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A Simple Em Dipole Radiating Element for Dual-Polarized Phased Array Weather Radars

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A Simple Em Dipole Radiating Element for Dual-Polarized Phased Array Weather Radars UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A SIMPLE EM DIPOLE RADIATING ELEMENT FOR DUAL-POLARIZED PHASED ARRAY WEATHER RADARS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By RIDHWAN KHALID MIRZA Norman, Oklahoma 2016 A SIMPLE EM DIPOLE RADIATING ELEMENT FOR DUAL-POLARIZED PHASED ARRAY WEATHER RADARS A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING BY ______________________________ Dr. Yan Zhang, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Dusan Zrnic ______________________________ Dr. Jorge Salazar-Cerreño © Copyright by RIDHWAN KHALID MIRZA 2016 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful. Alhamdulillah! All praise be to Allah for the strengths he gave me and the blessings he bestowed upon me in completing this thesis. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Yan Rockee Zhang. Without his inspiration, guidance, support and encouragement this thesis would not have been possible. I am also thankful to my committee members and advisors Dr. Dusan Zrnic, Dr. Richard Doviak and Dr. Jorge Salazar for guiding me, teaching me and sharing their knowledge and experience with me. I also thank my parents and my family for their encouragement who are so supportive throughout my life. Last but not least, I would like to thank all the people who have helped me during the research and all my friends in ARRC: Ramesh Nepal, Sudantha Perera, Xining Yu and Jingxiao Cai. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the Thesis ................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Background ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Field Regions ............................................................ 5 2.2 Antenna Co-ordinate System ................................................................................ 6 2.2 Antenna Polarizations ........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Antenna Types ...................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 3: Loop as Magnetic Dipole .............................................................................. 11 3.1 Magnetic Fields Due to Constant Current Loop ................................................. 11 3.2 Initial Implementations and Simulations with Loop Antennas .......................... 12 3.3 Design and Simulation Results of Loop based on Capacitive Loading ............. 14 Chapter 4: Printed Electric Dipole ................................................................................. 19 4.1 Design and Simulation Results of a Printed Electric Dipole .............................. 19 Chapter 5: Dual Polarized E&M Dipole Radiating Element .......................................... 24 5.1 Radiation Fields of Loop Antenna and Electric Dipole ..................................... 24 5.2 Antenna Arrangement and Polarization ............................................................. 27 5.3 Simulation Results and Case Studies ................................................................. 28 5.4 Inferences from Simulation Results ................................................................... 33 v Chapter 6: Anechoic Chamber and Procedures .............................................................. 35 6.1 Near-field Antenna Range and Anechoic Chamber at RIL ................................ 35 6.2 Setup Procedure .................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 7: Anechoic Chamber Measurement Results of E&M Dipoles ........................ 42 7.1 Loop Antenna as Magnetic Dipole ..................................................................... 42 7.2 Printed Electric Dipole Antenna ......................................................................... 43 7.3 Loop Antenna and Electric Dipole Antenna Excited Simultaneously ............... 45 7.4 Comparison of the Proposed Loop Antenna and Commercial Magnetic Dipole 47 7.5 Comparison of the Proposed Electric Dipole Antenna and Commercial Electric Dipole Antenna ............................................................................................. 48 7.6 Conclusions from the Measurement Results ...................................................... 50 Chapter 8: E&M Dipole Array ....................................................................................... 53 8.1 Array Design and Simulation using HFSS ......................................................... 53 Chapter 9: Conclusions ................................................................................................... 57 References ...................................................................................................................... 59 vi List of Tables Table 1: Different field regions surrounding an antenna .................................................. 5 Table 2: Design parameters for loops ............................................................................. 13 Table 3: Comparison of far-field elements generated by small electric dipoles and loops ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Table 4: Dual quantities for electric and magnetic current sources ............................... 26 Table 5: Far-field components of corresponding magnetic sources ............................... 26 Table 6: Comparison between proposed E&M dipoles and commercial E&M dipoles 52 vii List of Figures Figure 1: Slot-dipole array (Lockheed Martin and BCI Corp.) ........................................ 3 Figure 2: Field regions surrounding an antenna ............................................................... 6 Figure 3: Spherical coordinate system used for antenna analysis .................................... 6 Figure 4: Ludwig II co-ordinate system ........................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Microstrip antenna ............................................................................................ 9 Figure 6: Illustration of magnetic fields around a loop .................................................. 12 Figure 7: Initial loop antenna implementations .............................................................. 13 Figure 8: Loop with capacitive loading .......................................................................... 15 Figure 9: HFSS simulated return loss and radiation patterns of the loop antenna ......... 17 Figure 10: A simple linear wire dipole antenna ............................................................. 19 Figure 11: A printed dipole ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 12: HFSS simulated return Loss and radiation patterns of the proposed electric dipole antenna ................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 13: Illustration of loop and electric dipole .......................................................... 24 Figure 14: E&M dipole configuration ............................................................................ 28 Figure 15: HFSS design and S-parameters of the collocated EM dipole radiating Element ........................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 16: HFSS simulation results when both E&M dipoles are excited simultaneously ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 17: Simulation results when the loop is excited and E-dipole is terminated ...... 31 Figure 18: Simulation results when loop is terminated and E Dipole is excited ............ 32 Figure 19: Near field chamber co-ordinate system ........................................................ 36 viii Figure 20: Comparison of different co-ordinate systems ............................................... 37 Figure 21: Selecting the frequencies .............................................................................. 39 Figure 22: Scan setup ..................................................................................................... 40 Figure 23: Far-field display setup ................................................................................... 41 Figure 24: Fabricated magnetic dipole antenna and the measurement configuration in NF Chamber (AUT is aligned to point null at the source probe) ................................... 42 Figure 25: Measurement results for the loop antenna ...................................................
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