systems of 21 out of 25 surveyed European countries were already problematic and showed important challenges in securing coverage and quality services for all, particularly for the poor and vulnerable groups. BEFORE THE PANDEMIC The social protection systems were underfunded in half of the surveyed countries and nearly all presented important problems of coverage as well as inadequacy of levels. BEFORE THE PANDEMIC Minimum Income schemes were considered challenging in different ways by 21 out of 25 surveyed countries. Deficiencies of coverage and adequacy of the healthcare, social protection and income guarantee systems of the countries before the eruption of COVID-19…. … favoured the spread of the pandemic and the avalanche of negative social consequences on those already poor or at high risk of becoming poor and vulnerable. • Poverty • Indebtedness and lack of savings • Precarious jobs (if any) • Low-amount benefits as main household income • Prevalent diseases and disabilities • Poorly perceived physical health, mental health problems and low wellbeing level • Insecure housing or homelessness • Victims of racial inequalities The actions taken by European governments, judged and poverty as BAME, positively in general, had a negative impact on people Roma and immigrants already experiencing poverty and social vulnerability, who started in a situation of disadvantage with regard to other groups due to: • The rapid, reactive and good adaptation of some healthcare systems (hospital wards transformed in order to isolate Healthcare patients with COVID-19) prevented their capacity becoming overloaded (Czechia, Iceland, Serbia, United Kingdom).
    [Show full text]
  • Social Darwinism American Thought
    Social Darwinism American Thought REVISED EDITION Richard Hofstadter BEACON PRESS BOSTON 1955 [1944] Contents AUTHORS NOTE viii INTRODUCTION 3 1. THE COMING OF DARWINISM 2 . THE VOGUE OF SPENCER 31 3. WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER.' SOCIAL DARWINIST 5 1 4. LESTER WARD: CRITIC 67 5. EVOLUTION, ETHICS, AND SOCIETY 85 6. THE DISSENTERS IO5 7. THE CURRENT OF PRAGMATISM 123 8. TRENDS IN SOCIAL THEORY, 1 8 9 0 -1 9 1 5 143 9. RACISM AND IMPERIALISM 170 10. CONCLUSION 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 NOTES 2 17 INDEX *4 3 Author’s Note This book was written during the years 1940-42 and first published in 1944. Although it was meant to be a reflective study rather than a tract for the times, it was naturally in­ fluenced by the political and moral controversy of the New Deal era. In some respects my views have changed since the first edition appeared. However, in revising the book I have not tried to bring the substance of the text into co­ herence with my present views, except at a few points where I was jarred by the rhetoric of the original version. After a period of years a book acquires an independent life, and the author may be so fortunate as to achieve a certain healthy detachment from it, which reconciles him to letting it stand on its own. Although I have not made major changes of content, I have added a new introduction and completely rewritten the text, entering innumerable stylistic changes, rewriting several passages to rectify old errors or ambiguities and a few which, for reasons of taste, seemed to demand a complete rework­ ing.
    [Show full text]
  • Abolition RAY ACHESON
    Abolition RAY ACHESON THOUGHTS FOR CHANGE About the Author Ray Acheson is Director of Reaching Critical Will, the Disarmament Programme of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, which works to challenge the international arms trade, war profiteering, and the patriarchal and racist structures of war and armed violence. Acheson brings an intersectional feminist perspective on weapons and war to disarmament processes and initiatives, including through analysis and advocacy at the United Nations. She represents WILPF on the steering committee of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), which won the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize, as well as the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots and the International Network on Explosive Weapons. Acheson is a 2018 UN Women Metro-NY “Champion of Change” and recipient of a 2020 Nuclear Free Future Award, and author of the book Banning the Bomb, Smashing the Patriarchy, forthcoming from Rowman and Littlefield. Abolition © Ray Acheson Published by Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Creative Director: Nina Maria Mørk Hansen Editor: Emily Dontsos Design and ePub: Nadia Joubert Published December 2020 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Geneva, Switzerland wilpf.org Abolition by Ray Acheson THOUGHTS FOR CHANGE ABOLITION Contents A Note from the Author 5 Introduction Essay Collection 6 Essay 1: Disbanding Police 10 Essay 2: Dismantling Prisons 27 Essay 3: Deconstructing Borders 48 Essay 4: Demobilising War 64 Essay 5: Decommissioning Nuclear Weapons 93 Conclusion 123 Acknowledgements 127 About WILPF 128 4 A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR A Note from the Author This series of essays examines the harms caused by border imperialism, police brutality, incarceration, weapons, war, and more.
    [Show full text]
  • University International
    INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Create Dangerously the Immigrant Artist at Work PERSONAL REFLECTIONS on ART and EXILE from AWARD–WINNING WRITER EDWIDGE DANTICAT
    Trade 1 Create Dangerously The Immigrant Artist at Work PERSONAL REFLECTIONS ON ART AND EXILE FROM AWARD–WINNING WRITER EDWIDGE DANTICAT Edwidge Danticat Create dangerously, for people who read dangerously. This is what I’ve always thought it meant to be a writer. Writing, knowing in part, that no matter how trivial your words may seem, someday, somewhere, someone may risk his or her life to read them. —Create Dangerously In this deeply personal book, the celebrated Haitian-American writer Edwidge Danticat reflects on art and exile, examining what it means to be an immigrant artist from a country in cri- sis. Inspired by Albert Camus’ lecture, “Create Dangerously,” and combining memoir and essay, Danticat tells the stories of artists, including herself, who create despite, or because of, the horrors that drove them from their homelands and that continue to haunt them. Danticat eulogizes an aunt who guarded her family’s homestead in the Haitian countryside, a cousin who died of AIDS while living in Miami as an undocu- mented alien, and a renowned Haitian radio journalist whose political assassination shocked the world. Danticat writes about the Haitian novelists she first read as a girl at the Brook- lyn Public Library, a woman mutilated in a machete attack who became a public witness against torture, and the work of Jean- Michel Basquiat and other artists of Haitian descent. Danticat also suggests that the aftermaths of natural disasters in Haiti and the United States reveal that the countries are not as dif- “Edwidge Danticat’s prose has a Che- ferent as many Americans might like to believe.
    [Show full text]
  • Lester F. Ward: Applied Sociology (1906)
    Lester F. Ward: Applied Sociology (1906) [i] APPLIED SOCIOLOGY A TREATISE ON THE CONSCIOUS IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIETY BY SOCIETY BY LESTER F. WARD L’application est la pierre de touche de Toute doctrine. – ADOLPHE COSTE Seite 2 von 408 Lester F. Ward: Applied Sociology (1906) [ii] COPYRIGHT, 1906 BY LESTER F. WARD ________ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED GINN & COMPANY Boston – New York – Chicago – London 1906 Seite 3 von 408 Lester F. Ward: Applied Sociology (1906) [iii] PREFACE This work and its predecessor, Pure Sociology, constitute together a system of sociology, and these, with Dynamic Sociology, The Psychic Factors of Civilization, and the Outlines of Sociology, make up a more comprehensive system of social philosophy. Should any reader acquaint himself with the whole, he will find it not only consistent with itself, but progressive in the sense that each successive volume carries the subject a step farther with a minimum of repetition or duplicate treatment. The central thought is that of a true science of society, capable, in the measure that it approaches completeness, of being turned to the profit of mankind. If there is one respect in which it differs more than in others from rival systems of philosophy it is in its practical character of never losing sight of the end or purpose, nor of the possibilities of conscious effort. It is a reaction against the philosophy of despair that has come to dominate even the most enlightened scientific thought. It aims to point out a remedy for the general paralysis that is creeping over the world, and which a too narrow conception of the law of cosmic evolution serves rather to increase than to diminish.
    [Show full text]
  • Cities Without Citizens Edited by Eduardo Cadava and Aaron Levy
    Cities Without Citizens Edited by Eduardo Cadava and Aaron Levy Contributions by: Giorgio Agamben, Arakawa + Gins, Branka Arsic, Eduardo Cadava, Joan Dayan, Gans & Jelacic Architecture, Thomas Keenan, Gregg Lambert, Aaron Levy, David Lloyd, Rafi Segal Eyal Weizman Architects, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Slought Books, Philadelphia with the Rosenbach Museum & Library Theory Series, No. 1 Copyright © 2003 by Aaron Levy and Eduardo Cadava, Slought Foundation. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book, or parts thereof, in any form, without written permission from Slought Books, a division of Slought Foundation. No part may be stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in reviews for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. This project was made possible through the Vanguard Group Foundation and the 5-County Arts Fund, a Pennsylvania Partners in the Arts program of the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts, a state agency. It is funded by the citizens of Pennsylvania through an annual legislative appropriation, and administered locally by the Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance. The Pennsylvania Council on the Arts is supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, a federal agency. Additional support for the 5-County Arts Fund is provided by the Delaware River Port Authority and PECO energy. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, NY for Aaron Levy’s Kloster Indersdorf series, and the International Artists’ Studio Program in Sweden (IASPIS) for Lars Wallsten’s Crimescape series.
    [Show full text]
  • University Men, Social Science, and White Supremacy in North Carolina Author(S): Gregory P
    University Men, Social Science, and White Supremacy in North Carolina Author(s): Gregory P. Downs Source: The Journal of Southern History , MAY 2009, Vol. 75, No. 2 (MAY 2009), pp. 267-304 Published by: Southern Historical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/27778937 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Southern History This content downloaded from 152.33.50.165 on Fri, 17 Jul 2020 14:44:50 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms University Men, Social Science, and White Supremacy in North Carolina By Gregory P. Downs In November 1898, as North Carolina's Democrats completed their violent campaign against African American Republicans and white Populists, a young Carolinian mischievously asked if white supremacy leaders were happier that the "Democrats won in the election" or that "Chapel Hill beat Virginia" in a football game. In a similarly light hearted moment, newly elected legislator Henry G. Connor, already at work on the state constitutional amendment that would disenfranchise African Americans, teased his son Robert, a senior at the University of North Carolina (UNC) in Chapel Hill, that university president Edwin A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution Synopsis
    www.theconstitutionmovie.eu THE CONSTITUTION SYNOPSIS Vjeko (60) is a high-school teacher who has devoted his entire life to the study of the Croatian history and language. He lives in a messy, neglected apartment in the centre of Zagreb with his father Hrvoje (91). During the Second World War, his father was an Ustasa – an officer in the Croatian fascist army – and has now been bedridden for over six years. On top of everything, less than a year ago Vjeko tragically lost the love of his life, Bobo (54), a cellist. Lacking any will to live, and seriously preoccupied with suicidal thoughts, the only thing Vjeko enjoys are late night walks during which he wanders through the empty city wearing makeup and female clothes. One night a group of young men stop him, beat him up, piss on him and leave him lying unconscious in the street. In the hospital, Maja (48), a nurse living in the basement of the same building in which Vjeko lives, recognizes him and takes care of him. After Maja helps him come home, she starts taking care not only of him but of his immobile father too. In return, Vjeko agrees to help Maja’s husband, a police offi- cer Ante (50), prepare the exam in Croatian Constitution. Ante, who has learning difficulties, lives filled with fear that he will fail the exam only because of the fact that he is a Serb and because they want to kick him out of the force. Thus begins a story about three very different people who live in the same buil- ding and who are unexpectedly and against their will brought together and made dependent on each other.
    [Show full text]
  • What the God-Seekers Found in Nietzsche
    WHAT THE GOD -SEEKERS FOUND IN NIETZSCHE THE RECEPTION OF NIETZSCHE ’S ÜBERMENSCH BY THE PHILOSOPHERS OF THE RUSSIAN RELIGIOUS RENAISSANCE STUDIES IN SLAVIC LITE R ATU R E AND POETICS VOLUME L Edited by J.J. van Baak R. Grübel A.G.F. van Holk W.G. Weststeijn WHAT THE GOD -SEEKERS FOUND IN NIETZSCHE THE RECEPTION OF NIETZSCHE ’S ÜBERMENSCH BY THE PHILOSOPHERS OF THE RUSSIAN RELIGIOUS RENAISSANCE Nel Grillaert Amsterdam - New York, NY 2008 Cover design: Aart Jan Bergshoeff The paper on which this book is printed meets the requirements of “ISO 9706:1994, Information and documentation - Paper for documents - Requirements for permanence”. ISBN-13: 978-90-420-2480-9 ©Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam - New York, NY 2008 Printed in the Netherlands Contents Acknowledgements ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1. Much ado about Nietzsche 1 2. The Nietzschean turn of the century 3 3. Definition of the problem and approach 7 4. General methodological framework 8 5. Structure of the book 12 6. Who were the God-seekers? 14 7. Note on references, translation and transliteration 17 Chapter 2 The Russian discovery of Nietzsche 19 1. How the German philosopher set foot on Russian soil 19 2. The first responses 24 3. The flexible Nietzsche 35 3.1. The aesthetic Nietzsche 35 3.2. The religious Nietzsche 36 3.3. The political Nietzsche 37 4. Looking for Nietzsche, finding Dostoevskii 37 5. Conclusion 48 Chapter 3 Dostoevskii’s philosophical anthropology 51 1. Introduction 51 2. An ongoing dialogue with God 51 3. Dostoevskii’s Christology 54 4.
    [Show full text]