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New Records of Astraeus Hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) in the Sudetes in Relation to the Historic R

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New Records of Astraeus Hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) in the Sudetes in Relation to the Historic R See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334836396 New records of Astraeus hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) in the Sudetes in relation to the historic range of the species [in Polish with English summary] Article · August 2019 CITATIONS READS 0 77 4 authors, including: Krzysztof Świerkosz Marek Halama University of Wroclaw University of Wroclaw 157 PUBLICATIONS 257 CITATIONS 52 PUBLICATIONS 91 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Kamila Reczyńska University of Wroclaw 88 PUBLICATIONS 153 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Krzysztof Świerkosz on 01 August 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 1 1 2 PRZYRODA SUDETÓW Krzysztof Świerkosz , Marek Halama , Kamila Reczyńska , t. 22(2019): 61-72 Czesław Narkiewicz3 Nowe stanowiska Astraeus hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) w Sudetach na tle historycznego zasięgu gatunku Wstęp zagrożenia EN). Przed rokiem 2010 A. hygro- Promieniak wilgociomierz Astraeus hy- metricus był podawany w Polsce z około 30 grometricus (PERS.) MORGAN należy do grzy- stanowisk, z czego większość opublikowa- bów objętych ochroną ścisłą na terenie no w drugiej połowie XIX wieku (Schneider Polski (Rozporządzenie 2014). Według WO- 1875, BERDAU 1876, Schröter 1885-1889, JEWODY i Ławrynowicz (2006) jest gatunkiem cheŁchowSki 1888, BŁońSki 1896, cheŁchow- wymierającym w naszym kraju (kategoria Ski 1898, SzulczewSki 1908, lakowitz 1921, Fot. 1. Owocnik Astraeus hygrometricus w wąwozie Czyżynki (Pogórze Wałbrzyskie, Sudety), 26.07.2010 (fot. K. Świerkosz). Phot. 1. Fruiting body of Astraeus hygrometricus in the gorge of Czyżynka (Wałbrzyskie Highlands, Sudetes), 26.07.2010 (photo K. Świerkosz). 62 KRZYSZTOF ŚWIERKOSZ, MAREK HALAMA, KAMILA RECZYŃSKA, CZESŁAW NARKIEWICZ Fot. 2. Owocnik Astraeus hygrometricus w wąwozie Czyżynki (Pogórze Wałbrzyskie, Sudety), 19.06.2011 (fot. K. Świerkosz). Phot. 2. Fruiting body of Astraeus hygrometricus in the gorge of Czyżynka (Wałbrzyskie Highlands, Sudetes), 19.06.2011 (photo K. Świerkosz). teodorowicz 1933, Skirgiełło 1970, narkie- 35-40 mm). W dojrzałym stanie zewnętrz- wicz 1999, BENA 2003, BerdowSki i in. 2003, na ich ściana (egzoperydium) pęka, uwi- WOJEWODA 2003, FliSińSka 2004, narkiewicz daczniając 7-15 ostro zakończonych, dość 2005, BENA 2006, MieczkowSki 20 07, orŁow- grubych, skórzasto-elastycznych, często Ski 2007, por. karaSińSki i in. 2015, kozŁow- popękanych płatów, które z czasem roz- Ska i in. 2015, kujawa i in. 2015). Na uwagę chylają się gwiaździsto, odsłaniając jedno- zasługuje brak aktualnych wpisów na temat cześnie centralnie osadzoną, płodną część występowania A. hygrometricus w bazie owocnika, tj. kuliste, sztywno-pergaminowe GREJ (kujawa i in. 2019) oraz w „Rejestrze endoperydium. Otwarty owocnik osiąga gatunków grzybów chronionych i zagrożo- wówczas średnicę do 60-100 mm (rudnic- nych” (kujawa 2005, kujawa i gierczyk 20 07, ka-jezierSka 1991, Pegler i in. 1995, calonge 2010, kujawa 2011, kujawa i gierczyk 2011a, 1998, riMóczi i in. 2011). W tej postaci owoc- b, 2012, 2013a, b, 2016). niki A. hygrometricus bardzo przypominają Owocniki promieniaka wilgociomie- owocniki gwiazdoszy (Geastrum PerS.: PerS.), rza rozwijają się płytko w glebie, niekiedy z którymi promieniak nierzadko jest mylony w ściółce lub w kobiercach mchów. Począt- (por. WOJEWODA 2003). Jednakże, w odróż- kowo są kulistawe i zamknięte (o średnicy do nieniu od większości przedstawicieli rodza- Nowe stanowiska Astraeus hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) w Sudetach... 63 ju Geastrum, promieniście ułożone płaty zwrócić uwagę, że w niektórych krajach egzoperydium A. hygrometricus są silnie (np. Tajlandia, Nepal, Indie) owocniki Astra- higroskopijne; w czasie wilgotnej pogody eus hygrometricus uznawane są za jadalne odginają się one łukowato w dół, niekiedy i spożywane, a czasem również wykorzysty- lekko unosząc cały owocnik, zaś w czasie wane w medycynie ludowej (rai i in. 1993, suszy zwijają się ponownie, osłaniając en- Petcharat 2003, chriStenSen i in. 2008, Maiti doperydium (stąd polska nazwa tego grzy- i in. 2008, SeMwal i in. 2014, Pavithra i in. ba). Promieniak różni się morfologicznie od 2015, VERMA i in. 2019). gwiazdoszy jeszcze kilkoma innymi istotny- Promieniak wilgociomierz jest grzy- mi cechami, zwłaszcza brakiem kolumel- bem wchodzącym w związki mikoryzowe li i wyraźnie wykształconego perystomu, z różnymi gatunkami drzew i krzewów, a ponadto obecnością stosunkowo dużych w Europie m.in. sosnami, świerkami, cedrami, zarodników o swoistych cechach budowy dębami i bukami (kreiSel i in. 1980, winter- ściany komórkowej, jak również wytwa- hoff 2000, de roMan i in. 2005). Jeszcze rzaniem nibywłośni, złożonej z rozgałęzio- do niedawna Astraeus hygrometricus, ga- nych strzępek zaopatrzonych w sprzążki tunek opisany z terenu Europy, uważany (Sundhede 1989, rudnicka-jezierSka 1991, był za gatunek kosmopolityczny, rozprze- Brand i Finlay 1996, calonge 1998). Warto strzeniony na całej kuli ziemskiej w strefie Fot. 3. Zarodniki (bazydiospory) Astraeus hygrometricus. Kolekcja WRSL, HM-2010-0015 (fot. M. Ha- lama). Phot. 3. Basidiospores of Astraeus hygrometricus. Collection WRSL, HM-2010-0015 (photo M. Halama). 64 KRZYSZTOF ŚWIERKOSZ, MAREK HALAMA, KAMILA RECZYŃSKA, CZESŁAW NARKIEWICZ Fot. 4. Siedlisko Astraeus hygrometricus - ciepłolubne dąbrowy acydofilne Viscario-Quercetum w Wąwozie Czyżynki (Pogórze Wałbrzyskie, Sudety). Widoczna erozja podłoża skalnego spowodowana przez przegęszczoną populację muflona, 26.07.2010 (fot. K. Świerkosz). Phot. 4. Habitat of Astraeus hygrometricus – thermophilous acidophilous oak forest Viscario-Querce- tum in the gorge of Czyżynka (Wałbrzyskie Highlands, Sudetes). Visible erosion of substratum caused by overabundant mouflon population, 26.07.2010 (photo K. Świerkosz). klimatów umiarkowanych (zeller 1948) lub 1962 (publ. 1963), dring 1964, Schwarz- występujący szerzej, z wyjątkiem regio- Man i PhiliMonova 1970, kreiSel i in. 1980, nów arktycznych i borealnych oraz stref liu 1984, dörFelt 1985, teng 1996, nouhra alpejskich (Pegler i in. 1995). W literaturze i doMinguez de toledo 1998, winterhoff przedmiotu, prócz Europy, odnajdujemy 2000, BaSeia i galvão 2002, Petcharat 2003, dane na temat występowania tego grzyba PhoSri i in. 2004). Bardzo szeroki zasięg geo- w Afryce (południowej i północnej części graficzny promieniaka wilgociomierza, jak kontynentu), Azji (Turcja, Kazachstan, In- również szeroki wachlarz towarzyszących die, Pakistan, Chiny, Korea, Laos, Tajlandia), mu roślin – potencjalnych fytobiontów (por. Ameryce Południowej (Argentyna, Brazylia), hembroM i in. 2014) oraz drobne różnice Ameryce Centralnej (Meksyk), Ameryce morfologiczne, zrodziły przypuszczenia, że Północnej (USA, Kanada), Australii, a po- szeroko rozumiany A. hygrometricus może nadto na wyspach Makaronezji (Wyspy Ka- w rzeczywistości stanowić kompleks kilku naryjskie) i na Kubie (coker i couch 1928, gatunków kryptycznych (PhoSri i in. 2004, cunninghaM 1942, Staněk 1958, lohwag watling 2006). Przeprowadzone w ostat- Nowe stanowiska Astraeus hygrometricus (Basidiomycota, Boletales, Diplocystidiaceae) w Sudetach... 65 Fot. 5. Siedlisko Astraeus hygrometricus – ciepłolubne dąbrowy Sorbo torminalis-Quercetum w Wąwozie Lipa (Pogórze Kaczawskie, Sudety), 1.05.2018 (fot. K. Świerkosz). Phot. 5. Habitat Astraeus hygrometricus – thermophilous oak forest Sorbo torminalis-Quercetum in the Lipa Gorge (Kaczawskie Highlands, Sudetes), 1.05.2018 (photo K. Świerkosz). nich latach badania taksonomiczne, m.in. grometricus sensu stricto, A. pteridis (Shear) z wykorzystaniem technik molekularnych, zeller) i A. telleriae M.P. Martín, PhoSri potwierdziły wcześniejsze przypuszczenia, & watling (PhoSri i in. 2014). Astraeus pteri- doprowadzając do wyodrębnienia z szeroko dis to takson opisany z Ameryki Północnej rozumianego A. hygrometricus kilku gatun- (USA). Na kontynencie europejskim został on ków o węższych zasięgach (PhoSri i in. 2007, rozpoznany na podstawie analizy materia- FangFuk i in. 2010, PhoSri i in. 2013, PhoSri łów pochodzących ze Szwajcarii i Hiszpanii i in. 2014). W rezultacie, w skali globalnej, (PhoSri i in. 2014). W porównaniu z A. hygro- rozpoznaje się obecnie 11 gatunków pro- metricus gatunek ten wyróżnia się zwykle mieniaków (por. zeller 1948, kreiSel 1976, większymi rozmiarami owocników, któ- PhoSri i in. 2004, PhoSri i in. 2007, PhoSri re w stanie rozpostartym osiągają 50-150, i in. 2013, PhoSri i in. 2014, Paz i in. 2017, a nawet 220 mm średnicy oraz odmiennym RYOO i in. 2017). W ostatnim czasie w Eu- charakterem otworu endoperydium, które ropie potwierdzono występowanie trzech nie tworzy wyraźnego, ograniczonego uj- przedstawicieli tego rodzaju, tj. Astraeus hy- ścia, lecz pęka nieregularnie (zeller 1948, 66 KRZYSZTOF ŚWIERKOSZ, MAREK HALAMA, KAMILA RECZYŃSKA, CZESŁAW NARKIEWICZ o ARORA 1986). Z kolei Astraeus telleriae to na stoku o nachyleniu około 10 , o wystawie gatunek opisany na podstawie materiałów SW. Runo jest ubogie a podłoże silnie kamie- pochodzących z Grecji, związany praw- niste, jednak prawdopodobnie jest to skutek dopodobnie z obszarem mediterańskim nadmiernego wydeptywania i spasania przez (jego występowanie potwierdzono również muflony (SzczęŚniak 2011). Stosunki florystycz- w południowej Hiszpanii). Pod względem ne panujące w fitocenozie, gdzie występuje morfologicznym gatunek ten wyróżnia się promieniak opisuje zdjęcie nr 2371. wyraźnie omszoną (nawet delikatnie weł-
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