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Version 1.6.2018 THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING DISASTER RESPONSE AND HERITAGE RECOVERY PROCESSES Picture: Heidi Wirilander, 2013 University of Jyväskylä Faculty of Humanities Department of Art and Culture Studies Doctoral thesis Heidi Wirilander Sptember 2010- 2 University of Jyväskylä Faculty of Humanities Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies WIRILANDER, HEIDI: The preservation of cultural heritage during disaster response and heritage recovery processes Doctoral dissertation: 232 pages, 29 attachment pages Art History Abstract The topic of this doctoral research is protection, disaster response and heritage recovery of immovable and movable cultural heritage in accident and disaster situations. The study examines 19 different incidents that resulted in the need for protection, rescue and aftercare of cultural heritage. The researched incidents occurred in Finland between the years 1990 and 2010. Used research data consisted of four independent information sources: 1) disaster sites’ owners theme interviews (18 interviews, 19 cases), 2) subject matter specialist theme interviews (nine interviews), 3) Finnish crime statistics over criminal damage, attempted serious sabotage and serious sabotage crimes and 4) six disaster cases trial conviction documents. Qualitative content analyses with the help of Atlas.ti 6.1 software were used in research data analyses. The research gives basic information about how and with what type of mechanisms cultural heritage deteriorates in disaster and post-disaster situations. Methods chosen in the disaster response and heritage recovery work could either prevent or lead to significant heritage damages. Existing operational models and available material and personnel resources provided possibilities to succeed in heritage recovery work so that cultural heritage damages could be minimized. Cultural values as a background factor had an impact on heritage recovery funding. This influenced how well disaster response and heritage recovery processes succeeded after disaster. Lack of disaster planning and economic resources caused ineffectiveness in disaster response and heritage recovery work. This could lead to significant secondary heritage damages, especially in water damage cases. Based on the research data, it was concluded that deliberate heritage destruction with the means of vandalism or arson creates significant threats that aim at Finnish cultural heritage. This should be considered in cultural heritage site disaster planning. Keywords Cultural heritage, cultural property, heritage studies, risk management, disaster management, heritage recovery, preservation, preventive conservation 3 Jyväskylän Yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Musiikin, taiteiden ja kulttuurin tutkimuksen laitos WIRILANDER, HEIDI: Kulttuuriperinnön säilyttäminen onnettomuuksien pelastus- ja jälkihoitotöiden aikana Väitöstutkimus: 232 sivua, 29 sivua liitteitä Taidehistoria Tiivistelmä Väitöstutkimuksen aiheena on kiinteän ja irrallisen kulttuuriperinnön suojelu onnettomuuksien pelastus- ja jälkihoitotöiden aikana. Tutkimus tarkastelee aihetta 19 tapauksen näkökulmasta, joissa kulttuuriperinnön suojelu, pelastus ja jälkihoitotyöt ovat olleet tarpeellisia. Tutkittavat tapaukset ovat sattuneet Suomessa vuosina 1990 ja 2010. Käytetty tutkimusaineisto koostuu neljästä tietolähteestä: 1. onnettomuuskohteiden omistajien teemahaastattelut (18 haastattelua, 19 tapausta), 2. asiantuntijoiden teemahaastattelut (9 haastattelua), 3. Suomen rikostilastot vuosilta 1990-2010 ja 4. kuuden onnettomuuden oikeuskäsittelyjen tuomiot. Laadullista sisällön analyysiä ja Atlas.ti 6.1 tietokoneohjelmistoa käytettiin tutkimusaineiston analysoinnissa. Tutkimus antaa perustietoa siitä, miten kulttuuriperintö vaurioituu onnettomuustilanteissa ja onnettomuuksien jälkeen. Menetelmät joita valitaan kulttuuriperinnön pelastus- ja jälkihoitotöihin voivat joko estää tai edesauttaa kulttuuriperinnön vaurioitumista. Olemassa olevat toimintamallit sekä käytettävissä olevat materiaali- ja henkilöstöresurssit loivat edellytyksen kulttuuriperinnön jälkihoitotyössä onnistumiseen, jolloin kulttuuriperinnön vaurioitumista voitiin ehkäistä. Kulttuuriset arvot vaikuttivat onnettomuuksien pelastus- ja jälkihoitotyön taloudelliseen resurssointiin. Tämä vaikutti pelastus- ja jälkihoitotyön onnistumiseen onnettomuuden jälkeen. Kulttuuriperinnön pelastussuunnitelman sekä taloudellisten resurssien puuttuminen onnettomuustilanteessa aiheuttivat tehottomuutta pelastus- ja jälkihoitotöissä. Tämä saattoi johtaa etenkin vesivahinkotapauksissa merkittäviin kulttuuriperinnön toissijaisiin vaurioihin. Tutkimusaineiston pohjalta pääteltiin, että kulttuuriperinnön tietoinen tuhoaminen joko ilkivaltaisesti tai tuhopolttamalla muodostavat merkittävän uhan suomalaiselle kulttuuriperinnölle. Tämä tulisi huomioida kulttuuriperintökohteiden pelastussuunnittelussa. Avainsanat Kulttuuriperintö, kulttuuriperinnön tutkimus, riskien hallinta, onnettomuuksien hallinta, kulttuuriperinnön jälkihoito, säilyttäminen, ennaltaehkäisevä konservointi 4 Content FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Research aims and objectives ...................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Background theories and previous research ............................. 10 1.1.2 Background theories and research ethics ................................... 14 1.1.3 Terminology of the research ........................................................ 15 1.1.4 Implementation of the research ................................................... 18 1.1.5 Methodology .................................................................................. 20 1.1.6 Methodology and information production................................ 23 1.1.7 Research data ................................................................................. 24 1.1.8 Research data analyses ................................................................. 27 1.1.9 Semiotic analyses of deliberate heritage’s destruction ............ 30 1.1.10 Reliability and validity of the research ....................................... 32 1.2 Evaluation of the research’s relevance ........................................................ 33 1.3 Contents of the research ............................................................................... 34 2 CULTURAL TRANSITION AND HERITAGE .............................................. 36 2.1 Cultural transition and heritage’s interaction with people ......................... 38 2.2 Nationalism and cultural heritage ............................................................... 40 2.3 Cultural heritage and memories .................................................................. 42 2.4 Aesthetics of cultural heritage ..................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Cultural appreciations .................................................................. 46 2.4.2 Cultural experiences ...................................................................... 48 2.5 Definition of cultural heritage ..................................................................... 50 2.6 Contested cultural heritage .......................................................................... 54 2.7 Collections as heritage representatives ....................................................... 60 2.8 Memory institutions and heritage definition ................................................ 62 2.9 From cohesive cultural heritage into diversity of memories ....................... 63 2.10 This research’s cultural heritage interpretation .......................................... 65 2.10.1 Heritage of Finnish Folk Churches ............................................. 67 2.10.2 Memory institution’s cultural heritage ...................................... 69 3 HERITAGE’S DETERIORATION AND PRESERVATION .......................... 73 3.1 Early stages of preservation......................................................................... 75 3.2 Development of modern conservation .......................................................... 77 3.2.1 Aesthetic theories of modern conservation ............................... 80 3.2.2 New scientific conservation ......................................................... 80 3.3 Contemporary conservation theory .............................................................. 83 3.3.1 Risk management and risk assessment ...................................... 86 3.3.2 Preventive conservation ............................................................... 92 3.3.3 Disaster preparedness ................................................................... 93 3.4 Preservation theory of this research ............................................................ 94 5 4 DISASTERS CAUSED BY ACCIDENTS ......................................................... 96 4.1 Water damages ............................................................................................. 97 4.1.1 Water based mechanical and chemical damages ...................... 98 4.1.2 Biological deterioration caused by humidity ............................ 99 4.1.3 Water damages recovery ............................................................ 102 4.2 Fire and fire extinguishing based damages recovery ................................ 108 4.3 Explosion based damages recovery ..........................................................
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