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Francis Bacon Contents of the Series Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. 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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster |1bi(osojjbicul (lllassics for ©ngltslj ^Icabcrs EDITED BY AVILLTA:\r KXIGHT, T.L.D. PROFESSOn OF MORAL PHlLOSOrnY, UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS FRANCIS BACON CONTENTS OF THE SERIES. 1. DESCARTES, By Professor Mahaffy, Dublin. 2. BUTLER, . By the Rev, W. Lucas Collins, M.A. 3. BERKELEY, By Professor Campbell Eraser. 4. FICHTE, . By Professor Adamson, Glasgow. 5. KANT, By Professor Wallace, Oxford. 6. HAMILTON, By Professor Veitch. 7. HEGEL, . By the Master of Balliol. 8. LEIBNIZ, . By John Theodork Merz. 9. VICO, By Professor Flint, Edinburgh. 10. HOBBES, . By Professor Croom Robertson. 11. HUME, By Professor Knight, St Andrews. 12. SPINOZA, . By Principal Caird, Glasgow, 13. BACON. Part L, By Pi-ofessor NiCHOL. 14. BACON. Part II., By Professor NiCHOL. 15. LOCKE, . By Professor Campbell Eraser, F BAN CIS BACON -.^^, HIS LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY JOHN NICHOL M.A. BALLIOL, OXON., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW PART II. BACON'S PHILOSOPHY WITH A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF PREVIOUS SCIENCE AND METHOD CHEAP EDITION WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON SAMMELS & TAYLOR 7 New Broad Street, London, E.C. (And at 130 Fleet Street and 259 Oxford Street) M c M I All Rights reserved ' i PREFATOnY NOTE. Bacox, being the first after the close of tlie middle ages to give a new direction as M'ell as a new aim to specu- lative research, was as much a critic of old as a j^romoter of new metliods ; and it seems not ina23propriate to preface a survey of his system by a glance at the pre- paratory work of his predecessors. In the first part of the present volume, I am indebted equally for detail and general suggestion to the comprehensive works of Dr Whewell, the ' History of the Inductive Sciences and the ' Philosophy of Induction.' I also acknowledge my obligations to the Essays prefixed to Profcissor Jow- ett's translations of Plato's Dialogues, especially that wliich introduces the ' Timeeus.' ]My authorities for the fragmentary references alonu here possible to the influ- ence of the Arabians on European thought are, besides Whewell, !M. Kenan's 'Averroes et rAverroisme,' and the ' History of Philosophy,' by George H. Lewes. As regards the ^Mystics and Alchemists, I have principally — vi Prefatory Note. relied on Yaughan's ' Hours with the INIystics,' the Essays of the late Dr Samuel Brown, and the recondite pamphlets of Professor John Ferguson. For a general view of the relation of early Science, History, and Literature, ever}^ writer will confess himself a grateful student of Hallam's ' Middle Ages ' and ' Literature of Europe.' On cpiestions of date and of spelling I have constantly consulted the French * Biographic Generale,' and the ' Dictionnaire des Sciences,' Hachette, 1844-1852.1 As an interpretation of Bacon's own Philosophy, I have found the critical notes of Mr Eobert Ellis to exceed all others in thoroughness and insight — an opinion Mdiich, if we may argue from their following in his trade, his successors in commentary seem to share. I must also refer to the clear contrasts of old and new methods in the work of Kuno Fischer ; to the brilliant summary of jNL de Eemusat, for its estimate of the after influences of the Baconian mode of thought ; and to Mr Benn for a remarkable appreciation of the influence still exerted over the mind of Bacon by that of Aristotle. 1 In the spelling of Arabian names I have followed these authori- ties in giving them as they are best known to general readers, the more confidently as there is often a confusing variance in the use of these names by Arabic scholars e.g., M. Renan in p. 55 of his book refers to Algazel as Algazali, while in p. 73 and elsewhere the same philosopher appears as Gazali. CONTENTS. I.—BACON'S RELATION TO THE PAST. CUAP. PAGE I. THE ' REDARGUTIO,' 1 II. METHOD AND SCIENCE OF ANTIQUITY, . 12 III. THE DARK AGES, 33 IV. THE MIDDLE AGE, 51 V. THE RENAISSANCE, 67 II.—THE 'INSTAURATIO MAGNA.' I. DESIGN, PLAN, AND PROGRESS, .... 97 II. ' ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING,' ' DE AUG- MENTIS,' AND 'ESSAYS,' .... 123 III. THE ' NOVUM ORGANUM,' 150 IV. NATURAL HISTORIES, ' SYLVA SYLVARUM,' AND 'DE PRINCIPIIS,' 190 V. 'DE SAPIENTIA VETERUM,' SUMMARY, BACON's INFLUENCE, 216 Vlll Contents. TABLES. I. GREEK MEN OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHERS REFERRED TO BY BACON, .... 250 II, bacon's MOST EMINENT PREDECESSORS AND CONTEMPORARIES, 252 III. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF BACON'S CHIEF WORKS —DATES OF COMPOSITION AND OF PUBLICA TION, 255 ' IV. SCHEME OF THE INSTAURATIO MAGNA,' . 258 — FRANCIS BACON. I.—BACON'S EELATION TO THE PAST. CHAPTER I. THE 'REDARGUTIO.' The mass of criticism, English, German, and French, accumulated about the Baconian Philosophy, still leaves room for difference of opinion regarding its degree of inaccuracy in detail and failure in result : there is no room for difference as to its design, which was to ex- plore the Universe, and, under reverence for the mys- teries of Faith, to make men its masters. The popular view of the subject is condensed in Lord Macaulay's brilliant and shallow review, of which the followmg is the gist : Bacon was neither a philosopher nor a logician, but a practical reformer. Unlike his predecessors — who M'asted their dialectic on labours like those spent on p. —XIV. A 2 Francis Bacon. a treadmill—his desire was not to solve enigmas, but to multijDly enjoyment and mitigate pain. Century after century, during the evening of Greece, the me- ridian of Eome, the darkness and the twilight before the ncAV dawn of Italy, rival sects had been repeating their idle cries, the Epicurean adding as little to the quantity of pleasure as the Stoic to that of virtue, or the Scholastic to that of knowledge. At last there came a theoretical philanthropist who, caring nothing about the grounds of moral obligation or the freedom of the will, disdaining disputes as barren as the toils of the damned m Tartarus, made Utility and Progress his watchwords, and, leaving the windy war to those who liked it, was content to contribute to the sum of human happiness. Macaulay devotes ten pages to a contrast of the treatment of the sciences—Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Medicine, and Law—in ' The Ee- ' public ' and the De Augmentis,' the one work regard- ing them as steps to abstraction, the other as aids to " invention, and concludes : The aim of Plato was to exalt man into a god ; that of Bacon to provide him with what he wants as a man. The one drew a good bow, but shot at the stars ; the other fixed his eye on a common targe, and hit it in the white." But, continues the reviewer, the notion that Bacon found a new way of arriving at truth rests on no better grounds than the medieval belief in Yirgil as a conjuror. Induction has been practised from morning till night by every human being smce the world began. The man who infers that mince-pies have disagreed Avith him because he was ill when he ate them, well when he ate them not, most ill when he ate most, and least ill when he — Maccmlay^ Summary. 3 ate le.ast, lias employed, unconsciously but .sufficiently, all the tables of the ' ]\'ovum Organuni.' The right or wrong use of induction depends not on rules but on brains. The objects of preceding speculators did not require induction for their attainment : Bacon stirred men up to pursue an object which could only be attained ])y induction, and consequently it was more carefully performed.
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