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STER lANA

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CONTENTS PAGE

YUNG-SAN LIANG - CULTIVATION OF BULINUS (PHYSOPSIS) GLOBOSUS (MORELET) AND PFEIFFER! PFEIFFER! (KRAUSS), HOSTS OF SCHISTO~ SOMIASIS (Continued from Sterkiana No. 53) 1 JAMES X. CORGAN -- FURTHER NOTES ON PSEUDOGASTROPODS 28 BOOKS RECEIVED 28 REGINA BROWN -- RESOURCES FOR MALACOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ORTON MEMORIAL LIBRARY OF GEOLOGY . 29

·······················································~··························~·· EDITORIAL BOARD ..7 HENRY VAN DER SCHALl E DAVID H. STANSBERY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN COLUMBUS, OHIO

WILLIAM J. WAYNE AURELE LA ROCQUE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA OHiO STATE UNIVERSITY LINCOLN, NEBRASKA COLUMBUS, OHIO EDITOR AURELE LA ROCQUE 102 W. BEAUMONT ROAD COLUMBUS, OHIO. ''21• STERKIAIIA r

algae for supporting growth of Biomphalaria • pfeifferi (Part III) . Culture methods like these might be dif­ ficult to reproduce by those not having access 7 to this particular type of mud, or a sui table type of mud might not be available locally if the habitat were pollutedordestroyed. There­ 6 fore, the following methods were designed in an attempt to develop a synthetic mud to be ] substituted for the natural product. .c 5 .. The formulation of the various types of g synthetic muds was accomplished essentially ..... on the basis of trial and error (see Table 7 ..... 4 ...... for formulae) and involved altogether 12 ex­ .c., periments. Some components justified for use l.i in the earlier formulae were eliminated later 3 :0:"' because they had not shown bene fi ci al proper­ ties. For each formula, 3 Petri dishes (Ex­ periments 1 through 5) or 4 Petri dishes (Ex­ 2 periments 6 through 12) were established. Usu­ ally Nostoc-111uscorum was inoculated into the cultures immediately after the dishes were prepared. Five snails were added to each Pe­ tri dish 5 to 16 days after algal inoculation. As a rule, ·Petri dish preparations were not replaced during the course of these experi­ ments. Measurements were made weekly over a 1 to 5 week period.

Fig. 18. Effect of crowding on mean shell length of B. pfeifferi .reared for .4 weeks Experir~tent 1 Petri dishes were made according to the in 525° C-heated steamed extract. Silica was formulae shown in Table 7. Three days after highest in 525° C-heated steamed extract, less algal inoculation, all the dishes emitted a in steamed extract. and· lowest in stirred ex­ strong, sour 'rotten fish' odor, apparently tract. Sulphate was highest in 525° C"heated caused by putrefaction of the fish meal and steamed extract with 630 ppm (::680 + 5801 2) fermentation of the glucose. Snails were, and was about the same between stirred extract therefore, not introduced i~to these dishes. and steamed extract with 360 ppm and 350 ppm (=360 + 340/2), respectively. The different values for chloride, magnesium hardness, ni­ Experi111ent ·2 trate and nitrite nitrogen, pH, and phosphate appeared insignificant. In 'conclusion, exces­ The amount of fish meal used in the for­ sive amounts of calcium, silica, sulphate, or mulae was cut to half that u.sed in Experiment combinations of them appear to be harmfut' to 1, and ·glucose was omitted~ The amounts of snail growth. oyster shell and bone meal used were also each reduced to half that in Experiment 1; KN03 was also.·omitted. Snails were added five days after algal inoculation and cultured for five Part IV. Foraulation of Synthetic Mud weeks; the. results are shown in Table 39. To the end of the fourth week, survivorship in Previous studies· showed that mud, col­ the Petri dishes with distilled water asover­ lected from a local natural habitat of amphi­ lay (Formulae 1 and 3) was better than those bious Pomatiopsis.cincinnatiensis snails, was with artificial water· as overlay (Formulae 2 suitable for growing a variety ·of blue-green and 4) This difference, ho.wever, became in­ algae which in turn, supported good growth of significant by the end of the fifth week. Bul inus globosus and Bioaphalaria pfeifferi snails (as indicated in Part I and Part II). To the end of the second week Petri dishes This same mud vas al~o excellent for growing with distilled waterused inmaking paste (For­ a unialgal culture of, Nos toe lliuscoruu which mulae l·and 2) supported shell growth better was even better than'the mixture of blue_-green than 'those· with BBMSU used for paste (Formulae STERKIAMA NO. 5 •• JUNE 197.

Table 38. Analyses of kinds of mud extracts used in Experiments 1 and 2 Kind's of mud extracts 525"C·heated Tests Steamed extr."lct Stirred extract steamed extract

Expt. 1 Cxpt. !. Expt. 1 E~pt. 2 !::xpt. 1 Expt. 2

Alkalinity (as ppm Caco 3) 0.0 o.o o.o Carbonnte 0.0 o.o "' ,, 50.0 40.0 D~carbonate 65.0 75.0 155.0 45.0 55.0 45.0 Chloride \as ppm Cl) 45.0 50.0 * Copper (ppn) o.o - * - o.o . flardness (as ppm CaC0 3) Total 440.0 560.0 * &40.0 960.0 840.0 Cnlcium 405.0 440.0 * 540.0 890.0 800.0 Magnesium 35.0 120.0 100.0 70.0 40.0 * o.o . Iron (ppm) o.o - * .- . Ma,;nesium (ppm) 0.0 - * o.o ~itrate & nitrite nitrogen 0.080 0.063 0.034 0.076 0.030 (as ppm nitrogen) * 7."25 6.95 pfl value 7.• 15 7.55 * 7.40 0.25 Total phosphate 0.27 0.48 * 0.23 0.52 ,, 80.0 60.0 Silica (ppm) 52.0 50.0 34.0 680.0 580.0 Sulphate (ppm) 360.0 340.0 * 360.0 * • Not applicable; '-' • Not tested.

3 and 4). However, this relationship was re­ the entire course ·of the experiment; 1n For­ versed at the end of .the third week. By the mula 2, two out of 15 snails died. The dif­ end of the fifth week, shell length was !}bout ference 1n survivorship between these two the same among snails in Formulae 1 through 3, groups may not be ~eaningful. , wi th me an s o f 5 . 0 , 5 . 2, an d 5 . l mm , res p e c t­ i vely; in Formula 4 the mean shell length was To the end of the fourth week, Formula as high as 6. 2 mm. Although the differences 2 supported better growth than Formula 1, and in mortality might have eventually affected the mean shell· length· was 6. 2 mm versus 5. 7 the values for shell lengths among the .sur­ mm. This difference be tween the two formulae vivors, there was an indication that Petri beCame i n S i gn i f i Can t by the end 0 f the S i X th dishes with artificial water as overlay sup­ week, when the shell length ~alu.es were 6. 5 mm ported better shell growth than those with and 6. 4 mm, r.especti vely. With Formula 2 egg­ distilled water as overiay. Egg-laying oc­ laying first ·occurred at the en'd of the fourth curred only in the Formula 4 Petri dishes. week; with Formula 1 it did not occur until where altogether 32 eggs were laid at the end the end of the fifth week. In both cases, of the third week and 99 at the end of the the elapsed time for egg-laying. after the fourth. snails hatched was considerably longer than observed ·amon.gsnailscultured previously with' In conclusion, a workable synthetic mud natural mud (see Table 33). was formulated. In order to culture snails to the end of the second week, either Formula In conclusion, arti fici:al water was again lor Formula 2 with distilled water for past­ superior to distilled .water· as overlay for egg ing is recommended .. To culture snails up to production. The artificial water was also su· the end of the fifth week and for egg-pro·duc­ perior to distilled water in producing shell tion, Formula 4, BEt.ISU for pasting and arti­ growth at leastup to theendofthefourth ficial water as overlay, is recommended. On week. the whole, for shell growth and egg production, artificial water was always superior to dis· tilled water as overlay. Exp·eriment ·4 The solid' components used 1n the formu­ Experiment 3 lae were similar to· those used 1n Experiment 2 except tha·t bone meal was omitted and the The amounts of oyster shell, bone meal amount of agar was reduced. to 0. 3 gm. Snails and fish meal used were the same as in Experi­ were introduced 13 days after algal inocula­ ment 1; charcoal was increased to 3 gm., and tion and were. cui tured for one week. The re­ KN03 was added. The amount of agar used was sults are shown in Tabl'e 41. Survivorship in redu.ced to 0.5 gm. Snails wereintroduced nine Formulae 1 and 2 was about the same,. with 93. 3% days after algal inoculation andwere cultured (14/15) and 100.0% (15/15) surviving; in both for six weeks. The results are shown in Table Formulae 3 and 4with 80.0% (l2/15)·survived. ~. . . The rate of growth with 'all. of the form'ulae was about the same, with a m.ean shell length No snails died 1n Fo.rmula 1 throughout in the range of .1. 1 to 1.7 mm. which was con· STERKIANA NO. 5,, JUNE 197. (55) 3

Table 39. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 2) on survivorahip,·shell length (x) (mm) and fecundity of ~· pfeifferi .reared for 5 weeks * ~I------~--~------~--~W~e~ck~s~--~----~----,---~~-----­ Fonnul.'1c"'"'' ~~~~--~T-~~--~~r--+--.-~"~3-·-r--+-S-,~S4L--;r~~.-S~-S~L--~E~ ;::: . S 51. E · S ·o I. E S S I. E E ~. 5 () 4, 7 0 4. 7 0 4. 9 0 5 5.0 0 !.4 0 4.1 o 4 s.t o' 4 5.2 o 4 · 5.2 o Dis + Dis /. 7 (l . 4.4 0 4.5 0 5 4.6 q 4 4.7 0 l}f I:. 4.4 () 14 4.8 0 14 4.9 0 13 5.0 0

! . ...: () . J.l 0 ~-q 0 6.8 0 1. 7.1 0 2.8 . u 4. 3 (I 5 4.1 0 4. ~ . 0 5 4.6 0

2.'1 I) 4.8 0 4 ).5 0 . 4 ~.6 0 3 5.7 0 T'f I ! ) • (J () 1 7 4. '! () 10 4.9 0 10 5.2 0 9 5.2 0 I. 2 .l 0 4.:l () 4.'1 0 5 4.9 0 3 4.9 (l :!.0 () 4.2 0 ~.1 0 5 5.2 ,0 3 5.2 0 2. 2 0 J.b 0 ).0 0 5.1 0 4 5.2 0 '1.'1 I'• 2. 1 I) I •, 4.o o 1:, :;.o o.IS 5.1 o 10 5.1 o I .b 0 J.:, n s,q 22 2 6.4 21 2 6.6 o 2.4 0 4. 3 0 5. 8 10 5 5. 9 25 5 6.1 0 4 llll~fS\1 +Art r '4 1.7 n 4 1.0 o 4 •,.~ n .4 5.<1 47 4 6.0 0 ..:..1-,,t-:-1::., +..:/.:. . .:.,+-,,.., +,.1..::>-+-1;..:_:..:,,4-7:-o+I:-:1-+-::s.:.. :;-7 +l:-:2:-+ 7,.;-1 +-;6-.:;o-tq;;;

-S-..-N.-•.-n-f-c-.o-,r:l..vl\·,r·•: Sl.- '"··II len;

. . Table 40. Effect of synthetic. muds (in Expt. 3) on survivorship, shell ieng~h C))( ( mm ) an d f ecund' L ty 0 f B pfeiffcri renred for 6 >-·ceks *

z0 Week~ Formulae** .<: l 2 3 4 5 b ~"' s SL E s SL E s S! E , SL E s SL E s Sl E

1 5 1.8 0 ., 3.3 0 5 4.8 o. 5 ').6 0 'j b,fl 37 <; 1>.4 'J9

2 5 1.9 0 5 3.3 0 5 4.7 0 '• 5 ,5.9 0 5 .6.2 43 '; (,,] iii. 1 Dis + Dis 3 5 1.9 0 5 3.4 () 5 4.7 0 5 5.7 ' 0 'j 6.2 8) ) 6.;'i 127.

·o F. 3,1 () l) 4','7 0 1'") 0 1:; lb~ (,.4 TM 15 1.9 5.7 "'~ 1 l'i 312

1 5 2. 5 "0 5 4.h 0 'j 5.4 () 'j S.. '1 7 2 Dis +'Art 3 5 2.5 0· 5 4.'7 () '• r•• o 0 •, 0.~", \'17 'i 6.'; 1& 'j &.& 7

TM 13 2.4 () 13 4. 'j () I! r;,tJ () Ll 1>._2 107 1.1 6.:! J(, l'l (,.,., 62

S • No. of survivors; .SL.'"" Shell length; E .,. Tot.:tl ('}{f.!o:; TM ~ Tnt.:1l and mc:m; ~., Sn.,ils we.re·introduced 'I days After lllgal inocul"tinn;· **Prototype~ Clay 100 + Shd.l I+. Charcoal 3'+ Agar 0.5 +Bone t·+ Fish 1 + KNOJO.fl5 :("'·<· T,,t.lc 7), ·l•t liquid usr·d for .. paste and 2nd for overlay.

·siderably smaller than found in Experiment 2, Exper.iment 5 where the value over the same period was be­ tween 2.0 and 2.6 mm (see Tabl~ 39). Omitting Th·e solid ·components used i'n the formulae bone meal or reducing agar, or the combination, were the same as those in Experiment 3 but in might account for this unsuccessful attempt. .some the amounts·u.sed differed ..

Table 41. Effect of •ynthctlc muds (in Ex,et. 4) on Table 42. Effeet of synthetic muds (In Expt. 6) on sur­ survivorship nnd shell length (x) (nan) vivorship, shell length (x) (mm) and fecundity of B. pfrlfferi rc~red for 1 week * of -B pfclffcri reared for 3 weeks * Week 1 0 .. Weeks DiSh z Fonnulae** No. Fomulae** .c 1 2 3 .!'! s SL E s Sl. E .S SL E . I ·4 1.3 1"' 0 2 5 Ll 2 0 l Protot)·pe ) 0 Dis + Dis 3 -5 1.3 4 0 -~~--~~--~~---­ Total 1..1 & Mean 14 TM 0 1 s 2.1 0 5 4.4 0 5 5.5 8 5 J.b 2 5 1.9 0 5 3.9 0 5 5.3 12 1,9 5 3.8 0 5 5.8 37 2_ 5 J.b 2 No fiSh 3 5 0 4 5 'I. 8 0 5 3.9 0 5 5.5 28 Dis + Art 3 5 }.7 lN 20 .i. .9 0 20 4.0 (1 20 50 5 85 Tol;:l I 5 l.b ·6. t-it•;tn· I 0 (I .•:au lin 100 pn 2 1 5 }.0 3 in pl,te~ of 3 0 Clay JOO gm 4 0 2 3 1.1 TN (1 3 Mod Art T + D(s .:l 4 1.2 I II Tnt:il ~~ 1.1 2 (J ~ Nc.:tll s,ild t:.f) pn 4 ·in pi.:Kt~ of 3 II 4 .1.6 · Cl"y wo ~;m 4 il 4 'I • f' : ')'(-' ''" 1 S =No. of ~urviv~)r~: .~·1. ~Shell h:nt_;:..h: J·.:.. lotal .._... gg~-; 4 Nor! /,: I + Art 4 ).7 TM za Tt)l,d Wl.i mt ~111; ~·.- .~n~!i Ls wt.•rc inl ru,!,,v·d 12 d:Jy'> ------+---- afLcr ;d,.:tl' lnOCl!LtLivn; ~·n·: Prototypt· = Cl.ty 100 + S1;, J l !'"';·! 12 ' ' J. 7 1 + Ch~tb... ~~:il. 4 + 1\g;ll·. 1);.) +Bone l :+Fish J.) (sel:' 'L:tbl.:.: ______l '~·-··· · J), in ftl). fu,1uu1~ 1 .-, di~l. \~·:1lvr USt'd for J.;::.:Lt' .:. .111d mnd. ~·: Snui1~ '""·en 1111.:.: !•'·.c•:; ~-d~•Jo·~; :.ft,:r :.ll,.:ll i_;•oco:• art. "-·~lt:r 1 t r fv'r Ovt·rl;.y; '#All 4· di::hvt, IJulr~fil:d ] Jation;·~·:·.': rn... LOlj'JH ::::: Ll:!y j(l(; + :)LvJJ·0.5 + Ch:.r­ dny~~ :1Ctcr aJg:1l inocl:l;llifln, Lhcrcfor..:', nu sn~~.il~ t\·t.:n.: co~l 2 + ,\g;,t' O.J '· Fish''·'' ISCl' r.,t>lc· 7), l>t ' int rtHluc...:U. liquid u~cd fn1· p:rstP .:•n

algal inoculation. Since some spotty algal growth was still observed. In -Formula 2, the growth was found in all .dishes, snails were ·algae grew nicely .. Silails were, ·consequently, introduced five days after algal inoculation. introduced 12 days after thealgal inoculation All of those sna•ls were dead when examined to Fonnulae 1 'through 3; the.y were cultured one week ~fter they were introduced. The fail­ .for three weeks with weekly examinations. The ure of this experiment.was probably due to 'the results are shown in Table 42. excessive amount offish meal used in the for-· .mula e. In Formulae .l and 3, all snails died by the end of the first week; in -Formula 2, no sn.ails died throughout the entire course of Experiment__ 6 the' experiment.

This exper.iment was designed to test Growth of snails 1n Formula 2 was fairly whether asynthetic mud without fishmeal could good and was comparable to that in Formula 4 support growth of snails; and whether kaolin of F.xperiment 2 (see Table· 39) and f'ormula 2 or white sand could be substituted for pottery of Experiment 3 (see Table 40). At the end clay as a substrate for synthetic mud. For-· of the third week, the. mean shell length was mula 1 was prepared so that all solid coinpo­ 5. 5 mm. Egg-laying started at the end of the nen ts were exactly the same as the ones found third week, which was, again, comparable to in Experiment 5, except that KN03 was not ad­ Fo rmu la 4 o f Exp e ri men t 2. ded. In Formula 2, fish •eal was omitted. In Fonnulae 3 a~d. 4,· k~olin and white sand re­ .. To conclude: .. (a) synthetic mud without spectively were ·substituted for-pottery clay; ·_fish meal supported growth and egg production the alga was inoculated as usual. In Fonnula at least as well as the synthetic mud with ~ •. strong rotten fish smell was eviden~ three fish meal; (b) the suitability of kaolin or .days after algal inoculation; no algal growth .white sand as .substitute for pottery clay was was observed. In -Formula l and Formula 3; al.­ not conclusively determinedinpresent experi­ though:the rotten fish smell was present three ment since Fonnula 1, which supposedly served days after algal inoculation, spotty algal as control, was found not able to support STERK I ANA NO. 5., JUNE 19n (57) 5

Tab!<' 44. Effect of k~ · survivorship and shell length (x) (mm) of B pfeifferi reared for 3 weeks * .....C"Oo(: 0 Wec·k :- · - .. ,.. \h'f z GJCOr:l Fonnul :1~ Weeks nl-<'0 .c l 2 3 .,; Dish ~uc "' ~-, Formulae 1 2 3 .. " 0 s SL E Sf. F: SL E ** No. :; JCI(I + Slwll 2 + Ch:.r• 4 0 coal 1. + Ag~tr 0.~ (~€.'1: TttOJ,. 7), in l•rHh {o!"n,u!nc"t art. ·\,.-~LL!" USl·d fnr 1-J<:!S_l(' t"il_t<.J 0\"Lrla)'• 11'1 0 S ~No. of survivors; SL = Shell length; E = Total eggs; 'I'M • Total and mean·; * Day 0 refers to the day snails were introduced; *'' Prototype -;. Clay 100 + Shell J + Cha'r­ coal 3 + Agar 0.5 (see Table 7), 1st liquid used for paste and 2nd for overlay; 6 ~ Snails killed by accident.

growth because of the excessive amounts of snails were cultured for three weeks and the fish. meal; and (c) in Formula 4 the fish meal results are shown 1n Table 43. apparently putrefied more rapidly in the pre­ sence of sand. Survivorship was good in Formula 1n which 60% (12/20) of the snails survived throughout the 3-week period. In Formula 2, Experiment 7 and Experiment 8 only 10% ( 2/20) survived to the end of the first week; and none to the end of the second Survival was very erratic, with numerous week. The rate of growth was good in Formula deaths in fonnulae.which were-satisfactory in 1, with a mean shell length of 3.1 mm at the previous experiments. The reasons for this end of the first week; this value was almost mortality are not known. twice that in Formula 2, in which the mean shell length in the same period was only 1. 7 mm. :- Experiment 9 This experiment indicated that the pot­ The solid components were pottery clay, tery clay was essential in Formula 1 for the oyster shell, charcoal and. agar. In order to· ·growth of snails for reasons other than sup­ determine the value· of pottery clay, other porting the growth of algae. It was also evi­ than to serve as a substrate for algal growth, dent that soails could be cultured in the ab- two fonnulae were prepared .having the same sence of bone meal. · constituents with the exception that Fonnula 2 lacked pottery clay. Afte'r introducing' snail.s into the four Petri dishes in each of Experiment 10 the two formulae an excessive amount of alga w·as added to all of the Petri dishes on days The basic formula in this experiment was 0, .4 and 7 after snail introduction to insure derived from Formula 1. of Experiment 9, but immediate availability of algal food for all the _amount of oyster shell used was reduced to snails in the first week of their life; The 1 gm. Altogether 4 formulae, two with pottery 6 (58) STERKI_ANA NO. 5~, JUNE 1971l

Table 44. Continued Table 45. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 11) on survivorship of B. pfeifferi reared for j:;:"'·:: ~ Weeks 4 days * - ''"'"''-'>- z 3 Days I>IH"O Formulae** .c 1 2 Dish """"' ,,., .. Formulae** No. o-

Table 46, Continued 0 Weeks ~·:~': :,•, FoJl!'u1ac fl .c' l 2 3 4 "' s ~I. !: Sl F s 51. E Sl. F. ~ ·- '· l 4 ).') ( ~ ! ' :!.0 (• l 2. :) 0 2 0 " Prolt>Lyp.c 6 Shell rmrl 2+ () agar only ·' 4 (l Til 4 1. ~~ ~~ l 2.0 (l l 2. ·, 0 (I :~ 2 ,n n s. J 21 :•. 1 J(, 5. J 0 J 4 1.~~ [) () :) .2 .6 () .~"),(J 0 s.~ 11 4 s.4 o Charcoal 2 () 1+3 2.60 4.G 0 :; • ~\ (J 5. 6 0 nnd ng,,r 7 0 3 0 4 2. ~ (\ !... 7 4.'l 0 only, 4 I I. 5 0 0 TN 20 !.. • 7 n ~n ,... . .-, 7% > ' .-~. 1 :17 1 () ·i. :~ 0 TH ·' !.'4 () (> 1.'> 0 41.7 0 ,,J I 2 I. I u 1.6 (l 4.0 0 0 l. 6 0 2 0 3 No shell 0 2.0 0 2.0 () 2.2 0 0 8 Agar only 2+ 3 0 4 l,C) 0 1. C) 0 l. C) () 0 ] 4 2 1.2 0 TM.W1..70l71.8 0 62;4 0 0 'n1 4 J.J () 0 0 1 5 2.2 0 5 4.1 0 5 .J. 5 102 5 5. 7 121 0 2 5 2.0 0 4 3.6 0 4 4.7 7 4 4,9 0 Clay and Prototype 4 0 0 3+ 3 4 1.9 0 3 2.2 0 2 2.6 0 agar only 9 (BBN + Art) 5 1.7 0 ~ ~4~~04---~~+---~~-+--~--+--+--4--- 4 5 LBO 4 2.0 0 2 2. 3 0 1 2.6 0 TM 0 TM 20 !.9 0 17 3.0 (l !4 4.1 JVJ I 2 4.7 I 21 1 l. 2 0 l. 7 0 0 1 5 2.8 0 5 6.6 0 5 7.2 169 5 7.2 II 2 '0 2 5 2.7 0 5 7.0 0 5 8.0 8'> 5 8.0 0 Natural 5 No clay 2+ 1 1 1. 3 0 0 10 mud 3+ 3 5 3.4 0 5 7.0 0 5 8.3 0 5 e :s 0 4 4 1.4 0 2.0 0 0 (Dis + oi.s) 4 5 3.3 0 5 7.3 0 5 7.6 137 5 7.6 0 TM 8 1.3 0 4 1.9 0 0 TM 20 3.0 0 20 7.0 0 20 7.8 391 20 7.& II S • No. of survivors; SL • Shell length; E = Total eggs; TH • Total and mean; * Snails were introduced 16 days after algal inoculation; >h> Prototype ='Clay 100 + Shell 1 + Charcoal 3 +Agar 0.5 (see Table 7), in all formulae, art. water used for paste and overlay unless otherwise indicated; # • Growth of al·gac on day 0 ( = the day snails introduced).

E xp e rime n t 11 E xp e r i men t 1 2

.From Experiments 9 and 10 it was conclu­ Formula 1 of Experiment 10, in which al­ ded that formulae without pottery clay didnot gae were inoculated.l4 days before snail in­ support snail growth. As a preliminary test troduction, was found best for supporting both for the experiment that followed (Experiment growth and egg production among all of the 12 below), the role of charc·oal in the. formu­ formulae tested in the previous ll·experimen ts. lae was tested without pottery, clay. Formula Therefore, in this experiment, this formula 1 contained charcoal. and Formula 2 did not. was used as a prototype. Based .on this .proto­ The algal suspension, in excessi.ve amount, was type, altogether 8 formulae (1 through 8), inoculated to both fonnulae on days 0, l, 2, were designed· in such a way lts to determine 3 and 4 after the snails were introduced. the .roles of pottery clay, oyster shell and Snails were checked daily. The results are charcoal. Formula 9 was designed to compare shown in Table 45. the efficiencies of artificial water and BfN,. when both were used for mixing. Formula 10, In Formula 1 most snails survived to the in which natural mud was used in place of syn­ end of the third day and all were dead at the thetic mud, served as control. In Experiment end of the fourth day. With Formula 2 all 10 it had been shown that j)rior algal inocu­ snails were dead at the end of the first day. lation was better than inoculation immediately· It is 1 ikely that the charcoal absorbs toxic after introduction of the snails. In this ex­ substances from the· formula. periment, ther~fore, algae were inoculated 16 8 ( 60) STERK I ANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

Table 47. Summary of synthetic mud formulae which support good growth of B pfeifferi Synthetic muds Snails For- Expt. mula Solid (gm) Liquid S.(%) SL (mm) Oviposi. No. Char Overlay at wk at wk at wk No. Clay She- Agar. Bone Fish KN0 Paste 11 coal 3 ( 70 ml) (240 ml) 2 2 3 I 2 3 ,. 1 100 0. 5 2 2 0.5 o. 5 - Dis Dis 100 4.4 4.8 -- 2 100 0.5 2 2 0.5 0.5 Dis Art so 4.3 4.9 2 - -- 3 100 0.5 2 2 0.5 0.5 - llBMSU Di.s 100 4.0 5.0 - - 4 100 0.5 2 2 0.5 0.5 - . BBMSU Art 80 3.Q 5. 7 - + l 100 l 3 0.5 1 l 0.05 Dis Dis 100 3.3 4.7 3 - - 2 100 l .. 3 0.5 I l 0.05 Dis Art 87 4.5 5.6 - - Hod Art 6 2 100 l 4 0.3 1 - - Dis III lOCI 4.0 5. 5 - + 9 l 100 2 3 0.5 - -- Art Art 60 4,] 4.4 -- A-1 ·100 ·l 3 . 0.-5 Art Art 75 ).7 -•• 8 + + - -- I ! 10·· B-1 100 1 3 0.5 - - - .A~t. I Art 90 4.4 I :.. " I - - B-2 100 1 3 0.5 - - - J'.B:-1 I Art 75 4. 1 [;. i - + l 100 1 3 0.5 - - ' - Art Art 95 J.) _,,, ... - + 12 2 100 1 - 0.5 - - - Art Art 100 4.'l .rJ,] + + 9 100 l 3 0.5 - - - HBM Art 8.'i 3.0 4. l - + S Survivorship; SL""' Shell length; A= -14 group; B 0-l-L-]-Lo. g:-oup.

days before snail introduction; thesnails were snail growth and egg-laying; (b) omission of cultured for four weeks and the results are charcoal from the formula did. not affect the shown in Table 46. rate of growth to a great extent (compare For­ mu 1 a e l an d 2 ) , i n fa c t th e s t a r t o f e· g g- l a y - Survival was good in Formulae 1, 2, 9 and ing might be enhanced by the abse(!Ce of char­ 10, with all snails alive at the end of the coal; (c) omitting oyster shell was harmful first week; at the end of the fourth week, the to both survival and rate of shell growth survival was 90% (18/20), 95% (19/20), 60% (compare Formulae 1 and 3); (d) pottery clay (12/20) an

From this experiment the following con­ clusions are made: (a) synthetic inud, composed of pottery clay, oyster shell, charcoal and aga·r and mixed with ar ti fi ci al water to form a paste and using the same kind of ·water as overlay (as Formula 1) was found suitable for STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~ ( 61) 9

DISCUSSION

Part I. The Effect of Crowding on Survivorship, rehoused 1n eight trays with five snails per ' ·Growth and Fecundity tray. Following the 'sixth week, the snails (about 8. 2 mm) would then be msture. Although the growth and fecundity of schistosome snail vectorshavebeen studied by To obtain good egg-laying, the method us­ many workers, suit~ble methods for culturing ing 10. snails.p.er .tray during the later weeks Bulinus globosus and , is recommended. While it was shown that the both important African intermediate vectors, numberofeggs laid per snail in 10 snails per are difficult to find. There are only a few tray was smaller than in trays with five snails workers who have studied the growth and fecun­ per tray, the total yield of eggs in the for­ dity of these two of snails intensively mer was considerably greater. A density of (Shiff, 1964a, 1964b; Sturrock, B.M., 1966 and 20 sna'ils per tray or 40 snails per tray is Sturrock, R. F.·, 1966). A few other workers not recommended either for growing snails or have found these snails rather difficult to for egg production. Most eggs were laid on or maintain in laboratory cultures (Jennings et under leaves (Table 10); the signi.fi­ al., 1970 and Lo, 1972) .. Methods undertaken cance of this pattern will be discussed in with .the use of trays now indicate that those Part II. snails can quite easily be cultured in the la­ boratory provided certain care is exercised. 2. Biomphalaria Pf£ifferi

1. Bulinus· globosus The tray, method was excellent for cul­ turing this species a·lso .. After the initial As judged by survivorship, the present rearrangement of the cultures by the end of tray method appears to be promising. With four the second week none of the snails died during different population densities, i.e., 5-, 10-, the entire period, As with Bu linus g lobosus, · and 40-snails per tray, there was 80% to 100% reduced growth rate and increased individual survivorship over an-eleven-week period (Table size variation were observed as the snails be­ 8). These values are 20 to 40% higher. than came more crowded (Table 11. and Fig. 4). Y1ith the highest value obtained by Shiff (l964a) this same spe·cies Sodeman (1970) reported that who cultured the same species of snails in stunting did not affect the start of egg pro­ large tanks with six snails or less per tank. duction in any of the populations he tested While more detailed comparison with his work with 7, 14., 35 and 55 snails per tank. In the will be discussed later (Part II), i•t suffices .present study, however, the start of egg-lay­ to state that.this .tray method stimulates el_lr­ ing in the group with 40 snails per tray oc­ lier and greater.egg production and the snails curred one week later than the remaining groups, have larger shells. with 5, 10 and 20 snails per tray (Table 12): The differences observed were probably due to With respect to body growth, there was a the larger size of the tank used by Sodeman; definite trend to'ward reduced growth with an it was big enough no.t to became a growth limi- increase in individual variation of shell size . ting factor. The tray used in the present as the snails became more crow·ded (Table 8 and study was relatively small and it became a li­ Fig. 2). At the same time fecundity was also miting factor with 40 snails in it. The small adversely affected under conditions of crowd­ number of eggs produced also showed that ad­ ing (Table 9 and Fig. 3). Shiff (l964b) in­ verse conditions existed because of cro.wding dicated t~.atBulinus globosus snails at a den" (Table 12 and Fig. 5). si ty of one snail. per liter of 'water showed optimum body· growth. The optimum. number of Again the optimum number of ~nails to be snails in the presen.t investigation depended accommodated .in one tray depends on the pur­ on the avowed purpose of the culture. pose of the cult~re. If the snails are to be grown faster and to a larger size they should For obtaining good survivorship and body be cultured using five inails per tray at the growth, the method using five snails per tray very be'ginning of the culture, since density during the later weeks in culture is recom­ effects appear as early as the end of the sec­ mended, since survivorship washigh'est and the ond week. Although in these cultures growth shell length was largest. In practice, one rate decreased as density increased, body. "can sta'rt 40 newly hatched snails in a tray growth with either the 10-, 20- or 40-snail culture; at the end of the second week the groups sti 11 surp~~sed the size obtained by snails (about 2.4 mm long) can be placed in 4 Sturrock, B.M. (1966) and Sturrock, R. F. (1966). trays with 10 snails per tray. After the fourth week these snails (n_ow about 5. 5 mm) can be For )urposes of obtaining more eggs, the 10 (6£) STERKIANA NO. fi~. JUNE 197~

snails should be cultured at a density of t~w Pa'rt i I. The Effect of Types of waters on Sur­ snails per tray. It might be argued that, vivorship, Growth and Fecundity s1nce all of the energy available in a tray was about· the same, the total yield of eggs from one tray should be similar to snother re­ A. Culturing Snails in Deionized,' gardless of the number of sna.ils present. Re­ Distilled or Spring Water sults shown in Table 12 indicate that this was .not. the case. A simple multiplication shows that the total numbers of eggs produced ~n 1. Survivorship and Growth trays with five snails per t'ray were 10,360 (2,072 X 5); 10_snails, 12,820 (1,282 X 10); As shown in Table ·15, the survivorship 20 snails, 10,960 ( 54fl··x 20); and 40 snai 1 s of Bul inus globosus was apparently not affected 9,000 (225 X 40). One might argue that these by the types of waters used since the percen­ calculations did not consider the differences tage of the snails surviving at the end of the in the time when egg-laying started (between forty-fourth week was 73.3% (.11/15) in all the·third and fourth week for 5-', 10- and 20- three types of waters used. The survivorship snail groups, but· the. fourth· .and fifth week of Biomphalaria pfeifferi was also unaffected for the 40-snail group). Recalculating and by the types of waters used, except that those counting from the fifth week showed that the in spring water showed lower survivorship results were esset~tially the same, t.e., 10,200 (Table 19). As to the rate of body growth, (2,040 X 5), 12,680 (1,268 X 10), 10,8fl0 (544 there seemed no significant difference~ among X 20) and 9,000 (225 X 40),respectively. Con­ snails in the types of waters tested, as shown sequently there was no q~j.estion but that a for both the Bulinus globosus and the Biom­ density of 10 snails per tray was best for egg phalaria pfeifferi groups (Tables 15 and 19). production; the 20-snail group was next, fol­ When the growth curves for both species were lowed by "the 5-snail group; and the 40-snail· compared with thos~ given by Shiff (1964b) and group showed the smallest in egg production. Sturrock, B.M. ( 19(.6) some significant differ­ In this instance most eggs ·were laid on the ences appeared. The snails 1n the present. walls of the trays (Table 13), and the signi­ study always completed logarithmic phases ear­ ficance of this observation is discussed in lier ·and grew bigger than the snails reported Part II. by those investigators. Presumably in the present investigation enough substances, both Najarian (19GOb) in his study of Bulinus organic and inorganic, were seeping from the truricatus found that differences in the volume mud mounds into the overlying water, whatever of water per s.nail did not affect the mean num­ the type of water-deionized, disti I led, tap ber of eggs per egg-mass laid. However, Cher­ or spring: Thus, the types of waters used nin and Michelson (1957a) found that with Bi­ were not crucial for the snails as far as their omphalaria glabrata the more crowded the snails sur vi vorsh ip and body gr~wth were concerned. the fewer the eggs per egg-mass. In the pres­ Again, it was confirmed that the tray method ent study with Biompha..laria pfeiffer·i it was was p romi sing. also observed that the more crowded the snails in a tray, the smaller the meari n~mber of eggs per egg-mass (Table 14 and Fig. 6). 2. Fecundity

Wright (19GO),wbrkirig with Bulinus fors­ The fecundity of Biomphalaria pjeifferi kalii, and Webbe (l96-2a) with Biomphalaria su­ ·and especially ofBulinus globosus were great­ danica tanganyicensis (Smith), foJJnd that the ly affected by· t~e types of waters used. As number ·of eggs per egg-mass increased as the shown in Table 16 and Fig. 9, the number of parent snails became older. Similarresults eggs produced by Bulinus globosus in distilled were obtained by Sturrock, H. M. (1966) with water was always twice or more·. than that pro­ Biomphalaria pfeifferi kept individually in duced by those in spring water. A similar 250 ml of dechlorinated tap water in crystal­ pattern, though with a less significant dif­ lizing dishes; the num\:>er of eggs per egg-mass ference, was also observed in egg production increased from about 6.1 to 12.5 during the of Biomphalaria pfeifferi, as shown in Table eighth to thirtieth week period.· In the pres-· 20 and Fig. 11. Those observations imply that ent study the d'ata also show that the number· the ·spring water used was exerting some nega­ of eggs per egg-mass increased as 'the snails tiv'e effects on egg production. Harrison et aged. From the start of egg-laying up to 12 al.· (1970) also found egg-laying rates with weeks in age, the n·umber increased 'in the 5·­ Biomphalar·ia pfeifferi were lower when they snail group_ from 6. 5 to 18.8; in the 10-snail were cultured in hard waters. group from 6.4 to 16.2; in the 20-snail group from 6.1 to 11.1; and in the 40-snail group While the·numbers of. eggs produced by Bu­ from 3.9 to 8.1 (Table 14 and Fig. 7). l inus globosus ·in tap water were somewhere be- STERKIANA NO. 5., JUNE 197~

tween those in distilled water and spring wa­ for eig-laying with both Bulinus globosus and: ter, the number produced byBiomphalaria pfeif­ Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails. In distilled feri was highest in this same kind of tap wa­ or deionized water most eggs were laid on the ter for egg-laying was distilled water with wall and bottom'of trays; in tap water only a Bulinus globosus and tap water with Biomph9- modest number were laid on these sites, and in laria pfeifferi. Harrison and Shiff (1966) spring water the smallest number were d~posited and also Williams (1970a, 1970b) found that there. the chemical composition of the water exerted a profound influence on Bulinus globosu.< and These differences in fecundity and in the Biomphalaria pfeifferi. They found that Bu- sites of egg-laying, together with the infor­ l inus globosus w~s present in water bodies mation obtained from water analyses (Table throughout the whole range of the hardness. lB), all suggest that water hardness plays an but the p6p~lations were denser in the medium important role in cui turing !5). Coles (1970) showed that the the texture of the lettuce, the algae, or both, egg-laying behavior with three specieM of Hi­ in such. a way as to render them more .easily omphalaria in laboratory was related to ingested by· snails, thus providing more food the environment from which the~e snails origi· materials to produce eggs. On the other hand, nated. He found that· 90%. of the· egg-masses with Biomphalaria pfe ifferi it is possi b) e that laid by were dt>posi.ted a change in 'texture of thes.e foods as hrotq~·ht on floating plastic; with 13iomphalaria pft•if• about by tap water was more easily ingested feri it was only 49%; with Hiomphalaria clwa• and thus more nutritional for egg production; nomphala all egg-masses were found on the bot­ torn of the bowls. The B. sudanica came from Shiff · 091i4a, Table 2, <:5° C) reported swamp water where the egg-masses would be sub­ that the number:of eggs laid per Bulinus glo­ jected to anaerobic conditions if they were bosr.is snai 1 was 1, 032 over a 44- week period; not laid close to the sur.face; the B. pfeij'~ in the present study with distilled, tap and jeri cam~ from a rocky stream with only small sprin. waters ove~ the 44-week period the va­ amounts of floating vegetation;· and the B. lues were 4,480, 3,391 and 2,053,respectively choanomphala originated from gravel beds at (Table 16). With Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Stur­ the bottom of the lake, where higher plants rock, R.F. (1961;, Fig. 2, 25° C) reported the were absent for the deposition of egg-masses. number of eggs laid per snail was about 930 over a 29-week period; in the present study with deionized, distilled, tap and spring wa­ In the present study it was fourid that ters over the .same 29- week period these values the percentages of eggs laid on a particular were 3,949, 4,111, 4,764 and 3,4h5, respect­ site varied according to the types of waters ively (Table 20). These results imply that used. Both Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria the tr11y method provided even better conditions pfeifferi laid most of their eggs on the walls for reproduction. and bottoms of the containers. when they were maintained in distilled water or deioni~:ed water;·. they t'aid fewest egg~ on these sites 3. Sites of egg-laying . ·when they were in spring water; in· tap water the number of eggs laid on these sites varied In Part I of this dissertation it was from experiment to experiment (Tables 22, 23 mentioned briefly that Bulinus globosus laid and 24). Reasons for these differences are most eggs on or under lettuce leaves when those not clear. Presumably the sites for egg-lay­ snails were cultured with spring water; Biom­ ing were governed by a behavior pattern· like pha lar ia pfe if fer i laid most eggs on the walls that advocated by Standen (1949 and 1951). He and' bottoms of' the trays when they were cul­ noticed that snails did not lay eggs on any tured in tap water. These findings are sup­ su·bstance likely to decay before the normal ported by the data in Tables 17 and 21, which egg incubation period is completed. For ex­ strongly indicate that the types of waters ample, they oviposited on raw lettuce but not us.ed significantly influenced the sites used on cooked lettuce. In distilled water the low STERKI·ANA NO,_ 5~. JUNE 197~ 12 ·( 6~)

were in calcium water and most of their eggs concentration of ioris caused the lettuce to on 'th'·at· same site when· they were• in magnes1um decay· mor-e readily,. and the snails then had no water (Tables 27 an·d. 30)-.. The reasons for choice but to lay ·their eggs on the wall or these differences in egg-laying sites, were bottom of the container .. With spring water probably similar to those gi,ven in.'B' above, the· high concentration· of ions prevente.d the i.e.,··calcium.water somehow hardened the let­ lettuce from decay:ing. Consequently, the tuce leaves~ and the sn~ils selected the let­ snails had a choice and could select the sites tuce for egg-laying. -In the waters without they preferred. Since the site underneath let­ c·alcium the lettuce decayed q"ickl.y, and the tuce leaves was'relatively secluded·, the snails snails had to lay their eggs op the container seeine,d' to 'prefer 'laying their eggs there. In walls or bottoms .. tap wat.er, the ion concentration .fluctuated, presumably due to·the fact that the_ water came fro'm sever'al sources, -arid the degree of let­ tuce decay thus also fluctuated. In .this case, Part Ill. The Effect of Va~ious Species of Algae and Various Kinds of Muds and Mud the. percentages of eggs laid on the container Extracts on the Growth of wall and bottom also fluctuated. Biomphalaria pfeifferi.

A .. Culturing Snails in Unial-gal_Preparatlons C, Culturing Snails in Calcium, Magnesium, V~ry few investigator~ have deliberately or Calcium-magnesium Water inoculated algae into snail cultures _and those E-ssentially this study repeats the work who did generally used the filamentous blue­ green alga Oscillatoria sp. 1his alga at described in 'A'' above except that waters· were times was found harmful to the snails. In the used with known amounts of the chemicals, cal­ pre>

provide addi tiona! nutrition for Rnails i.n the C. Culturing Snails under production of more eggR. The fact that larg,er Crowded Conditions snails were found in trays, as compared to Petri dishes, however, could not.be interpreted The observations here (Table 35) are si­ as simply a food factor since no more alga or rnilartothose found in Part I (see' Table II). let'tuce was provided in trays than in Petri Although a direct comparison between these two .dishes. It would appear that the collision studies is not appropriate becauge of differ­ and pollution factors were more likely. involved t:nces in their designs, it is posRi.ble to ve­ in terms of the differences between trays and . ri fy that present results appear far better Petri dishes, since in the former there was than those obtained in Part I. 1,500 ml of water per tray with a surface area of about 600 cm 2 while in the latter there was .From the fact that the shell lengths 'at only 60 ml of water per Petri ~ish with a' sur· the end. of the first week were about the same face area of only about 60 em . lebbe (1962a, among all six different density groups tested, l962b, 19~5) recommended the use of mean growth as seen in Table 35, it appeared that there curves to designate the probable age of snails were no limiting factors exerting effects on collected in the field. The results of pre·s­ the growth of sriai Is during the fir:>t week. ent study indicate that the size of snails During the gecon'd week there we.re still no should not be used indiscriminately as a cri­ limiting factors in the.l-, 2- and 5-&nail terion for estimating their age. It is quite groups. In the 10-·, 20-"nd 40-snai I groups, possible tha~ sizes of snails having the same however, the alga appeared to be the limiting age and collected ·from two localities might be fa<:tor for growth of snails, since the ·gr.owth very different merelybecause of differences •·ate among those groups slowed down immediately in the kinds of algae· they were consumtng. or soon afte·r the alga was consumed. During the third ·week period, factor!,.) other than As to fesundity, more eggs were found tn algae were added· and played a more important trays than in Petri dishes. Presumably, there role in snail growth. This is based on two was more space ava,il able for egg deposition observations: ial although there was still when trays were used. Nostoc muscorum was al­ enough alga left in the two-snail group up.to so found better than the mixture of blue-green the end of d,e fourth week, and 't.her,. '-·as none algae, probably because of i ls higher nutri­ left in the fi ~e- snail group at the end of the tional value. The effect of I et.tur:e on the second week, the she II lengths in the two gt·oup:< fecundity of snails,. however, was not signi­ were almost identical; and (b) both the one­ ficant !Table 33). Hesides, it .. may be suR· snail group and the two-snail group had enough pected that the presence of let.tuce in some alga until the end of the fourth week, yet the way delays the start· of oviposition, >

growth of snails regardless' of whether alga would also be rather difficult to explain why was inoculated before snail in.troduction (Table the Petri dishes with only half-strength 5250 36, -10 group) or afterward~ (Table 36, 0-3- C--heated steamed extract, as sh.own 1n Table ll group). Body growth, however, was always 37, did not support sna_il growth. At this di­ found to be better 1n the former than in the lution, the concentrations of calcium, sili­ latter·.· In. mud without organic ·substances con, sulphate, or a combination were about. th.e (such as 525 C9heated steamed mu~) or an ex­ same as, or even less than, those found in tract with insufficient a~ounts of organic ;teamed extract or· stirred extract (Table 38), substances (such as steamed extract), repeated both of which had, ·as ·previously ment,ioned, addition of the aLga on days 0, 3 and 11 after partially supported snail growth. snail introduction was found better than add­ ing alga only once, 10 days before snail in­ troduction (Table 36) .. The second exper'irnen t (Table 37) essen.tially repeated the first one, Part IV. The Formulation of but a few more ·preparations were tested·. On Synthetic Mud the basis of the results from . these two 'ex" pe'rime·nts and from the chemicffl analyses (Table As previously mentidned,other investiga­ 38), the following hypothesi,'s was constru.cted: tors have 'observe'd the importance 'of algae for cu1 turing snails. Some also tried .semi- syn­ Natural mud contained . some, organic ·and thetic foods for this puqiose. $till others inorganic substances needed fqr algal growth, tried an ax~nic medium. However;.·there have but in excess amounts it exhibited some ne­ not previously b~en any att;empts to grow al­ gative effects. on. snai·l ·growth. Through gae ·on a formulated, synthetic mud which could steaming or stirring, some of these exce~s­ serv~ as a. medium on which to cu1bure snails. iv~ substances were extracted. Consequent­ The method reported here w~s acc~mplished es­ ly,. it was reasonable. to assume that both sentially on the basis of trial and error. extr.. acts supported algal growth and hence ·Various compone.nts, both sohd and 1 iquid, were snail growth in part. Steamed mud or stir­ tried. Finally, two simple formulae (Formula red mud, in tu.rn, also appeared to contain 1 in the -14 group· in Table 44 and the iden­ ·ingredients that produced optimum growth of tical· Formula 1 in Table 46; and'Formula 2 in the a I ga, hence of the snails, · Table 46) were most promising. The former consiste.d of pottery clay, oyster shell, cha'r­ Similarly, the 10P° C-dried mud also con­ coal and agar; the latter used pottery clay, tained the same. excessive ainoun ts of those oyster shell and agar. )n both formulae ar­ har'mful substances as the natural· mud did; tificial water (ofknowri chemical compositions) therefo're, italso supported snail growth to wa s u sed f o r ma k i n g a p·a s t e and as an o v e r l a y . about the same magnitude as the natural mud. The roles played by each component are described Through heating at 52S° C, the excessive as follows: amounts of substances, as well as 'some other substances which may ·originally, have been 1. Pottery Clay bound tightly to soil particlesand were harmful to· snail growth, became more water­ This clay was used ·as a basis for the soluble so that the snail~ were not able to synthetic mud's in· all 12 experiments.· .In the ~rov- at all in the Petri dishes made up with absence of the cl~y none of the cultures were this 525° C-heat_ed mud, Through extractio{l able to sustain snails (Tables 43, 44 and 46), by steaming, the!'

for the.formation of snail shells. In the ab­ explained that the agar was tOo slippery and sence of oyster shell none of the cultures sup­ caused the .Sn.ai 1 s either to topple over or to ported the growth· of the alga nor, consequent­ slide backward as they fed. It wa.s 1 ikely that ly, of the snails (compare Formul'a I and For-' the snails wer~ dying from exhauRtion. mula 3 in Table 46). Oyster shell plus agar alone did support to a moderate degree the al­ gal growth but was 'stil,l u·nable to support 5. Artificial Water snail growth (compare For~ula l and Formula 6 in Table 46). It appeared very likely that Distilled waterdidnot contribute to a)­ oyster shell was important primarily for en­ gal irowth. Other kinds of water were thought hlncing al'gal growth. suitable for·a}gal growth, but they were harm­ ful for snail growth. The .ingredien·ts of ar­ tificial water were somewhat in between and 3. Charcoal contained substances which contributed to al­ gal growth but.were·notharinful to.snail growth. The primary purpose of adding char.coal to the synthetic mud was to absorb some of the While the. above five components proved harmful waste products produced during the to be necessary in preparing the ·synthetic mud, cufturing.process; it was also used in all .12 some other componen·ts which seemed justified experiments .. earli~r in the experiments' were discarded Ia· ter for lack· of beneficial effects. Wright (1960) suspected that charcoal might be responsible for the poor inctease in In conclu~ion, the efficiency of these shell size among Bulinus forskali·i ·snails. In syntheti·c muds was still infer·ior to the n.a­ the present study with all of the other com­ tural mud, but its use opens a promising field ponents present, the absence of charcoal was for further study. not critical. In fact, it appeare:d advantage­ ous for the snails, s.ince they laid eggs earl­ ier (compare Formula 1 and Formula 2 in Table 46). In cultures .without pottery clay. on the other hand, the absence of charcoal was harm­ ful to the snai 1": (compare Formula 1 and For­ SUMMARY mula 2 in Table 45; and Formula 1 and Formula 6 in Tab 1 e 46 ) . Charco a 1 p 1 us a g a r a 1 one d i d not support algal growth, hence· snailr growth The laboratory culture of the Rnail Hl­ suffered (compa..re Formula 1 and·Fotmula 7 1n termediatehostsBulinus globosus andBiompha­ Table 46). l a r i a p f e iff e r i , of A f r i can s chi st. o s om i as i s, has up to now been very uneertain and di ffi­ .The reasons for thes·e observations are cult. This study aims to give simpler, more not clearcut. It may well be possible that efficient, more dependable and more easily with a high calcium·content (as the charcoal repr·oducible c·ulture methods. Included also was made from crushed bone) there were ·harmful is information which provides a better under­ conditions for egg production, and egg-laying standing of the ecolo!!:ical . requi·rements of was inhibited; but becauseofitsporoussti'uc­ these snails. ture charcoal· was useful in absorbing waste product(s), and it then prolonged the life of the snails. Part I

The optimum number of snails which. can be 4. Agar accommodated in one tray ( 7. S X 20 X 30· em), along with the mixture of blue-green algae and Preliminary observation indicated that lettuce which served as food, was investigated. pottery clay needed some sticky substance to Within the range studied crowding of snails make a more solid texture, which would be im­ did not affect· their survivorship significant­ po.rtant for promoting be.tter movement of snails, ly. Growth, however, was affected. by crowd­ especially in the first few. days of life. Ac­ ing. As the density increased, the sizes of cordingly,. agar was added in all 12 experi­ snails became smaller and less uniform. Egg­ ments. The agar itself might also act as a laying likewise was affected by the crowding, source of carbohydrate food for snails.' In and no eggs were laid 1n .the most crowded the present study the agar alone did support groups. a moderate deg~ee of al'gal growth, but it did not support snail growth at al·l (compare For­ Tlie optimum number of individuals to be mula 1 and Formula 8 in Table 46). To explain ac~ommodat~d in one tray was determined. For the effect of agar, Stiglingh and vari Eeden best growth five snails per tray i·s recommended,

.I '

I I 16 (68) STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

since the shell length was greatest at this have had some adverse effect.. Egg-laying', ori density; In terms of egg-laying the use .of the other hand, was strongly affected by these 10 s·nai[s· per tray is recommended, since total three kinds of waters ~sed. With both species egg p r o d u c t.i on i n t h e l 0 - s n a i l t r a· y s wa s h i g h - of snails, data indicate 'that the smallest est. number of eggs was found in calcium water; the largest in magnesium water; and only a moderate number in calcium-magnesium water. Likewise, ?art II the percentages of eggg l•id on the ~ontainer wall and bottom· were closely related.to the The e ff e c t s o f de ion i zed wate r , d i s t i l l e d kind~ of waters used. Calcium ions appear to wat.er, tap water and spring water on survivor­ afft>.ct the number of eggs laid as well as the ship; growth and fecundity of ·snails were meas­ egg-laying sites. ured." The work was undertaken usi;1g ·a m1 x­ ture of blue-green dlgae and lettuce as food. Part III Survivorship of Bulinus globosus DYer 44 weeki was not affected b~ the type~ ~f waters (distilled', tap and spring) used. Likewise The effects of various kinds. of algae and survivorship· of Biomphalaria ·pfeiffer{ over v ar i ou s kinds of mud and mud ..extracts on the· 33 weeks was not affected in deionized, dis­ growth of Biompha lar ia pfe if fer i were studied. tilled or tap water- but was r~duced· in spring Three species of blue-green algae (Nos toe mus­ water. corum, Schizothrix calcicola, and Fischerella ambigua) and one species of (Nitzschia As for growth, there were no significant frustulum) were isolated from the mixture of differences among the types of water tested blue-green algae which had been used exclusi­ In both species of snails. vely in Part. I and Part II above. Among them, Nostoc muscorum and· Fi.scherella ambig1~a were Egg-laying was greatly affected by the both found better than the mixture of blue­ types of waters used. With Bulinus globosus green algae for supporting the snail growth. over the 44-week period the largest number of I~ later experiments Nostoc muscorum was used eggs were laid in distilJed water, a moderate exclusively, because it was very easily grown n u mbe r i n t a p wa t e-r and the s ma l l e s t i n s p r i n g 1n Petri dish preparations. water. With Biomphalaria pfeifferi during a 33-week period the results were slightly dif­ The efficiencies of tray and. Petri dish ferent: the I argest number of eggs were laid preparations were compared. In general, t.he in tap water; a moderate number 1n both de-· trays supported growth better than Petr.i dishes ionized water and distilled ·water; and the except when a mixture ofblue-g.reen algae with smallest in spring water. lettuc.e was used as food. Nostoc muscorum, either alone or combined with lettuce, .wag al­ A comparison with the r'esul ts of other ways bette'!" than the mixture of blue-green al­ investigations .. reveals that the present tray gae with lettuce·.. The beneficial effect of m~thod is efficient both for 'snail growth and additions of lettuce appeared as early as the egg production. end of the. second week in trays; in Petri di.shes, however, this effect was not observed The percentages of eggs laid on the con­ until the end of the third week. To conclude, tainer wall and bottom were also closely re­ best growth was ob~erved in trays with Nostoc lated to the kinds of wat.ers used. Both spe­ muscorum and lettuce; second best In trays cies of snai Is laid the largest number of eggs with Nostoc muscorum but no lettuce; third in on the container .when kept. in disti lied water Petri dishes with Nostoc muscbrum but no l~t.­ or deionized water; they laid the smallest tuce; and poorest in trays or Petri dishes number of·eggs on the container when in spring with the mixture of blue-~reen algae and let­ water. In tap water, this egg-laying pattern tuce. was interme"di,ate. Experimentally altering the ty~es of waters used in the trays showed that The optimum number of snails to be ac­ these particular behaviors of·egg-laying were commodated in a Petri dish was studied with definite in pattern. Differences in ion con­ Nostoc muscorum as the only food. Altogether centrations in the types of waters used were six different population densities, 1, 2, 5, presumably responsible for the differences ob­ Iq, 20 and 40 snails per di,;h, were tested. served in egg-laying sites. None of the snails died in the first three group~ over the four-~eek period. In the last When three kinds .of water.s, calci~m. mag­ three groups over the same· time period, the nesium and. calcium-magnesium were teste·d, none survivbrshi~ ranged. from 63.3 to 96.7%. ·of them had adverse effects on snail survivor­ ship. ·Similarly these waters did not affect With regard to the growth of snails, the the growth of Bul inus globosus snails; with shell lengths were about the same among all Biomphalari.a pfeifferi, the Cl aCium water may six groups mea.sured at th~ end of the first STERKIAU-•O. $1,· JUIE 1971l 169) 17 '. ''

week. A~ the end of the fourth week, however, in .excessive a~ounts there were some negative the shell length decreased as the population effects on snail growth. ·Heat treatment of size increased ...The possibility of the alga the mud at 5250 C appears to .release harmful and waste products as the limiting factors on substances otherwise firmly ·bound in the soil sn~il growth i~ discussed. particles. Egg·laying took place in 1-, 2-, 5- and 10-snail ·groups before the end of the fourth Pa,. t IV week. No eggs were found in any of the dishes with 20 and 40 ~nails. A formulation of synthetic inud was at­ tempted; two simple formulae·: were found most . A prac·tical way of culturing Biomphalaria promising. One ·is composed of pottery. clay; pfeifferi inPetri dishes wi·th Nostoc muscorum oyster shell, charcoal and agar in the ratios was developed .. With this method the snails of 100 ·: l : 3 : 0. 5; the other is a mixture were ready for harvesting at the end of the of pottery clay,. oyster shell and agar in the. second week. ratios of 100 : l : 0. 5. Both formula.- use an artificial water for ·making ·the paste and as The effects of various kinds of mud and an.overlay. mud extracts on snail growth were studied. Or~ gariic substances in mud, such as. those ·found The roles pla')red by each component remain in natural mud, steamed mud and 1000 C-dried speculative. In the absence of the potte1·y mud, were found essential for normal sna.i l clay, none of the cultures sustained snails. grow·th.· When these muds were used, the re­ Pr~sumably the pre~~nce of clay was important sults were always better in the groups in which· to the snai Is i'n ·gr.inding ingested food. In the alga was. .inoculated once ten days before the absence of oyster .shell, none of the cul­ the snails were introduced and in the groups tures supported algal growth nor, consequently. in which the alga was repeatedly inoculated snail growth. The absence of charcoal was not after snail·introduction. critical. provided that the three other com­ ponents (pottery clay, oyster shell·and agar) In the mud with no organic substances were all present.· ·~ne main ·pur.pose of ,the' (such as 52 5o C-heated steamed mud) or extract charcoal was to absorb some of the wa·ter pro­ with ·an .insuffieient amount of organic sub­ ducts accumulated in the cultures. Agar was stances (su~h as steamed or st(rred ext~actl, important since it solidified the synthetic repeated inoculation of the alga after snail mud so as to give .the snails a firm substrate, introduction was found to be better than the important for Jeeding.· TI1e artificial water i~oculation of alga once 10 days before snail pruvided.some of the chemicals contributed to introduction.• algal growth but. were not harinful to snail growth. 'llte 525o C-heated mud and 525° C-heated steamed extract did not support the growth of snails at all. For efficiency, the . syntlietic mud was still inferior to natural mud,.but it does open It is concluded that the n·atural mud con­ a promising field for further study~ tained substances needed for algal growth, but

'·

LITERATURE CITED

ALVES, W, (1958) Chemical constituents of hosts of schi.stosomiasis in Egypt. -- J. Para- surface wat:er .. in ·southern Rhodesia, with spe-: sit. 37: 165-173 · ·cial reference to the molluscan vectors of bilhaniasis, Bull. Wld. Hlth .. Org. 18: liERRIE, A.D. (1968) Prolonged inhibition of 1071 growth in a .natural population of the fresh­ water. snail Bioapha laria sudanica tangany.icen- BARLOW, C. H. (1937) The value of canal s is (Smith) in Uganda. -- Ann; Trop. Me d. Pa- clearance in the control of rasi t, 62: 45-51 . in Egypt: Amer. J. Hyg. 25:. 327-348 BERRIE, A.D. 0969) Factors affecting growth BARLOW, C. H. & MuENCJt, II. (1951 l Life span and reprodu~tion of fre~hwater in and monthly mortality rate of Bul inus trunca·­ East Afric.a, -- Malacologia 9: 35-36 tus and Planorbis boissy i, the intermediate

,, ~· 1B, (70)

8ERHIE, A.D. (1970) Snail problems in Afri­ glabratus populations by the snail Marisa cor­ can schis.tosomiasis. -- Adv .. Paras'it. tl: 43- nu-urietis, under l·aboratory condit·.ions. 96' Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5: 297 ..-307

liE.Imil:, A. D.'&' VISSEH, S. A. (l9b3l Invest­ . CHERNIN, E. & SCHOR~.· A. R. ( 1'959) Gro-..:th 1n. igations of agrowth-inllibiting substance af­ axenic culture of the snai,l,Austral_or.bis, gla­ fecting a natural population of freshwater bratus. -- Amer. J. Hyg. 69: 146-160 snails. -- Physiol. Zool. 36: 167-17~ UiU, K. Y., · MAS.SOUD, J.. & SA6BAGHIAN,' II .. BITAKARAMIRE, P. K. ( 1968) Lvmnaea nata len· (1966a). -parasite relat.ionsllip of Bul inus sis laborat6ry culture and pro~uction of .Fas· truncatus ·and haematobium in Iran .. ciola gigantica metac.e.i-cariae. ·--Parasitol,ogy l. Effect of the· a15e of B·. truncatus on the 58: 653-656 . . . . developmen.t of S .. haematobi[Lm. Hull, ;Wld. Hlth. Org. 34: 113~119 BOLD, 'H. C. ·.(1967) ·A laborator.y manual for pla~t morphologi. 'Harp~r & Row, New Y~rk. ----·, ----•. & ---- (1966b)Host-parasit.e. re~ Evanston, and Londo'n; 87-88 ·· 1 at i on s h i p o f B u l i nus t run c a t us and S c h i s t .o s o • ma haema tob ium in I ran. 2. Effect of exposure OOYCOTT, A. E. ( 1936) The habitats of fresh· dosage of miracidia on the biology of the... snai 1 water in l:lri tain. -- .I. Anim. Ecol. host a.nd the dev.eloprnent of, the ,parasites.-­ 5: 116-18~ .. Hull. Wid. lilth: 9rg. 34:. 121-]30 CLAUGIIEH, D. _(1960) The transpar·t. and !abo-· .. . CHERNIN , ~ . (l 9 57 a >' · A method of· securing rator'y culture ofsnail intermed.iate.hosts of' bacteriologic•l1~ sterile snai(s(A~stralorbi~ Sch.is tosoma haemato.bium. -- Ann. Med. glabratus). :._~ Proc. Soc. Exp: Bioi.· Med. 96: T~op. 204-210.. .. Parasit. 54: 333-337

---- .( l 9. 57 b ) Stud i e s on the c on t r o 1 o f s c h i s­ COLES: G. C. (1970) Egg ~a~ing behaviour in tosome-bearing snaii~. VII. Streptomy·ci·n-in­ Biomphalaria. --Trans. Hoy ... :S?c· .•Trop. Med. duced inh.ib'itior of growth and reproducti.on i~ t;yg. 64: 794-79.5 the. schistosome-bearing snail, A'ustralorbis glabratus. ---Amer. ·J._Ify~. 66:- 321:._330 COLTON, II.S. (1908) Some effectsofenviron­ ment. on the growth of Lymnaea columella Say.

-- ..:· -- Proc. ~cad. Nat.Sci. Philadeli>hia 60: ·1-10- 7 0959) .. Cultivation .of the sna'il:· Aus·­ tralorbis glabratu~. under axenic condi~ions. 448 --Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 77: 237-245 COWPER, S.G. (19.46) Some notes on the' main­ ---- (1960) of Australorbis gla· tenance and b.reeding of schistosome vectors in bratus with under bacte­ Great Bri t.ain, with special referenc~ to P'la­ riologically sterile conditions. -- Proc.Soc. norbis guadaloupensis Sowerby. Ann. Trop. Exp. Bioi. Med. 105: 292-296 Med. Pa~asit.. 40: 163-170 ' . ---- 0963) Observations·onhe'arts explanted DECHANCE, M. & DESCHIENS, R. ( 1955) Ac'ti on in vitro from the snail Aus'tralorbis glabra·~ des sels de fer sur les mollusques vect.eurs des bilharzioses. :.__·.Bull, Path. F.xot: tus. -- J. Parasit. 49: 353-364 ·soc. 48 : 4 7 0-4 73 . . ---- ( 1967) Behavior of Biomphalaria glabra· ta and of other snails in a thermal gradient. DE MEILLON, B., FHANK, G. II., & ALL.~NSON, l:l. -- J. Parasi t. 53: 1233-1240 R. (1958) Some aspects of snail ecology in South Africa. A preliminary report. -- !:lull. ---- & MICHELSON, E. H. ( 1957 a) Studies .. on W1 d . H 1 th . 0 r g. 18 : 7 7 1-7 8 3 the biological control of schistosome-bearing snai Is. III. The ~ffect of population density· DESOHENS, R. (1954a) Mecanisme de !'action on 15rowth and' fecundity in Austrcilorbis gla· lethale .de Cypridopsis ,hartwigi, 1 sur. les mol­ bratus. -~ Amer. J. Hyg. 65: '57·-70 lusques. vr;cteurs, de~ ~.il,har~ioses.' _:.... l:l~i 1' Soc. ,Path. Exot .. 47;,;399~~01 ., .--,-'- &. (l957b')• St'tid(es on the 'biologi· ~--- ___ •:_ ,,(,1954b) de 1 a· miruEriili S'ati'on cal c'on t 'rol' of' sc·h i s'tos·ome·- bearing · sna.i lin IV, .Incid~'nce Furth'er. 'obs'e'rvatioris 'on th'e ·effects. ·Of crowd. de l'eau sur les mollusques vecteurs des bi!< ing o~ gr'owth 'a'nd fecU:ndity:)n: A:ustr,cilorbis' haqioses .. Consequ~nce·s··pratiqH·es. --'Bull.·. Soc .. Path. Exot. 47: .915...:929 ·· .·!· .... · glabratus. -- Amer.·J. llyg. 6S:·7l'-80 · .... ·., . t· . .. . ·:· ,, " .; 1 1 ~---·-·; __ ·__ :..& AUGU:STI'NE. D.C. (l95h).Studies ----( 1957a) L~s f~ct~~rsl co~d{·~iOnna~t ·l.:h~~ on''the' bi'ol~ii~a'l'cb'nttoi p~ sc'hi-'stosome-bear'­ Litilt, de,s mo,llusques ,vecteurs des b~lhaq,io~es ing snai Is. I: The 1 co'ntro·~ , of Au's t'ra·lorb is 1,eu r ~: .. i n,c,id~n~e s ep,id~m i 0 l'~g~que.~; J v. .c?,n:d. f ~ f ~I '', • ' I : .I

,., STERKIANA NO. 5-. JUNE 197- (71) 19

tantes physiologiques de Ia reproduction et HARRISON, A. D. (1966) ll1e effects of Bay­ particu.lari tes e'n fonction des especes. Con· luscid on ·gastropod snai Is and other aquatic elusions. -- Ann ... lnst. Pasteur 93: 153·.:..:167 fauna in Rhodesia.-- llydrobiologia 28: 371- 384 ~--- {1957b) Sur Ia perpetuation des eleva­ . . ges des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses ( 1968) The e fleets of c.alciun; bicarbo­ a l'obscurite. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 50: nate concentration on the oxygen· consumption 229.-233 . of the fresh-water' snail Biomphalaria pfeif­ feri (Pu,lmonata:Planorbidae). --Arch. Hydro­ ---- & ADETONAH, A.(l969) Conditions d'ele­ bioi. 65: 63-73 vage de Buli~us (Pyrgophysa) forskalii a~ Ia- · boratoire. Bull.Soc. Path. Exot. 62:, 1096- ----, NOUKU, W., & IIOOPER, A. S. C. ( 1966) .1101 The effects of a high magnesium- to-calcium ra­ tio on the· egg-laying rate of an aquatic pla­ DESCHIENS, H. & BIJAN, H ..( 1956) Comporte­ norbid snai I, Biompha lar ia pfe if fer i. -- Af!n . . ment d'elevages.de mollusques vecteurs des bil- Trop. Med. Parasit. 60: 212-214 harzioses a l'obscurite. --Bull. Sn~. Path. Exot.' 49: 658-661 · · . HARRISON, A. 0. & HA11'RAY, E: A. (1966) ni · ological effects of mol1usciciding. natural DeWI"n, R. M. (1954), ~eproductive capacity waters.-- S. Afr,. J. Sci. 62: 2.18-241 in a pulmonate snail (Physa gyrina Say).·-­ Amer .. Naturalist 88: 159-164 IIAHRISON, A. D. & Sill H. C. J. (1966) Fac- tors influencing thedistribution of some spe· . ERICKSON, D. G., IUTOIIE, L. s: & . CALDWELL. cies of· aquatic snails. -- S. Afr . .1. ·Sci., D.H. (1961) Growth and reproduction of Aus­ 6 2: 253-258 tralorbis glabratus fed alginated food. -- J. Par as i t . 4 7 (Sec. 2) : 50 · HARRISON, A. D., WILLIAMS, N. V. & GREIG,. G. (1970) Studies on the effects of calcium bi­ EfGES, f. J. & RITCIIIE, L. S. ( 1966) Compa­ carbonate concentrations on the biology of lli­ rative observations on growth rate and repro­ ~mphalaria pfeifferi (Krau;;s) (: duction of Au.stralorbis glabratus in field and ). -- tlydrobiologia 36: 317-327 laboratory conditions. Bull. ~ld. lllt.l,, Or~. 34: 963 -966 . HARRY, H. W. & ALORICII. o: V. (1958) The ecology of Australorbis jlabratus i~ Puerto EVELAND, L. K. & fiiTCHIE, L. S. (l972) ln­ Rito. --Bull. Wld.·lllth. Org. 18: 819-832 fectiviiy of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from snails on in'adequate diets. -- Parasito- HARRY, II. W. & CUMBIE, tl.G. (1956a) ·n,e re­ 1 ogy 64: 441-444 lation of physiography to the iypes of fresh­ water environments and the presence of Austra­ fORBES; G. S. & CRAMPTON, H. E. ( 1942) The lorbis glabratus (Say) in Puerto Rico. -- Amer. effects of population density upon gtowth and J. Trop .. Med. llyg. 5: 742-756 size in .Lymnaea pal us t r is. -:.., Bioi. Bull. 83: 283-289 .· . ' ---- & ( 1956b) Stream gradient as a criteri~n of lotic habitats suitable for Aus· fRANK, G. H. (1963) Some factors affecting tralorbis glabratus in Puerto Rico. -- Amer. the fecundity of Biomphalariapfeifferi (Krauss) J .. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5: 921-928 in glass aquaria. --Bull. Wid. Hlth. Org. 29: 531-537 . . •. HARRY, H.W., CUMBIE, S.G.· & MARTINEZ de JE­ SUS, J. (1957) Studies on the quality of fresh GAZZINELLI, G., RAMALIIO-PIN10, f. J., PEL- waters of Puerto Rico relative to the occur­ ~~GRINO, J. & GILBERT, B. ( 1970) Uptake of rence of Australorbis glabratus (Say).--Amer. fe as a tool for study of the crowding ef­ J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 6: 313-322 fect in 8 i o mph a l a r i a g lab rat a. -- Arne r. J. I Trop. Med. tlyg. 19: 1034-1037 HOGG, J. (1854) Observations on the develop­ ment and growth of. the water-snail (Limneus GOHAR, H. A. f'. & EL-GINDY, H. I. (1962) stagna.! is). -- Trans. Micro. ·Soc. London 2: food of snail vectors of bilharziasis and fas­ 91-103 (appeared in Quar. J. Micro. Sci. 2). cioliasis. -- J. Egypt. Med. Asso. 44: 976- 982 HOPf; tl. S; & MULLER, R. L. (1962) Labora­ .tory breeding and testing of Aust.ralorbis gla­ GORDON, H. M., DAVEY, T. tl. & PEASTON, H. bratus for mo11uscicidal screening. -:-Bull. (1934) The transmission of human bilharziasis Wld.· tilth. Org. 27: 783-789 in Sierra Leone, with an accou~t of the life­ cycle of the schistosome& concerned, s. man­ tiUBENDICK, B. ( 1958) factors conditioning soni and S. h'aematobium. Ann. Trop.· Med, the habitat of.freshwater snails. -~Bull. Wld. Parasit. 28: 323~418 HI th. Org. 18: 1072-1080 20 (72) STERKIANA NO. 5ij, JUNE 197ij

JENNING~ A. C., De KOCK,. K.N. & van EEDEN, MICHELSON; E. H. (1957) Studies on the .bio­ J. A. (1970) An evaluation of five different iogical control of schistosome-bearing sna·il~. kinds of experimental food. Predators 'and parasites of fresh-water Mol­ -- Wetenskaplike Bydraes van die P.U. vir. C. l usc a: a review of the l i te'rature. -- Par asi­ 11.0. Reeks B: Natuurwetenskappe,nr 29: l-14 tology 47: 413-426

JOBIN, W.R. & MiciiELSON, E. H. (1967) Mathe­ ( 1961) The effects of temperature on matical simulation of ~n aquatic sriail popu­ growth and reproduction of Australorbis gla­ lation. --Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 37: 657-664 bratus iri the laboratory.-- Amer. J. llyg. 73: 66-7 4 JOY, J.E. (1971) The influence of light con­ clit'i6ns upon t'he egg-laying of the planorbid MOORE, D. V., miLLET, C.J., CARNEY, D.M. & snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. -.,-Nautilus 85: MELENEY, H. E. ( 1953) Experimental infection of 43-49 Bulinus truncatus with Schistosoma haematobium. -- J. Parasit. 39: 215-221 'KENDALL, S. B. (1953) The life-history of · L imn~ea truncatula under laboratory conditions. MUIRHEAD-THOMSON, R.C. (1958) The ecology of -- J. Helminth. 27: 17-28 · vector snail habitats and mosquito breedi~g­ places. The exP.erimental approach to basic KINOTI, G. (1968) Observations on the in­ p'roblems. · Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 19: '637- fection of bulin.id snails with Sch.istosoma .6 59 mattheei. I: The susceptibility of Bulinus a­ fricanus and Bulinus truncatus. ·~-Ann. Trop. NAJARIAN, ti. H. Ci960a) Maintenance and Med. Parasit. 62: 382-392 rearing of the snail Buhnus .. trilncatus .in the laboratory. ;:.,_ J. Parasit. 46: 153 . t;AGRANGE, E. (1957) .Fecondite etregime chez Pla'norbis glabratus. --Bull. Sue. Path .. Exot. ---- (l960b) The relation of water volume to 50: 804-811 egg production in the snail Bulinus truncatus. --Texas Rep. ~i.ol. Med. 18: 470-472- LEE, C .. L. & LEWERT, R. · M.. ( 1956) The main­ tenance of Schistosoma mansoni .in the labora- NOLAND, L. ·E. & CARRIKER, M. H. ( 1946). Ob­ tory. J. Infec. Dis .. 99: 15-20 servations on the biology of the snai I L.vmnaea stagnalis appressa· during twenty generations LO, C. T. ( 1967) The inhihi'ting action of in laboratory culture. -- Amer. Midl. Natura­ ostracods on snail cu 1 tures. -- Trans. Amer. list 36: 467-493 Micro. Soc. ,86: 402-405 · OLIVIER, L. & HASKINS, ~- T. (1960) Th~ef­ LO, C. T. (1972) Compatibility and host-pa­ fect of low concentrations of sodium penta­ rasite rela'tionship between species of the. ge­ chlorophenate on the fecundity and egg viabi­ nus Bulinus (Basommatophora: Planorbidae) and lity of _Australorbis glabratus. Amer. J. an Egyptian strain of Schistosdma haematobium Trop. Med. ilyg. 9: 199-205 (Tremat·oda: Digenea). -- Malacologia II: 225- 280 OLIVIER, L., HASKINS, W. T. & C1UHIAN, J. (1962) The action of very low concentrations MacNAE, W. (.1956) Aspects of life on muddy of sodium pentachlorophenate on freshly laid shores 1n South Africa.-- S. Afr. J. Sci. 53: eggs of Australorbis glabratus. --Bull. Wid. 40-43 Hlt.h. Org. 27: 87-94

MALEK, E. A. (1950) Susceptibility of the PA.I'-l, C. ( 1958) The genera! his to! ogy and to­ snail Biomphalaria boissyi to ~nfection, with pographic micro-anatomy of Aust·ralorbis gla­ certain strains of Schistosoma mansoni. bratus.-- Bull. Harvard Mus. Comp. Zoo!. 119: Amer. J. Trop. Med. 30: 887-894 237-299

---- (1958) Factors conditioning the habitat PAN, C. ( 1963·) Generalized and foc.al tissue of bilharziisis· inter~ediate hosts of. the fa­ responses in the snail,Aus.tralorbis glabratus, mily P1anorb'idae.-- Bull. Wid. Hlth. Org. 18: infected with Schistosoma inansoni.--,· Ann. N.Y. 785-818 Acad. Sci. p3: 475-485

M'cCLELLAND, W. F. J. ( 1964) A method of. breed­ PAN, C. (1965) Studies on the host-parasite ing Bulinus· (Physopsis) nasu'tu··s in the labora-. relationship between Schistosoma mansoni and tory.-- Ann. Trop,. Med. Parasit. 58: 265-269 tlie .snail Australorbis glabratus. -- Amer. J. Trop .' Me d. Hyg. 14: 931-976 MECHAM, J. A. & HOLLIMAN, R. B. (1972) An improved feeding procedure fat f3.iomphalaria PELLEGRINO, J. & GON<;:ALVES, M. da H. G. R. glabrata. -- J. Parasit. 58: 835 (1965)· A simple method for collecting egg STER~IA~A NO; 5~. JUNE 197~ {73) 21

clutches of Biomphalaria. glabrata (Australorc SEMPER, C. (1874) Ueber die Wachsthums- be­ bis glabratus) and for rearing newly hatched· di~gungen des Lymnaeus stagnalis.-- Arb.Zool. snails. -- J. Parasit. 51: 1014 Inst. Wurzburg, Bd. I: 137-167 (Not seen; vide Frank, G.H., _l963): · PEREIRA, 0. A·. & DESLANDES, N. ( 1954) Hesu't­ tados de uma tentiva para determinar a idade ·SENNA. I.A. &VIEIRA, E.C. (1970) Culture of do Australorbis glabratus CSay, 1818). --·Rev. .the snail Biomphal.ar'ia glabrata on a simplified Servic;o Especial de Saude Publ-i~a. Hio de ·J:a­ medium. -- Amer . .J. Trop. Med. liyg. 19: 568- nei ro 6: 433-46 5 (Not seen; vide Chern in.· E. 570 & Michelson, E.H., l957a). SHAH, S.N. & GADGIL, R.K .. (l955) Human schis- PERLOW AGORA- SZUMLEWICZ, A. (19 5B) Studies tosomiasis in India. Part I. The study of on the biology of Australor~is gla~ratus, snails. _;_Indian "J. Med. Res .. 43: 689-694 schistosome bearing Brazilian snai'l. -.:. Hev .. !:has. Mal. Rio de Janeiro 10: 459-529 (Not ·SHIFF,· C.J.: (l964A) Studies on Bulinus (Phy- seen; vide Ritchie et al., 1963a). ·sopsis) ,globosus in Hhode'sia. I. The influ­ ence of temperature on the intrinsic rat'e of PIMEN'J'EL, D. & ,WHITE, P.C., Jr. (l959a) Phy­ .natural .increase. --Ann. Trop. Med .. Parasit. siochemical environment of Australorbis .·gla­ 58: 94-105 bratus, the s'nai l intermediate hos't of ·Sch is­ tosoma manson{ in Puerto Hi co.·.-~ Ecology 40: ---- (l964b) Studies, on Bul.inus (Physopsis) 533.,.541 globosus in Rhodesia. II. Factors influencing the relationshi.P between age and g~owth. -­ ---- & __ .:.__ ( l959b) Biological en vi ronm~nt Aim. Trop. Med. Parasit. sa: 106.,-115 and habits of A us tralorbis g labra tus. -- Eco- . logy 40:. 541-550 · · ---- (1964c) Studies on Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus in Hhodesia. Ifl. Bionomics of a na­ PRINGLE, G: (1960) Invasion of the egg mass­ Lura\ population existing in a temporary ha­ esofthe mollusc Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, bitat... Ai111 .. Trop: Med. Parasi l. 58: 240- by larval chironomids. -- 50: 255 497 c-499 (!966)'The influence of temperatur'e on HlPSOM, C. A. (1949) Reduction of the time the vertical movement o.f Bu. linus (Physop.< is) factorciri rearing Australorbi~ glabratus. -­ globosus in the laboi·atory and in the field. 'Amer. Midl. Natu.ralist 42: 757-758 -- S. Afr. J. Sci. 62: 210-2.14'

RITCHIE, L. S., BERRIOS-DURAN, L.A. & DeWEESE, --·-- & GARNE'IT, B. ( 1967) • The influ'ence of H. (l963a) Biological potentials of Australor­ temperature on the intrinsic. ,rate of natural bis glabratus: growth arid maturation.--Amer. increase· of the ·freshwater. ~nai I' Biompha lar ia J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 12: 264-268 pfeifferi ·(Krauss) (Pulmonata:. Planorbidae). -- Archiv Hydrobiol. 62: 429-A38 RITQIIE, L. S., TAUBR, J. H. & EDWARDS, T. W. (1963b) Survival of laboratory-rearedAustra.­ SIOLI, H. (1953) Schistosorniasis and limno­ lorbis glabratus infected with Schistosoma logy· ..in the Amazon region. -- Amer. J. T~op. mansoni; "'- J. Parasi t. 49: 699-700 Med. Hyg. 2: 700-707

RITCHIE, L.S., HERNANDEZ, A. & ROSA-AMAOOR, SODEMAN, W. A., Jr. ( 1970) Laboratory main­ H. (1966) Biological potentials of Australor­ tenance of Biomphalaria pfeifferi. -- .1. Pa­ bis glabratus: .life span and reproduction. -­ r as i t . · 56 ( Sec. 2) : No. 59 6 Amer. J. Trap. Med. Hyg·. 15; 614.-617 SOliN, I. G. & KORNICKEH, L:s. '(1972) Preda­ OOWAN, W.B. (1958) Mass cultivatiori .of Aus-'. •tion of schistosomiasis vector snails by Os­ tralBr~is glabratus, intermediate host of tracoda (Crustacea). Science 175: 1258- Schistosoma mansoni in Puerto Rico. -- J. Pa- 12 59 rasi t. 44: 247 . . STANDEN, 0. D. (1949) Exper.imental schisto­ SCHUTTE, C.ll. J. & FRANK, G. It. ( 1964) Obser­ somiasis. I. The· culture of the snail vectors va'tions on the distribution of freshwater Mol­ Planorbis b~iisyi •nd. Bulinus truncatus~ lusca and chemistry of the natural waters in Ann. Trop: Med, Parasl.t. 43:.13-22 the south-eastern Transvaal and adjacent nor­ thern Swaziland. --Bull. Wl'd. lll'th. Org. 30: ---- ( 1951) Some observations upon the main­ 389-400 .tenance of Australorbis glabratus in the labo­ ratory.--.Ann. Trop ... Med. Parasit .. 45: 80--83 SCOTT, J.A. (1942) The epidemiology of schis­ tosomiasis in Venezuela.-- Amer. J. tlyg. ·35: STIGLINGii, I. & van EEDEN, j.A. (1970) Notes 337-366 on the feeding behaviour of Buli~us (Bul[~us) 22 (H) STERKIANA NO• 5~, jUN~ 197~

t rop i cu s ( Kraus's) Hasomm a.toph or a: PI an<'> r bidae. VIEIRA, E.C ..(1967a) Influence of vitamin E -- Wet en s k a p 1 ike By d rae s van die P. U. vi r C. on reproduction ofBiomphalaria glabrata under H.O. Reeks B: Natuurwetenskapp7. nr 22:1-14 axenic conditions. -- Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16: 792-796 STIREWALT, M.A. (1954) Effect of snail main­ tenance on development of Schi.soma manson1. VIEIRA, E.C. 0967b) Crescimenlo e reprodu­ -- Exp. Parasit. 3: 504-516 ~ao. de Biomphalaria glabrata em condi~oes a­ xeni cas. -- Thesis of 'docencia livre' Facul­ S11JRROCK, 11. M. ( 1966) The influence of in­ dade de Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mi­ fection with Schistosoma ma'nsoni on the growth nas Gerais, Belo Horizonte,Brazil. (Not. se~n. rate and reproduction of Biomphalar ia pj'e if­ vide Senna, I.A. & Viera, E.C., 1970). Jeri.-- Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 60: 187-197 WARD, P. A., 'mAVIS, D. & RUE, R. E. (1947) (1967) The effect of infectionwith Methods' 'of est.abl i shing and maintaining snails Schistosoma haema~obi~m on the growth ~nd re­ in the I aboratory. -- U. S. Nat. ·In st.. Hl th. production rates of Bulinus (Physop~is) nasu­ Bull. 189: 70-80 ius productus.-- An,n: Trop. Med. Parasit.· 61: WATSON, J.M. (1950) Studies on bi'!haniasis 321-325 in Iraq. Part V. llabitat of the vector snail, & STIJRROCK, R.f. (l970) Laboratorystu­ Hulinus .tr'uncatus, and its distribution in re­ dies of the host-parasite relationship of I ali on to the i rri gat ion system. -- J. Fac. Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria g[abrata Med. Baghdad 14:148-182. (Not seen; vide Ma­ from St. Lucia, .-- Ann. Trop. Med. lek, E.A., 1958). Parasi t. 64: 357-363 · WATSON, .I.M. (1958) Ecology and distribution S1URROCK, R.F .. (1965) Studies on the biolo­ of Bulinus truncatus in the Middle East.. With gy of Biomphalaria arigulosa Mandahi-Harth and comments on the effect of some human acti.vi ties on its ability to act a's an intermediate host in their ~elatiol).ship to the snail hosi. on t.he a'f S'chistosoma mansoni .. -- Ann. Trilp. Med. Pa­ incidence of bilharzia sis haemat.obi a in the Middle East and Africa.-- buli. Wid. l.llt.h. rasi t. 59: 1-9 Org. 18: 833-894 (1966) The influence of temperature on . . 'the biology ofBiomphalaria pfeiffert (1\raussl, WATSON, J .M. & AL-ALI, A. S. ( 1961) The breed- an intermediate host of Schistoso~a mansoni. ing of Bulinus truncatus in total darkness. -·­ --Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 60: 100-105 J. Helminth., R. T. Leiper Supplement 199-204

_.:_ __ & STIJRROCK, H. M. ( 1970) Observations WEBBE, G. (1962a) Population studies of in­ bn some factors affecting the growth rate and termediate hosts in relation to transmission fecundity of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). of bilharziasis in East Africa. --Bilharzia­ Ann. Trap. Med. Parasit. 64: 349-355 · sis, Ciba Foundation Symposium.- ed. G.E.W. Wolstenholme. and M: O'Connor. Little, Brown TAYLOR, E. L. & MOZLEY, A. (1948) A culture and Company, Hoston: 7-22 method for Lymnaea truncatul.a. --Nature 161: ---- (1962b) The transmission of Schistoso· 894 ma haematobium in an area of Lake Province, TURNER, F, M. ( 1927) On the effect of over­ Tanganyika. -- Bull. Wid. lllt.h. Org. 27: 59- crowding on the growth of the water snails 85 . Limnaea,pereger andL. s!agnalis. --'Essex Nat. 22: 48 (Not seen; vide Wright, C. A., 1960) ---- (1965) Transmission of bilharziasis. 1. Some essential aspects of snail population van der SCHALIE, li. & BERIW, E. G. (1972) dynamics .and their study. -- Kull. Wid. H!th. The effects of temperature on growth and re­ Org. 33: 147-153 production of aquatic snails. -- On Press) Water Quality Office,Environmental Protection WILLIAMS, N.Y. ( l970a) Studies on aquatic Agency, Washington, D.C. pulmonate snails in Central Africa. I. Field . . . d'istribu.tion. in relation to water chemistry. van der SCHALIE, H. & DAVIS, G. M. ( 1965) -- Malaco.logia 10: 153-164 Growth and stunting in Ontomelania (Gastropo· da: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia 3: 81-102 ---- (;1970b) Studies on aquatic pulmonate. snili Is' in C(!ntral Africa. II. Experimental iri· van SOMEREN, V. D. (1946) The habitats and vestigation of field distribution pat.terns. tolerance ranges of Lymnaea (Radix) .caillaudi, --. Mala.cologia 10: 165-180 the intermediate snail host of liver fluke in E,ast Africa. -- J. Anim. Ecol. 15: 170-197 STERKIANA NO. 5~, JUNE 197~ 1'751 23

WINSOR, C.P. & WINSOR, A.A. (1935) Longebi­ . 096()) The crowding phenomenon in I a­ ty and fertility in th'e pond snai 1, Lymnaea bora tory colonies of freshwater snails.--An~. columella. J. Washington Acad. Sc1. 25: Tro~. Med. Parasit. 54: 224-232 302-307 . & liENNE1T, M,s: (1967) Studies onSchis­ . WORLD HEALlll ORGANIZATION ( 1957) Study group tosoma haematobium in the laboratory. I. A on the ecology of intermediate snail hosls of strain from Durban, Natal, South Africa .. bilharziasis. ·-- Wld. lllth. Org; Tech. Rept. Trans. Roy. Soc, Trop. Med. 11yg. 6); 221-227 Ser. 120: 1-38 XAVIER, M. de L. S .• FRAGA DE AZEVEOO, J. & WRIGHT, C. A. ( 1956) Some factors affecting AVaiNO, I. (1968) Importance d'Oscillatoria the susceptibility of snails to infection with formosa liory dans l.li culture au laboratoi re des miracidia of Schistosoma spp. -- ilull. Soc. mollusques vecteurs duSchistosoma haematobiuin. Path. Exot. 49: 1211-1220 · -- Uul L Soc. Path.· Exot. 61: 52-66 .·,

,''1 STERKIANA NO. 54, JUNE 197~ ( i J 25

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 7 . 3. Analyses of c~lcium, magnesium and Ac knowledge men ts 7 calcium-magnesium waters (spring Introduction 8 water served as control) 19 Literature review 8 4. Components of modified a~tificial wa 20 Proposed .study 17 ters I II and III 20 Mat~rials and methods 18 5. Components of BBM and BBMSU 20 l. Snails 18 6. Mud and extract preparations 22 2. Methods to obtain n.ewly hatched sna~ls 18 7. Synthetic mud preparations 23 3. Water 19 8. Effect of crowding on survivorship of 4. Algae 20 B. globosus reared in spring water 5. Petri dish preparations for for 11 weeks 26 algal growth 21 9. Effect of crowding on fecundity of B. 6. Lettuce 22 globosus reared 1n spring water for 7. Methods for ~reparing aquaria and 11 weeks . 27 initiating snail cultures 22 10. Egg-laying sites of·B. globosus reared 8. Measuring· survival, growth and 1n spring water .for 11 weeks 27 fecundity 25 11. Effect of crowding on shell length Results 25 of B. pfeifferi. reared 1n tap Part I. Effect of crowding on survivor­ water for 12 weeks 28 ship, growth and fecundity 25 12. Effect of crowding on fecundity (eggs'. 1. Bu linus globo sus 25 snail) of B. pfeifferi reared 1n tap 2. Biomphalaria pfeifferi 26 waterforl2·weeks 29 Part II. Effect of types of waters on 13. Egg-laying sites of B. pfeifferi survivorship, grow~h and fecundity 32 reared in tap water fo.rl2 weeks 30 A. Culturing snails in deioniz.. ed, dis- 14. Effect of crowding on the number and tilled, tap or spring water 32 the size of egg-mass of B. pfe iffe ri l. Bulinus globosus 32 reared in.tap water for 12 weeks 31 2. Biomphalaria pfeifferi 35 15. Effect of distilled, tap and spring B. Culturing snails in trays while al­ waters on survivorship and shell ternating the types of waters 37 length of B. g lobosus reared for 1. Bulinus .globosus . 37 44 weeks 32 2. Biomphalaria pfeifferi 38 16. Effect of disti lied, tap and spring C. Culturi~g snails .in calcium, mag­ waters on fecundity of B. globosus nesium or cal~ium-magnesium reared for 44 week• 33 wat·er . . .. 40 17. Effect of distilled, tapand spring 1. Bulinus globosus 40 waters on egg-lay.ing sites of B. 2. Biomphalaria pfeifferi 42 globosus reared for 44 weeks 34 Part Ill. Effect of various species of 18. Analyses of distilled, tap and spring algae and.va~io~s kinds of muds. and waters taken from trays with 24-week mud extracts on the growth of Biom­ old B. globosu~ 34 phalaria pfeifferi 43 19. Effect of deionized, distilled, tap A. Culturing snails 1n unialgal pre- and spring waters on survivorship paratiorts . 43 and shell length of B. pfeifferi B. Culturing snails 1n var1ous kinds reared for 33 weeks 35 'of tray and Petri d{sh preparatio~s 45 20. Effect of deionized, distilled, tap C. Culturing snails under crowded and spring waters on fecundity of conditions 47 B. pfe iffer i reared for 33 weeks 35 D. Culturing snail~ in var1ous kinds 21. Effect of deionized, distilled, tap of mud and mud extracts 48 and spring waters on egg-laying Part IV. Formulation of synthetic mud 53 ·sites of B. pfeifferi reared for Discussion 61 33 weeks 36 Summary 67 22. Effect of alternation of waters (Dis­ . Literature cited 69 Spr-Tap-Dis) on egg~ laying sites of B. g.lobosus . . 37 L.l ST OF TABLES 23. Effect of alternation of waters (Dis -Tap-Spr-Dis) on egg-laying sites l. Analyses of distilled, tap and spring of B. globosus 38 waters 19 24. Effect of alternation of ~aters (Dei 2. Componei'lts. ~f cal c'i um, inagrt.e si um and -,--.Dis-Tap-Spr.-Dei) on egg-laying calcium.magnesium waters · 19 sites of B. pfeifferi 39 ST.ERKI ANA NO. 5~. JUN.E 197ij 26 ( i i)

25. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ 41. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 4) cium-magnesium waters on shell on survivorship and shell length of length of B.- globosus reared for B. pfe iff.eri reared for l week 56 16 weeks (spring and distilled 42. Effect of synthetic muds (in expt. 6) waters served as control) 40 on survivorship, shell length and 26. Effects of calcium, magnes1um and fecundity of B. pfeifferireared for calcium-magnesium waters on fe­ 3 weeks 56 cundity (eggs/snai 1 l of B·, g lobosus 43. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 9) reared for 16 weeks_(spring and on survivorship and shidl· length of distilled waters s~r~ed as conirol) 41 B. pfeifferi reared for 3 weeks 57 27. Effect gf ca l'cium, magnesium and cal­ 44. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. cium-magnesium waters on egg-laying 10) on survivorship, shell length sites of B .. globosus. reared for 16 and fecundity of B. pf~ifferi weeks (spring and di~tilled waters reared for 3 weeks 57 served as ·cont.rol). 42 45. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 28. Effect of calcium, magnes1um and. cal­ ll) on surviv'orshi~ .of B. pfeif- cium-magn~s'ium waters on shell length feri reared for 4 days 58 of B. pfeiff~r.i reared for 16. weeks 46. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. (spring and distilled waters served 12) on survivorship, shell length as·control) --42 and fecundity of B: pfeifferi 29. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ reared fdi 4 weeks 59 cium-magnesium waters on fecu~dity 47. Summary of synthetic mild formulae (eggs/snail) of B. pfeifferi reared which support good growth of B. for 16 weeks (spring and distilled 'pfe ifferi. ·· ' 60 waters served as control) 4:i 30. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ cium-magnesium waters on egg-l.ying LIST OF FIGURES sites of B. pfe ifferi reared for 16 weeks (spring.and-distilled wa~ers I. Proc~duies for prep~ring different served as cc:mtrol)' 44 kinds of muds and mud extracts 21 31. Effect of spec1es of algae on. su rvi­ 2. Effect of cro~ding on mean shell vorship and shell length of B. ,pfeif­ length of B. globosbs reared 1n feri reared for 2 weeks (mixture of spring water foi--11 weeks 26 blue7green algae and mud served as 3. Effect of crowding on the ·numbe.r of control) 45 eggs (cumulated) laid per B. glo­ · 32. Effect of types of container~ and food bosus reared 1n spring water for addi~ives on survivorshi~ and shell ll weeks ' 26 length of B. pfeifferi reared for 3 4. Effect of' crowding on mean shell weeks I 45 len~th of B. ~feifferi reared· ~n tap 33. Effect of types of·containers a~d food water for 12 weeks 28 additives .on fecundity of B. pfeif- 5. Effect of crowd~ng on the number of feri re~red for 3 weeks . 46 eggs (cumulated) laid per'S. pfeif­ 34. Effect of types of containers a~d food feri reared in tap water for 12 additives on egg-laying sites of B. weeks · 29 pfe ifferi reared for 3 we.eks 47 6. Effect of crowding·on the Slze of 35. Effect of crowding on sbryivhrship, egg-mass (=no. of·eggs/egg'mass) of shell length and fecundity of B'. B pfeifferi reared 1n ta~· water pfe iffe r i rea red for 4 weeks . . . 48 for 12 weeks 30 36. Effect of kin'ds of mbds and mud' ex­ 7. Eff~ct of crowding on th~ mean egg- tract~ on survivorship and shell mass s1ze of B. pfetffert reared 1n length of B. pfeifferi reared for ta~ water for 12 weeks 32 2 weeks (Expt. 1) 51 8. Effect of distilled, tap and spring 37. Effect of kinds of muds and mud ex­ waters on mean shell length of~- tracts on survivorship and shell globosus reared lor 44 weeks : 33 length of B. pfe ifferi reared for 9. Effect of distilled,' tap and spring 2 weeks (Expt. 2) 52 waters on the number of eggs (cumu­ 38. Analyses of kinds of mud·extracts used lated) laid per B. globosus 1n Experiments l and 2 . 54 reared for 44 weeks 33 39. Effect of synthetic muds (in Expt. 2) 10. Effect of deionized,. distilled, tap on.survivorship, shell length.'and fe­ and spring waters on mean shell cundity of B .• pfeifferi reared;· for 5 length of B. pfeifferi. reared weeks 55 for 33 weeks 34 40. Effect ofsynthetic muds·(in Ex'pt. 3) 11. Effect of deionized, distilled, tap on survivorship,.· shell length -and fe­ and s~ri~g waters on the number of cundity of B.· pfeifferi reared for 6 eggs (cumulated) l~id per a. pfeif- weeks 55 feri reared for 33 weeks 36 STERKIANA NO. 5~, JUNE 197. (iii) 27

12. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ 15. Effect of ca lei urn, magnesium and cal­ cium-magnesium waters on mean shell ei urn-magnesium waters on the number length of B. globosus reared for 16 of eggs (cumulated) laid per B. weeks (spring and distilled waters pfeifferi reared for 16 weeks served as control) 41 (spring and distilled waters served 13. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ as control) 46 cium-magnesium waters on the number 16. Growth differences 1n B. pfeifferi of eggs (cumulated) laid per. B. glo­ reared 1n vartous kinds of tray ~nd bosus rea red for 16 weeks (spring Petri dish preparations for 2 weeks. 49 and distilled waters served as 17. Growth differences 1n B. pfeifferi control) 43 reared 1n various kinds of tray and 14. Effect of calcium, magnesium and cal­ Petri dish preparations for 3 weeks. 50 cium-magnesium waters on mean shell 18. Effect of crowding on mean shell length of B. pfeifferi reared for length of B. pfeifferi reared for 16 weeks (spring and distilled wa- 4 weeks 5~ ters served as control) 43 28 STERKIANA NO. 5 •• JUNE 197.

FURTHER NOTES ON PSEUDOGASTROPODS BOOKS RECEIVED

Recently La Rocque (1973) discussed pseu­ SHOUP, Charles S. (1974) A Bibliography of dogastropods: organisms that have been mis­ the Zoology of Tennessee and the Tennessee iden ti fi ed as gastropods and gastropods that Valley Region.-- lJ. S. Atomic Energy Commis­ have been incorrectly assigned to various phy­ sion. Office of. Information Services. Techni- la. His examples call attention to actual c a l In f o rm a t i on Ce n te r . i v , 2 51 p . problems faced by those who deal with nomen­ clature.· It seems desirable to recqrd briefly As its title indicates, this scholarly work two extreme cases: a fish that masqueraded as lists published papers on the of the a gastropod (Hanna, 1925) and a group of gas­ Tennessee Valley region from Protozoa to Mam­ tropods that moved several giant steps down­ malia, preceded by a section of 278 items on ward in the Linnaean_hierarchy and were inter­ Ecology, General Zoology and Management~ The preted as protozoans (Browne, 1971 ). items· are numbered and arranged alphabetically by authors under each section. The Mollusca JAMES X. CORGAN are well represented (Nos. 460-787) and pres­ Geology;Departm~nt ent auseful introduction to the literature of Austin Peay State 1 University this interesting part of the country. In ad- Clarks vi l'le, Tennessee 37040 .di tion, mal acologis ts in teres ted in the rel a­ tionships of Mollusca to other groups of in­ vertebrates wi 11 find much useful data under REFERENCES practically every one of the sec~ions. After leafing through this work, one cannot he! p BROWNE, R. G. (1971) Misassignment of Silu­ wishing that we had comparable compilations rian gastropod casts (to taxa of for every part of the country or, better still, Foraminifera. --Jour. Paleont. 45\1): 141 for every part of the world.

HANNA, G." D. (192 5) Za lophancy Ius, a fish vertebra, not a mollusk.-- Nautilus 39 (1): A. L. 18-19

La ROCQUE, A. (1973) Pseudogas~ropods. Sterkiana 51: 10 I STERK lANA NO. 5~~ JUNE. i97~ 29

RESOURCES FOR MALACOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ORTON MEMORIAL LIBRARY OF GEOLOGY

REGI!\'A BROWN

Librarian, Orton Memorial Library of Geology Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Orton Hall, on the campus of the Ohio AI though the Library! s holdings encompass State University,.'Columbus, is a dramatic, ap­ the entire range of geological research .. from propriate setting fcir a geological library. the traditional fields of mineralogy and pa­ The Richardsonian Romanesqne structure iscon­ leontology to lunar geolog'y and environmental structed of forty varieties of Ohio bui ]ding pollution, one of it.s strengths is molluscan stone, arranged in stratigraphic order. Red literature. It 1s this segment of t.lie col­ sandstone around the windows, doors, and chimes lection we wish lo di'scuss. ·A guide to in­ tower and Berea Sandstone on the first. and formation sources (bibliographies and other second floors represent t.heMississippian ~ge. reference tools) prefaces a list of serial The basement is·constructed of Springfield Do­ publications that publish molluscan research. lomite and Dayton Limestone (Silurian) and Finally, we mentio.n the general treatises and Columbus Limestone (Devon'ianl forms the steps regional studies 1n theOrtonMemorial Library leading to the main entrance. Red sandstone collection. heads of extinct animals .encircle the top of the chj.mes tower. The grounds surrounding the bui !ding are enhanced with various concretions and a thirty-ton erratic boulder of anortho- site of Pleistocene origin. · GUIDE 1D INFORMATION SOURCES

Edward Orton, professor of geology and There are both primary and sec.ondary the first president of the University, con­ sources of information in a geological libra- ceived the idea for the unique building. As ry. To obtain primary source literature (e a fitting memorial to his· fa'ther, Edward Orton, g., books, reports, serial articles), there­ Jr. established and furni'shed a library of ge­ searcher frequently consults general.biblio­ ological literature off the main foyer, adja­ graphies, current and retrospective: cent to the Orton Geological Museum. Paint­ ings of Ohio state geologists and geological NICKLES, John M. (1923-1924) Geologic lite­ landscapes complement the warm oak paneling rature of North America, 1785-1918. (U.S .. G.S. and cork tile floors in the main reading room. Bulletin 746 and 747) Washington, D.C., Govt. Prtg. Office, 2 vols. Since i t s form a l dedi c a t ion · in l 9 2 0, 0 r­ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1923-1970) Biblio­ ton Library's collection has grown to 42,500 graphy of North American geology. Washington, books, 477 periodical titles, and 43,700 maps. Govt. Prtg. Office. Many of its first editions are from the Or­ Annual; issued as U.S.G.S. Bulletins, covers tons' personal libraries. The Library 1s a the period 1919.:.1970. Cites publications 'con­ depository for all Ohio Geologica 1 Survey pub­ ·cerning the geology of the North American can­ lications, not only those published by the Sur­ t inent, Greenland, the West Indies and adja­ vey, but also those publications sent to that ~ent is lands, ffawai i, Guam, and other is land organization on a gift or exchange basis by possessions but not the trust territories. 'other state geological surveys, surveys 'of Articles by American a~thors published info­ foreign countries, and numerous geological or­ reign journals are cited if they deal with ganizations. North American localities or are of a general ..

~TERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~ .30

nature ... Articles onNorth America by foreign WELLER., Stuart (1898) A bibliographic in­ authors are inc laded regardless of place of dex of North American Carboniferous inverteb­ publication.' Arranged alphabetically by au­ r a t e s . ( U . S . G . S. Bull. l 53 ) 6 53 p . thor with a subject index. Comp:lements the WHITE, Charles Abiathar (1878) Bibliography Bibliography and index of geology exclusive of of North American invertebrate Paleontology, North America until the latter changed its being a report upon the publications that have name to Bibliography and index of geology in hitherto been made upon the invertebrate pale­ 1969 and began world-wide coverage. Ceased ontology of North Ame'rica, including the West publ{cation with 1970 volume. See Bibliogra­ Indies and Greenland. By C. A. White and H. phy and index of geology after that date. AlleyneNicholson. (U.S.G.S. of the Territo- GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (1934- l Bi- ries. Misc. Publ. 'no. 10) 132 p. bliography and index of geology. Boulder, YOCHELSON, Ellis L. (1967) A bibliographic Colo. index of North American Late Paleozoic Hyoli tha, Monthly; world-wide in scope, Each issue is Amphineura, Scaphopoda, and Gastropoda, by E. divided into 21 intradisciplinary; categories L. Yochelson and Burnett W. Saunders. (U. S.G. S. and the citations within each cate:gory are ar­ Bull. 1210) 271 p. ranged alphabetically by authors. 'Descriptors o~ key words accompany many of the citations. IN ADDITION TO BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIALS AND COM­ The code at the end of each c i tat iori represents PILATIONS, ONE MUST BE ACQUAINTED WITH OTHER a unique accession numbe.r in the American Geo­ REFERENCE SOURCES IN THE LIBRARY: logical Institute's GEO·REF, a computerized, indexed reference file. There is also a sub­ ATLASES ject index for each monthly issue and annual HALLAM, A., ed. (1973) Atlas.ofpalaeobio­ compilation. . geography. Amsterdam, New York, Elsevier, 531 ZOOLOGICAL RECORD (1864- London, Zoolo- p. gical Society of London. JOLEAUD, Leonce (1~39) Atlas de paleobioge­ Ann~al; contains roughly 15,000. references ographie. Paris, Lechevalier, 40 p. a y e a r f r om w or l d - w ide l i t·e r a t u r e . Is. s u e d in VERNIORY, Rene (1970) Atlas depaleontologie sections (e .. g., Mollusca),each with a subject des invertebres. Geneve, Georg. 223 p. index. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORIES SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE ANOTHER SOURCE AMERICAN MALACOLOGISTS, 1973-74 (1973) Edi- OF LITERA TIJRE: tor- in- chief: R. Tucker Abbott. Falls Church, BOYLE, Cornelius Breckinri dge •( 1893) A cata­ Va. 494p. ' logue and bibliography ofNorth American Meso- AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN OF SCIENCE. ( 1971 l zoic Invertebrata. (U.S.G.S. Bulletin 102, 12th ed., New York, Bowker, 6 vols. Washington, Gov'-t. Prtg. Office, 315 p. LAMBRECHT, K. (1938) Palaeontologi. Cata- BRANSON, CARL COLTON (1948) Bibliographic logus bio-bibliographicus, by K. Lambrecht, W. Index of Permian Invertebrates. (Geological and A. Quenstedt, (Fossilium Catalogus I: Society of America. Memoir 26) Ne~ York, 1049 Animalia, pars 72, 495 p.) WESTERMANN, G.E.G., comp. (1968) Directory p. HAAS, Otto ( 1958) Recent literature on Meso- of paleeontologists of the world (excluding zo1c ammonites. (Jour. Paleont i 32 (3):624- Soviet Union and continental China) 2d ed. 6 3 5) . Sponsored by the International· Palaeontologi­ KEEN, Angeline Myra ( 1937) An abridged check­ cal Union. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, McMas- list and bibliography of West North American ter University. 250 p. marine Mollusca. Stanford, Calif., Stanford Univ. Press; London, H. Milford" Oxford Uni­ CATALOGS AND COLLECTIONS versity Press. 87 p. ANDERSON, Ernest Masson (1936)' Catalogue of MARCOU, John Belknap (1885) Bibliography of types and figured specimens of fossils in the publications relating to the collection of Geological Survey collections now exhibited fossil invertebrates in the United States Na­ in the Roy.al Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Lon­ tional Museum, including complete lists of the don, H.M. Stat. Off. 77p. writings of Fielding B: Meek,Char1~s A. White BRITISH MUSEUM (Natural History) Department and Charles D. Walcott. (Bibli 1ographies of of Geology (1886) A guide to the exhibition American naturalists, .3; U.S. Nat1ional Museum galleries of the Department of Geology and Pa­ 1 laeontology in the British Museum (Natural Bull. 30) Washington, D.C. 33.3. p • RICHARDS, Horace Gardiner, comp:. (1968) Ca­ History) 4th ed. London, Printed by order of talogue of invertebrate fossil t:ypes at the the Trustees. 117 p. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. ---- (1888-1951) Catalogue of the fossil (Academy of Nat. Sci. Phila., Spec. Publ. no. Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural 8) Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sci. ·222p. Hi~tory) by Arth~r H Foord. iondon, Printed VOKES, Harold E. (1967.) Genera of the Bive.l~ by order of the Trustees. 5 vols. via-a systematic and bibliographic catalogue. ---- (1891) Systematic list of the Frederick (Bull. ·Amer: Paleontology, v. 51, no. 232, p. E.. Edwards collection o( British Oligocene and• 111-394) Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

History), with references to the t'ype-speci­ TURNER, Ruth Dixon (1966) A survey and il­ mens from similar horizons contained in other lustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae (Mol­ collections belonging to the Geological De­ lusca: Bivalvia). Cambridge, Mass., Museum' of partment of the Museum. By Richard Bullen New­ Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. 265 ton. London, Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 365 p. TYPE INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS OF NORTH AMERICA ---- ( 1907) A guide to the fossil inverteb- (DEVONIAN) (1936-1938) Philadelphia, Wagner rate animals in the Department of Geology and Free Institute of Science. 3 vols. "Palaeontology in the British Mus.eum (Natural WARD, Henry Augustus (1866) Catalogue of History). London, Printed by order of the casts of fossils, from the principal museums Trustees. 182 p. of Europe and America, with short descriptions _:.. __ (1923) A guide to the exhibition gal­ and illustrations. Rochester, New York, Ben­ leries of the Department of Geology and Palae- ton and Andrews, 228 p. ontology. London, Printed by order of the WILLARD, Bradford ( 1966) The. Harvey Bassler Trustees. 64 p- collection of Peruvian· fossils. Bethlehem, ---- (1938) A catalogue oi the ammonites of Pa., Lehigh Univergity. 255 p. . , the -Liassic family Liparoceratidae in the WOOD, WILLIAM (1856) Index Testaceologicus, British Museum (Natural History) by L. F. an illustrated catalogue of British and for­ ·Spath. London, Printed by order of the Trus- eign shells, containing about 2800 figures ac­ tees. 191 p. curately coloured after nature. A new and en­ BRITISH MUSEUM (Natural History) Department tirely revised edition,with ancienti~ndmodern of Zoology (1913) Catalogue of th.e British appellations, synonyms, localities, etc., by species of Pis id ium (Recent and fossil) in the Sylvanus Hanley. London, Willis and Sotheran. collections of the British Museum (Natural 234 p. History). London,' Printed .by order of the WOODWARD, Arthur Smith (1908) Illustrations Trustees. 144 p. of type specimens of Inferior Oolite ammonites CANADA, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1960- Cata- in the Sowerby collection.London, printed for logue of type invertebrate fossils of the Geo­ the Palaeontographical Society. 33 p. logical SurveyofCanada, by Thomas E. Bolton, Ottawa, Queen's Printer. · Catalogs are also published in periodicals, DOUVILLE, Robert (1915) Etudes sur les Cos­ as the fo llOIJJiing examples: moceratides des collections de l'Ecole natio­ CHAPPARS, Michael Stephen (1936) Catalog of nale superieure des Mines et de quelques au­ the type specimens of fossils in the Univer­ tres collections publiques ou privees. (Fran­ sity of Cincinnati Museum. (Ohio Jour Sci., ce. Service de la carte geologique de la v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-45). France. Memoires pour servir a·l'explication FLEMING, C. A. (1966) Marwick's illustra­ de la carte geologique detai llee de la Fran- tions of New Zealand shells, with a checklist ce) Paris, Imprimerie Nationale. 75 p. of New Zealand Cenozoic' Mollusca. (New Zea­ HANZAWA, Shoshiro, comp. (1961) Catalogue of land. Department of Science and Industrial type-specimens of fossils in Japan. Compiled Research. Bull. 173, 456 p. by Shoshiro Hanzawa, Kiyoshi Asano, and Fuyu­ GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, IV (1931) Catalogue ji Takai. Tokyo, Palaeontological Society of of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mol­ Japan. 422 p. l usc a of California and adjacent regions, by KEEN, Angeline Myra (1939) Illustrated key U.S. Grant and Hoyt Rodney Gale. (San Diego to West North American J.?.elecyfod genera, by Society of Natural History. Memoir, v. 1, ·A. Myra ·Keen and Don L. Frizze 1. Stanford, 1036 p.) Califc, Stanford University Press; London, H. PURNELL, Louis R.(l968) Catalog of the type Milford, Oxford University Press. 28 p. spec1mens of invertebrate fossils. Part 1: MANTELL, Gideon Algernon (1851) Petrifac­ Palaeozoic Cephalopoda. (U.S. National Museum. tions and their teachings: or, A hand-book to Bull. 26 2) Wash., D. C., Govt. Prtg Off. 198 p. • the Gallery of Organic Remains of the British Museuin. -London, H. G. Bohn. 496 p. FOSSIL INDEXES MILLER, Samuel Almond (1877) The American Fossilium Catalogus. I. Animalia. (1913- Palaeozoic fossils: a cat~logue of the genera 's-Gravenhage, W. Junk. Pars 1- and species, with names of authors, dates,· A comprehensive series; each . part is on a places of publication, groups of rocks in which separate subject, authored by a specialist. found, and the etymology and signification of GRABAU, Amadeus William (1909-1910) North the words, and an introduction devoted to the American Index Fossils, lnvert,ebrates, by Ama­ stratigraphical geology· of' the Palaeozoic deus W. Grabau and Hervey Woodburn Shimer. rocks. Cincinnati, Ohio, The Author, 253 p. New York, A. G. Seiler. 2 vols. STENZEL, Henryk Bronislaw (no date) Type JOINT COMMITTEE ON INVERTEBRATE PALEON'IDLO- Invertebrate fossils of North America (Eocene, GY (1953- ) Treatise on invertebrate pale- Paleocene, Oligocene). Prepared by H.B. Sten- ontology. Edited by Raymond C. Moore. Boul- zel and F. E. Turner. Austin, Texas, Bureau der, Colo., Geological Society of ,America and of Economic Geology. Cards 1-148.· Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas Press. In Progress. ()

32 STERKI~NA NO. 5~, JUNE 197~

~ series on the major groups of (nvertebrate geologists. Lon.don, Macmillan. 525 p. (2d animals. Parts are divided according to phy­ ed., revised and enlarged, published by Clar­ lum, and the orders, classes, and :genera in endon Press, Oxford, Eng., 1955, 806 p.) each phylum are described, wi.th references to ORLOV, Yu. A.; ed. (1962- ) Fundamentals the literature. Of interest to malacologists: of paleontology. Osnovy Paleontologii. A ma­ nual forpaleontologists and geologists of the Part I - Mollusca l (Mollusca general fea- USSR. Translated by the Israel Program for tures, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monopl acophora, Scienti fie Translations staff. Jerusalem, Gastropoda general features, Archaeogastropo­ published for the National Science Foundation da, mainly Paleozoic Caenogastropoda andOpis- by IPST. thobranchia). 1960. 351 p., 1732 figs. . PHILIPPI, Rudolph Amandus ( 18 53) Handbuch Part J - Mollusca 2 (Gasiropoda, Streptoneu­ der Conchyliologie und Malacozoologie. Halle, ra exclusive of Archaeogastropoda, .) E. Anton. 548 p. In preparation. . PRATT, Henry Sherring (1935). A manual of the , Part K - Mollusca 3 (Cephalop~da general common invertebrate animals, exclusive of in­ features, Endoceratoidea, Actino·ceratoidea, sects. Revised ed. New York, Macmillan. 854 Nautiloidea, Bactritoidea) 1964. 5,19 p.,2382 p. figs. TRYON, George Washington (1885-1935) Manual Part L -Mollusca 4 (Ammonoidea): 1957. 490 of Conchology; structural and systematic, with p. ' 3800 figs. Revision in preparation. illustrations of the sp.ecies. Second series: Part M -Mollusca 5 (Coleoidea) :1n prepara- Pulmonata. Philadelphia. Published by the tion. Conchologica1 Department, Academy of Natural Part N- Mollusca 6 (Bivalvia) 3 vols. v. 1 Sciences of Philadelphia. 28 vols. and 2: 1969, 952 p., 6198 figs.; v 3: 1971, WEBB, Walter F!'eeman (1935) A handbook for 272 p., 742 figs. shell collectors; illustrations and descrip­ SHIMER, Hervey Woodburn (1944) Index fossils tions of 1100 species of Mollusca. Rochester, of North America; a new work based on the com­ N.Y.,'St. Petersburg, Fla.,The Author? 146 p. plete revision and reillustration of Grabau and WOODWARD, Samuel Pickworth (1851-1856) Ama­ Shimer's North American Index Fossils. (Tech­ nual of the Mollusca; or, Rudimentary treat­ nology Press, Mass. lnst. of Tech~ology) New ise of Recent and fossil shells. London, J. York, Wiley; London, Chapman and Hall. 837 p. Weale. 510 p. (Reprint of.4th ed. (1880) publ. by C. Lockwood, London, 1890, 628 p.) HANDBOOKS AND MANUALS ZITTEL, Karl Alfred Ritter von (1880-189.3) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Munchen und BEERBOWER, James Richard (1971) Field guide Leipzig, R. Oldenbourg. 2 vols. in 5. to fossils. (Earth Science Curricul'um Project. ESCP pamphlet series,' PS-4) Boston, Houghton NOMENCLATORS Mifflin. 54 p. . BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (1943-) CAMP, Charles Lewis (1937) Methods in pale- London, Printed by order of the International ·ontology, by Charles L. Ca.mp and G. Dallas Commis-sion on Zoological Nomenclature and sold Hanna. ·Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, by the International Trust for Zoological No­ 153 p. menclature. CHENU, Jean Charle~ (1859-1862) Manuel de INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NO­ conchyliologie et de pal6ontologie conchylio- MENCLAn.JRE ( 1961) Code international de nomen­ logique. Paris, V. 'Masson. 2 vols. clature zoologique, adopte par le XVe Congres FISCHER, Paul Henri (1887) Manuel de con- International de Zoologie, Editorial Commit­ chyliologie et de pal~ontologie donchyliolo­ tee: N. R. Stoll, chairman, and others. Lon­ giqu~; ou, Histoire natu~elle de~ mollusques don, Published for the International Commission viv(ints et fossiles. Paris, F. Savy. 1391 p. on Zoological Nomenclature by the International HOLDER, Helmut (1964) Jura. (Handbuch der Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 176 p. . stratigraphischen Geologie, Bd. 4) Stuttgart, NEAVE, Sheffield Airey, ed. (1939-1940) No­ F. Enke. 603 p. menclator zoologicus; a list of the names· of KIRKALDY, John F. (1967) Fossils 1n colour. genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth London, Blandford Press. 223 p. edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to theend of 1935. KUMMEL, Bernhard (1965) Handbook of paleon­ Zo~logical Society of London. 4 vols. tological techniques. Prepared .under the aus­ pices of the Paleontological Society. Edited by. B·. Kummel and David Raup. Sari Francisco, SERIAL PUBLICATIONS W. H. Freeman. 852 p. .. . . MIDDLEMISS, Frank Mexander ( 196.8) A guide Serial publications are an excellent source to invertebrate fossils. (Hutchinson biolo- of information covering !I'etrospective and cur­ gical monographs) London, Hutchin~on, 128 p. rent studies in molluscan research. We have NEAVERSON, Ernest (1928) Stratigraphical previous 1 y mentioned bibl iog~aphic s~rials un­ pa laeon tolqgy; a m'anual' for students and field der 'Guide ·to Information Sources.' In addi- STERKIANA ~0. 5., JUNE 197. tion, there are serials of a· general or spe­ American Association of Museums, New York cialized nature in the Orton Library collec­ The Museum News tion. They are issued by governmental agen­ American Association of Petroleum Geol­ cies (such as geological surveys)·, associations ogists, Tulsa and scientific societies,. universities and Bulletin other learned institutions, museums, book pub­ American Geographical Society, New York lishers and private sources as numbered ser­ The Geographical Review ies, monographs, proceedings, and field trip American Geological Institute, Washing­ guidebooks. In the following selected list of ton, D.C. serials, those titles frequently containing • Akademiia Nauk SSR. Doklady: Earth research of interest to malacologists are de­ Sciences sections. (English trans.) signated with an asterisk. • International Geology Review • Paleontological Journal (Translation GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES of the Russian Paleontologicheskiy UNITED STATES · Zh u rna l) U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. American Malacological Union, Havertown, (See also publications issued prior to 1879 Pa. under,.its former name 'U. S. Geological and • The Nautilus Geographical Survey of the Territorie~.') American Philosophical Society, Phi la. • Ann u a l Re po r t Proceedings • Bulle tin Transactions • Journal ofResearch of the U.S. Geological Association of Geology Teachers, Fort Survey Collins, Colo. • Monograph Journal of Geological Education. • Pro f e s s ion a l P ape r Boston Society of Natural History • Proceedings . State geological surveys regularly publish Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences results of regional research in their annual Bulletin reports, bulletins, circulars, reports .of tn­ California Academy of Sciences, San Fran­ vestigations, etc. The publications are tn­ Cisco dexed, as are those of the U.S.G.S., tn the Proceedings U.S.G.S. 's Bibliography of North American Ge­ Cincinnati Society of Natural History ology (discontinued after 1970) and the Geol­ Journal ogical Society of America's Bibliography and Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Index of Geology (amonthly publication,world­ New Haven wide in scope). The surveys will supply a Transactions list of their publications ·upon request. Des Moines Academy of Science Bulletin FOREIGN Florida Academy of Sciences, Gainesville Geological surveys or other governmental Quarterly Journal agencies outside the U.S. 'issue their publica-. . Geological Society of America, Boulder, tions at irregular intervals. The one notable Colo. exception is the Geotogical Survey of Canada.' • Bulletin One may find these publications cited in the • Memoir aforementioned Bibliography and index to Geo­ Proceedings (Ceased public.ation af­ logy. ter 1968) Attention will be called to the most signi­ • Special Paper ficant papers published by these agencies in Gulf Coast Association of Geological So­ a future publication now in preparation. cieties, Houston Trans actions lndia.na Academy of Science, Indianapolis ASSOCIATIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES Proceedings UNITED STATES . Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des Moines Academy of Natural Sciences of Phi !adelphia Proceedings • Notulae Naturae Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and • Proceedings. Letters • Monographs . Papers Special Publications Paleontological Society, Berkeley, Calif. Academy of Sciences of St. Louis • Journal ol Paleontology • Transactions San Diego Society of Natural History American Association .for the Advancement • Memoirs of Science, Washington, D.C. • Transactions Proceedings Sigma Gamma Epsilon, Norman, Okla. Science The Compass STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

Smithsonian Ins ti tu tion, Washington, D. C. Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, Lon­ * Annual Report don * Atoll Research Bulletin Scienti.fic Reports * Miscellaneous Cnllections Geologists' Association, London * Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Proceedings • · * Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobi- Geological Society of London ology Journal Society of Economic Paleontologists and Transactions Mineralogists, Tulsa, Okla. , Liverpool Geological Society * Journa·l of Paleontology ' Geological Journal (Published jointly Washington Academy of Sciences, Washing­ with Manchester. Geological Associa­ ton, D.C. tion) J ou rna 1 Mineralogical Society, London West Virginia Academy of Science, Morgan­ The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal town, W.Va. of the Mineralogical Society Proceedings Palaeontographical Society, London MIDDLE AMERICA • Publicat'ions MEXICO Palaeontological Association, London Soiiedad Geolcigica Mexicana,M~xico,D.F. * Palaeontology Bole tin • Special papers in Palaeontology JAMAICA Ray Society, London Geological Society of Jamaica, Kingston· Publications Journal (Geonotes) Royal Society of London SOUTH AMERICA , Philosophical Transactions. Series B: ARGENTINA I Biological Sciences Asociacicin Geolcigica Argentina, Buenos Yorkshire Geological Society, Leeds Aires Proceedings Revis t a FRANCE Asociacicin Paleontolcigica Argentina, Societe Geologique de France, Paris Buenos Aires • Bulletin · * Ameghiniana Compte rendu sommaire des seances PERU * Memoi res, Paleontologic Sociedad Geolcigica del Peru,; Lima Societe Geologique du Nord, Lille Bole tin Annales EUROPE Societe Nationale des Petroles d'Aqui­ AUSTRIA taine. Centre de Recherches de Pau Geologische Ges~llschaft 1n ~Vien Bulletin Mitteilungen I GERMANY BELGIUM· Deutsche Geologische Gese llscha.ft, Berlin Association pour !'Etude dei la Pal~onto­ Zeitschrift . logie et de la Stratigraphi~ houilleres, Deutsche Gesells~haft fur Geologische Bruxelles · · Wissenschaften, Berlin * Publication Palaontologische Abhandlungen. Abt. A: Societe Belge de Geologie, d~ Paleontolo­ Palaozoologie . gie et d'Hydrologie; Bruxelles Deutsche Quartarvereinigung, Hannover • Bulletin Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart (Published BULGARIA in Ohringen, Wurtt. Bulgarska Akademiia na Naukit , .Sofia. Ge­ Geologische Vereinigung, Koblenz ologicheski lnstitut Geologische Rundschau (Published 1n Trudove vurkhu geologiiata na Bulgariia. Stuttgart) Seriia paleontologiia Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Freiburg CZECHOSLOVAKIA i. B. Slovenska Akademia vied a Umeni, Bratis­ Bericht e lava HUNGARY . Geologicky sbornik Magyar Foldtani Tarsulat Folyoirata, Bu­ DENMARK dapest Denmark. Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Foldtani kozlony Unders~gclser i Gr~nland, Copenhagen IRELAND Meddelelser om Gr~nland Geological Society of Dublin ENGLAND . Journal British Antarctic Survey, Lopdon ITALY Bulletin I . Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome. East Midlands Geological· Soc):iety, Notting­ Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche ham e Naturali The Mercian Geologist 1 Memorie (Fisica, chimica, geologia, paleontologia e mineralogia (Atti) STERKIANA NO. 5~, JUNE 197~ 35

Societa di Naturalisti in Napoli Palaeontological Society of Japan, Tokyo Bolletino * Special Papers Societa Geologica Italiana, Rome * Transactions and Proceedings. New Bolle t i no Series NETHERLANDS Geologisch-Mynbouwkundig Genootschap voor AFRICA Nederland en Kolonien,. 's-Gravenhage Geological Society of South Africa, Johan­ Verhandelingen .... Geologische serie nesburg NORWAY Transactions Norsk Geologisk Forening, Oslo. Norsk Geologi~k Tiddskrift AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA ·. Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Mate­ AUSTRALIA matisk-Naturvidenskapelig Klasse Geological Society of Australia, Adelaide Skrifter Journal POLAND Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne Polska Akademia Nauk, Warsaw Proceedings * Acta Palaeontologica Polonica Royal Society of Western Australia, Perth Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddzial w Krakowie Journal Folia Quaternaria NEW ZEALAND SCOTLAND Royal Society of New Zealand, Weliington Edinburgh Geological Society Transact•ions and Proceedings Scottish Journal of Geology (Published jointly with the Geological Society of Glasgow) UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS Transactions NORTH AMERICA Geological Society of Glasgow CANADA (PROVINCES) Transactions ONTARIO Royal Scottish Geographical Society, McMaster University. Department of Geo­ Edinburgh logy, Hamilton Scottish Geographical Magazine Pub 1 ic at ions SPAIN Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural,· Transactions Madrid UNITED STATES (INDIVIDUAL) Boletin. Seccion geologica CALIFORNIA SWITZERLAND California. University, Berkeley-Los Societe Paleontologique Suisse, Basel Angeles * Schweizerische palaeontologische Abhand­ • Publications in Geological Sciences lungen. Memoires s~isses de paleonto­ Stanford University. De.partment of Geo­ logie logy, Stanford, Calif. THE SOVIET UNION Contributions· RUSSIA COLORADO Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Moscow Colorado. University, Boulder * Doklady (American Geological Institute Unive-rsity of Colorado Studies. Series publishes an·English translation of in Earth Sciences the 'Earth Sciences' sections) CONNECTICUT Geokhimiia Yale University, New Haven Priroda * American Journal .of Science UKRAINE Journ~l of Marine Research (Sears Lvov Geological Society Foundation for Marine Research, Geologicheskii sborni0 Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory Paleontologicheskii sbornik • Radiocarbon DISTRICT OF COLUMBlA ASIA Carnegie Institution of Washington, CHINA Washington, D.C. Geological Society of China, Peking Publications Bulletin FLORIDA JAPA!'j Miami. ·University. Marine Laboratory, Japan Association forQuaternary Research, · Coral Gables. Tokyo Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf The Quaternary Research and National Research Council of Japan, Tokyo INDIANA Japanese Journal of Geology and Geogra­ Notre Dame. U~iversity,Notre Dame; Ind. phy; Transactions and Abstracts * The American Midland Naturalist .36 STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

IOWA Escola de Geologia, Porto Alegre Iowa. University, Iowa City Notas e estudos. Studies in Natural History Publica.yao especial KANSAS PERU Kansas. University, Topeka Peru. lnstituto Geologico, Lima • University of Kansas Paleontological Bole tin Contributions LOUISIANA EUROPE Tulane University, New Orlean~ BELGIUM • Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleon­ Brussels. Institut Royal des Sciences Na­ tology turelles de Belgique MARYLAND • Bulletin .· Johns Hopkins University, Ba 1 timore FRANCE The Johns Hopkins University Studies Centre d'etudes et de documentation pale­ in Geology ontologiques, Paris MISSOURI Annales Missouri. Univerl'ity, Columbia Faculte des Sciences de Paris The University of Missouri Studies Revue de micropaleontologie NEW YORK Paris. lnstitut Fran.yais du Petrole Paleontological Research Institution, Revue de l'lnstitut Fran'Yais du Petrole Ithaca ' , et Annales des combustibles liquides • Bulletins of American Paleorytology Strasbourg. Universite. Service de la * Palaeontographica Americana' Carte Geologique d'Alsace et de Lo~raine NORTH CAROLINA ·· . ! Memoires Duke University. Department of Geology, GERMANY Durham Hamburg. Geologisch-Palaontologisches In- Southeastern Geology stitut · OHIO I Mitteilungen Denison University, Granville! Marburg. Universitat. Geologiscb-Palaon­ • Journal of the scientific Llborato­ tologisches lnstitut ries of Denison Universit~ Geologica et Palaeontologica The Ohio State University, Columbus Mtinster. Universitat. Geologisch-Pal~­ • The Ohio Journal of Science (Published ontologisches lnstitut jointly by O.S.U. and the,Ohio Aca­ Mtinstersche Forschungen zur Geologie demy of Science) und Palaontologie PENNSYLVANIA HUNGARY Wagner Free Insti'tute of Sc,ience, Phi­ Hungary. Foldtani lntezet, Budapest ladelphia • Geologica'Hungarica. Series Palaeonto­ Bu 11 e tin logica TEXAS ITALY Texas. University, Austin Genoa. Universita. lstituto di Geologia Bulletin Atti Publications Rome. Universita. lstituto di Geologia e WASHINGTON· Paleontologia Washington (State) University, Seattle . Geologica Romana Memoirs of the University of Washing- NORWAY ton Oslo .. Universitetsforlaget University of Washington Publications • Lethaia, an internat ion a 1 journal of in Geology Paleontology and stratigraphy Oslo. Norsk Polarinstitut MIDDLE AMERICA ~rbok MEXICO Skri fter Mexico (City) Universidad Nacional.Insti­ POLAND tu to de Geologia Warsaw, lnstytut Geologiczny Boletin Biuletyn. Bulletin Paleontologia mex1cana Kwartalnik geologiczny ROMANIA SOUTH AMERICA Romania. Institutul Geologic, Bucharest BRAZIL Dari de seama ale sedintelor Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (State). Universi­ Memorii dade Federal SPAIN lnstituto de Geociincias Madrid. Instituto de Investigaciones Ge- Geologia. Boletim I ol6gicas 'Lucas Mallada' Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Sdte). Univer- Estudios geol6gicos sidade Federal 1 STERKIANA NO. 5~.· JUNE 197~ ')1

SPAIN (CONT. ) NEW ZEALAND Madrid. U~iversidad. Facultad de Cien­ Wellington, New Zealand. Oceanographic ci as Institute Col-pa; Coloquios de la Catedra dePa­ NZOI Records leontologia SWEDEN Lund. Uni ve rsi te t M U S E U M S Acta Universitatis Lundensis. Lunds U­ NORTH AMERICA . ni v.ersi tets !lrsskri ft CANADA Stockholm. University Canada. National Museum, Ottawa Stockholm Corrtributions 1n Geology * Bulletin (Title varies: Victoria Memo­ Upsala. Universitet rial Museum Bulletin, Museum Bulle­ Bulletin of the Geological Institution tin, etc.) YUGOSLAVIA Toronto. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sci­ Yugoslavia. Geoloskirudar~ki Institut, ences Division Zagreb ·con t rib u t ions Geoloski vjesnik UNITED STATES (INDIVIDUAL) Zavod za GeoloSka 1 Geofizicka Istrai.i­ ARIZONA vanja, Beograd Flagstaff, Ariz. Museum of Northern Vesnik. Serija A: Geologija Arizona THE SOVIET UNION Bulletin RUSSIA CONNECTICUT Akademiia Nauk SSSR. Paleontologicheskii Yale University. Peabody Museum of Na­ lnstitut, Moscow tural History • Trudy Bulletin Leningrad. Gornyi Institut DISTRICT .OF COLUMBIA Zapiski U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Leningrad. Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii ln­ ·• Bulletin stitut Geologii Arktiki • Proceedings Trudy FLORIDA Leningrad. Universitet. Nauchno-Issle­ Florida. University, Gainesville. State dovatel'skii Institut Zemnoi Kory Museum Voprosy Paleontologii Bulletin. Biological Sciences Leningrad. Vsesoiin~ Nefti~noi Nauchno­ HAWAII Issledovatel'skii Geologorazvedochnyi Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu lnstitut· Bulletin Trudy. Novaia seriia ILLINOIS Chicago. University. Walker Museum ASIA Contributions JAPAN Memoirs hokkaido University, Sapporo. Faculty of Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago Science. Fieldiana: Geology, Memoirs Journal. Series 4: Geology and Minera­ Publications logy Illinois. State Museum of Natural His-. Kyushu University, Fukuoka. Faculty of tory, Springfield Science' . Bulletin • Memoirs. Se~ies D: Geology MASSACHUSETTS Tohoku University, Sendai Harvard University. Museum of Compara­ Contributions from the Institute of Geo­ tive Zoology, Cambridge logy and Paleontology Brevi ora Science Report. Second Series (Geology) Bulletin. Paleontology Tokyo. University. Faculty of Science Memoirs Journal. Section 2: Geology, mineralogy, MICHIGAN geography, seismology · Michig~n. ~niversi~y. Museum of Pale­ ontology, Ann Arbor AFRICA Contributions MOZAMBIQUE Michigan. University. Museum of Zoo­ Estudos Gerais Universitarios de Mo9ambique, logy, Ann Arbor Louren9o Marques Miscellaneous Publications Revista de ciencias geol6gicas Occasional Paperg NEW YORK AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA American Museum of Natural History, AUSTRALIA New York. Queensland University. Department of Geo­ American Museum Novitates logy, Brisbane Papers 38 STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

NEW YORK (Cont.) PORTUGAL 0 Americari Museum of Nat. History, Coimbra, Portugal. Universidade. Museu (Cont.) · Mineral6gico e Gecil6gico Bulletin . PublicaGBes; Mem6rias e Noticias The Curator Memoirs I' AFRICA Natural History: the journal ~f the South African Museum, Cape Town American Museum ' Annals New York. State Museum and Science Ser­ vice, Alhany AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA Annual Report AUSTRALIA *Bulletin Queensland Museum, Brisbane Educational Leaflet Memoirs Handbook * Memoir OHIO Cleveland. Museum of Natural ~istory OTHER SERIALS (ISSUED BY BOOK PUBLISHERS, The Explorer PRIVATE SOURCES, ETC.) PENNSYLVANIA NORTH AMERICA· Pittsburgh. Carnegie lnsti tute Museum CANADA Annals The Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly WISCONSIN Journal of Science. (Superseded by Milwauke~. Public Mus~um Canadian Record of Science) (Montreal) Bulletin UNITED STATES The American Geologist (1888-1905; 1906 SOUTil AMERICA merged into Economic Geology; 1922, ARGENTINA Pan Amer~can Geologist) (Minneapolis) flucnos Aires. Mus eo Argentino d~ c·ien­ Earth Science (Colorado Springs, Colo.) cias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' Journal of Geology (Chicago) Anales ' Rocks and Minerals (Peekskill, N.Y.) URUGUAY * Sterkiana (Columbus, Ohio) Montevideo, Museo de Histor1a NJtural Comunicaciones paleontol6gica~ SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA EUROPE Boletin Paleontol6gico de Buenos Aires BELGIUM (Buenos Aires) Brussels. Musee Royal d'Histoire Natu­ relle de Belgique EUROPE • Annales AUSTRIA • Memoires Palaeobiologica (Vienna) Tervuren, Belgium. Musee du Congo Beige Tschermaks mineralogische und petro­ Annales. Ser. in-8 . Sci~nces geelo­ graphische Mitteilungen (Vienna) giques ENGLAND ENGLAND Advances in marine biology (London) British Museum (Natural History) Londun Deep-sea Research and Oceanographic * Bulletin. Geology Abstracts (Oxford) · Publications . I Estuarine and coastal marine science FRANCE (London) Lyons. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Oxford) The Geological Magazine (Hertford) Archives 1 HUNGARY I The Geologist (London) Budapest. Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum. Nature (London) Annales historico-naturales : Nature (Physical Science) (London) Budap~st. Termeszettudomanyi Mu~eum FRANCE Fragmenta mineralogica et palaeonto- • Annales de paleontologic (In 1963, super­ 1ogica seded by Anna1es de paleonto1ogie. Se­ NETHERLANDS rie vertebres (and) ... Serie inverte­ Leyden. Rijks Geologisch-Mineralogisch ·bres (Paris) Museum • Journal de Conchy1io1ogie (Paris) Sammlungen des Geologischen· Reichs­ GERMANY Museums in Leiden. (Superseded in Fortschritte der Geologie und Palaeonto- 1925 by Leidsche Geologische M~ded­ logie (Berlin) ' elingen) Geologie (Berlin) POLAND Geologische und pa1aeonto1pgische Abhand­ Warsaw. Muzeum Ziemi lungen (Jena) Acta Geologica Polonica Geologisches Archiv (Konigsberg) STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~ 39

GERMANY (Cont.) by the great 1ce· sheets. New York, AMS Press. Jahrbuch f~r Geologi~ (Berlin) 476 p. • Neues Jahrbuch fUr Geologie und Palaonto- (1945) The molluscan family Planorbi­ logie. Abhandlungen. (Stuttgart) dae. Collation, revisions, and additions by Monatshefte (Stuttgart) Harley Jones Van Cleave. Urbana, University • Palaeontographica (Stuttgart) of Illinois Press. 530 p. • Palaontologisc~e ZeitschrifL (Berlin) BALASHOV, Zakhar Grigor'evich (1968) Endo- ITALY tseratoidei Ordovika SSSR. Leningrad, Lenin- • Annales de g~ologie et de pal~ontologie grad Universitet. 278 p. (Ceased publication in 1930). (Palermo) BENNETT, !SOBEL (1966) The·fringe of the • Palaeontographia Italica (Pisa) sea. Adelaide, Australia, Rigby. 261 p. Quaternaria; storia naturale e culturale BIGSBY, John Jeremiah(l868) Thesaurus silu- del Quaternario (Rome) ricus. The flora and fauna of the Silurian NETHERLANDS Period, with addenda (from recent acquisitions) Earth Science Reviews (Amsterdam) London, J. VanVoorst. 214 p. Marine Geology (Amsterdam) ---- (1878) Thesaurusdevonico-carboniferus. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palae- The flora and fauna of the Devonian and Car­ oecology (Amsterdam) boniferous Periods. London, J. Van Voorst Sedimentary Geology (Amsterdam) 448 p. Tectonophysics (Amsterdam) Biology and geology of coral reefs ( 1973- ) SPAIN New York, Academic Press. Vol: I-- Revista espanola de micropalaeontolog1a BORRELLO, Angel V., ed. (1.966) Palaeonto- (Madrid) grafia bonaerense. Fasciculo 3. Tnvertebra- SWITZERLAND do~, by Horacia 1!. Camacho. La Plata, Provin­ Eclogae. Geologicae Helveticae (Basel) e i a de Buenos Ai res , Com i s i 6 n de Invest i g a - cion Cientifica. 159 p. ASIA BOWEN. Robert Napier Clive (1966) Palaeotem­ JAPAN perature analysis. (Methods in geochemistry Atlas of Japanese Fossils (Tokyo) and geophysics, 2) Amsterdam, New York, Else- Vler. 265 p. BUCKMAN, Sydney Savory (1887-1907) A mono- PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS graph of the Ammonites of the 'Inferior Oolite Congres International de Stratigraphie et de Series' (Stages- Toarcian, pars; Aalenian: Geologie du Carbonifere. Compte Rendu Bajocian; Bathonian, pars) London, Printed (Paris) for the Pa laeontographi cal Society. 2 vols. International Geological Congress CADART, Jean ( 19 55) L e s escargots ( fl el. i x p o­ • Reports (Published at the site of the Con­ matia L. et Helix aspersa M.); biologie, ele­ gress) vage, parcage, histoire, gastronomic, commer- ce. (Savoir en histoire naturelle, v. 24) Paris, P. Lechevalier. 420 p. FIELD TRIP GUIDE BOOKS CAMACHO, Horacia H. (1966) lnvertebrados Geological societies prepare fie /.d trip guide f6siles. Rev. (Manuales de EUDEBA, Ciencias books for their annual ~eetings. I~ these re­ Naturales) Buenos Aires,Editorial Universita- gional studies, there is often· mention of lo­ ria de Buenos Aires. 707 p. cal fossils. Examples of such publications CANADA, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1865-1906) Pa- are the Ceo logical Society of America's Gul!le­ laeozoic Fossils. Montreal, Dawson, 4 vols. book for field trips arid the Society of Econo­ CARSON, Rachel Louise ( 1955) The edge of the mic Paleontologists and Mineralogists' Guide­ Sea. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. 27b p. book for annual field trip. CASE, Gerard Ramon (1968) Fossils illustra­ ted; an atlas of invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. New York. Grafco. 32 p. GENERAL· TREATISES CELEBONOVIC,Stevan (19577) The living Rocks. Translations by Joyce Emerson and Stanley A. ABBOTT, Robert Tucker (1954) American sea- Pocock. (Art and Nature) London, Phoenix shells. (The New Illustrated Natura.list) House. 94 p. Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand. 541 p. CHAVAN,·Andr~ (1957) D~termination pratique ABEL, Othenio (t916) Palaobiologie der Ce- des fossiles, par Andr~ Chavan et Andre Cail- phalopoden a us der Gruppe der Dibranchiaten. leux. Paris, Masson. 387 p. Jena, G. Fjscher. 282 p. CHEMIN, Emile (1926) bes mollusques d'eau AKADEMIIA NAUK GRUZINSKOI SSR, TIFLIS. INS­ douce. (Encyclopedie pratique du naturaliste, TITUT PALEOBIOLOGII (1966) Spravochnik poeko­ 24) Paris. P. Lechevalier. 185 p. logii morskikh dvustvorok. Moskva, Nauka. DAVIES, Arthur Morley (1934) Tertiary fau· 351 p. nas, a text-book for oilfield palaeontologists BAKER, Frank Collins (1969 reprint of 1920 and students of geology.· London, T. Murby. 2 e d . ) The l i f e of the Pleisto~ene or Glacial vols. (2d ed. published in 1971 by Allen and Period as recorded in the' deposits laid down Unwin, London; 2 vols.) 40 STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

DECUGIS,.Henri (1941) Le vieillissement du pap~rs. D. H. Oswald ed., Calgary, Alberta monde vivant. Paris, Pion. 385 p. Socie~y of Petroleum Geologists. 2 vols. DENYS DE MON'IFORT, Pierre (1801-1805) His- Journal fuer die Liebhaber des Steinreichs toire naturelle, generate et part'iculiere des und der Konchyliologie (1773-1780) Weimar, mollusques, animaux sans vertebres et a sang C. L. Hoffman. 6 vols. b 1 an c. Paris , F. Du far t . 6 v o 1 s . : LAPORTE, L6o F. (1968) Ancient Environments. DEZALLIER D'ARGENVILLE, Antoine J.oseph(l755) (Foundations of Earth Science series) Engle- L'Histoire naturelle eclaircie dans une de ses wood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. 115 p. parties principales, l'Oryctologie,' qui traite MAJEWSKE, Otto P.· (1969) Recognition of in­ des terres, des pierres' des metaux, des mine­ vertehrate fossi 1 fragments in rocks and thin raux, et autres fossiles, ouvrage dans lequel sections. (Thesis, Ph.D.,Louisiana State Uni­ on trouve une nouvelle methode latine et fran- versity) Baton Rouge; photocopy, University 9oise de les diviser, et une notice critique Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich. 1970. 266 p. · .· des principaux ouvrages qui o~t paru sur ces MARTIN, William (1809) Outlines of an at- matieres. Paris, chez De Bure l'Ai~e. 560 p. tempt to establish a knowledge of extraneous EDMONDSON, Walles Thomas (1959) Fresh-water fossils, on scientific principles. Maccles­ Biology. 2d ed .. New York, Wiley. ,1248 p. field, Printed by J. Wilson. 250 p. Essays in Paleontology and Strati'graphy; R. MILLER, Samuel Almond (1889) North American C. Moore Commemorative Volume (196}) Edited Geology 'and Paleontology for the use of ama- by Curt Teichert and Ellis L.Yochel~on. (Kan­ teurs, students, and scientists. Cincinnati, sas. University. Department of Geology. Spe- Western Methodist Book Concern. 664 p. (lst cial Publication 2) Lawrence, University of appendix, 1892, p. 665-718; 2d appendix, 1897, Kansas·Press. 626 p. p. 719-793) The Fossil Record; aSymposium with Documen­ MILNE-EDWARDS. Henri (n.d.) Monographie des tation (1967) Edi'ted by W.B. Harland and oth­ Polypiers fossiles des terrains Palaeozoi:ques, ers. Jointly sponsored by the Geological So­ precedei d'un tableau general de Ia classifi­ ciety of London and the Palaeontol•ogical As­ cation des PolyEes, par MM. Milne-Edwards el sociation. London, Geological Socie:ty of Lon- Jules Haime, (Extrait du tome 5 des Archives don. 827 p. ; du Museum d'Histoire naturelle) Paris, Gide Fuer die Litteratur und-Kenntniss derNatur­ et J. Baudry. 502 p. geschichte, sonderhch der Conchytiien und der MOORE, Raymond Ceci 1 ( 1952) Invertebrate Fos- Steine (1782). Weimar, C.L. Hoffman'. 2 vols. sils, by Raymond C. Moore, Cecil G. Lalicker, in 1 and Alfred G. Fi'scher. New York, McGraw-H1ll. GAUDRY, Albert ( lfl78-lfl90) Les enchainements 766 p. du monde dans les temps geo logiques. NAEF, Adolf ( 1922) Die fossi len Tintenfis,:hP Paris, Hachette, 3 vols. Eine paliiozoo logische Monograph i.e. Jena, \ •. GEINITZ, Hanns Bruno (1846) Grundriss der Fischer. 322 p. Versteinerungskunde. Dresden, Arnoidische Neue Litteratur und Beytraege zur Kenntniss Buchhandlung. 813 p. der Naturgeschichte, vorzueglich der Conchy­ GRABAU, Amadeus William (1935) ~Studies of lien und Fossilien (1784-1787) Leipzig, J. G. Gastropoda. Peking (Peiping) Chi~a, The Na­ Miillerschen. 4 vols. tional University of Peking, The 'University OWEN, Richard (1861) Palaeontology, or, A

Press. 159 p. 1 systematic summary ofextin"t animals and their GROSSOUVRE, Albert de (1893-1901) Recherches geological relations. 2d ed. Edinburgh, A. sur la craie superieure. (France. Service de and C. Black. 463 p. Ia carte geologique. Memoires pour servir a PAINVIN, Georges Jean (1941?) Embranchement !'explication de la carte g~ologique detaillee des Mollusques, v. 3: C~phalopodes. (His Ca- de la France) Paris, lmprimerie Nationale, 2 hiers de Paleontologie, 3).. Paris, Masson. vols. in 3. 55 p. HIND, Wheel ton ( 1894-1896) A m~nograph on PAPP, Adolf (1959) Tertiar, von A. Papp und Carbon teo la, Anthracomya, and Na iadi tes. Lon­ E. Then ius. (Handbuch . der stratigraphischen don, Printed for the Palaeontographical Soci- Geologie, Bd. 3, T. l-2) Stuttgart, F. Enke. ety. 3 vols. · 2 vols. IMBRIE, John, ed. (1964) Approa~hes to pa- PARKINSON James (l804-l8ll)Organic remains leoecology. Edited by John Imbrie and Norman of a former world. An examination of the min­ Newell. New York, Wiley, 432 p. eralized remains of the vegetables and animals INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS, 23d,Pra­ of the antediluvial world; generally termed gue, 1968 (1972) Proceedings of the Interna­ extraneous fossils. London, J. Robson. 3 tional Paleontological Union: Evolution, Os­ vols. (2d ed. published in 1833 by M.A. Natta­ tracoda, Paleoecology and Paleobicigeography, li, London; 3 vols.) other subjects. Warszawa, Instytut Geolo- ---- (1822) Outlines of Oryctology. An in- giczny, Wydawnictwa Geologiczne. 441 p. troduction to the study of fossil organic re­ INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE DEVONIAN SYS­ mains, especially those found in the British TEM, CALGARY, 1967 (1967) International Sym­ strata; intended to sid the student in his en­ poslu'J' on the Devonian System, Calgary, 1967; quiries respecting the nature of fossils, and papers. their connection with the formation of the earth. London. The Author. 349 p. STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~ ~1

PEARSON, Ronald George (1964) Animals and TERMIER, Henri (1960) Pal~ontologie strati- plants of the Cenozoic era; some aspects of graphique par H. Termier et G. Termier. Paris, the faunal and floral history of the last six­ Masson. 515 p. ty million years.· London, Butterworths. 236 ---- (1964) Les Temps Fossiliferes; Trait~ p. de Stratigraphie et i:le Pal~og~ographie, t. 1: PIA, Julius (1933) Die rezente Kalksteine. Pal~ozo1que inf~rieur, par Henri Termier et (Added title page: Zeitschrift fur Kristallo­ Genevieve Termier. Paris, Masson, 689 p. graphie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Abt. B: ---- (1968) Biologie et Ecologie des pre­ Mineralogisc~e und petrographische Mitteilun­ miers Fossiles par Henri Termier et Genevieve gen. Erganzungsband) Leipzig, Akademische Termier. (Collection Les Grands Problemes de Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.Hc 420 p. la Biologie, Monographie 8) Paris, Masson. PICTET, Fran~ois Jules (1853-1872) Trait~ 214 p. de Pal~ontolog_ie; ou Histoire naturelle des THORPE, Malcolm Rutherford, ed. ( 1924) Or­ animaux fossiles consid~r~s dansleurs rapports ganic adapt at ion to environment, by George El­ zoologiques et g~ologiques. 2d ed., rev., wood Nichols et al. New Haven, Yale Univer- cor., consid~rablement augm., accompagn~e d'un sity Press. 312 p. atlas de 110 planches, grand in-4°. Paris, 1WENHOFEL, William Henry (1935) Invertebrate J. B. Bailliere. 4 vols. Paleontology, byWilliam H. Twenhofel and Rob­ PIVETEAU, Jean (1952-1957) Tr~it~ de Pal~- ert R. Shrock. New York, London, McGraw-Hill. ontologie. Paris, Masson, 7 vols. in 10 511 p. (2d ed. entitled Principles of Inver- PURCHON, Richard Denison (1968) The Biology ' tebrate Paleontology published 1n 1953 by of the Mollusca. {International Series of Mo­ McGraw-Hill, New York, 816 p.) nographs in pure and applied Biology. Divi­ VOLTZ, Philippe Louis (18--?) 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Paris (Extrait du Bulletin du Mu­ description in familiar terms of principal ma­ seum d' Histoire Naturelle, n. 3, p! 143-146) rine, freshwater, and land mollusks of the LtUTKEVICH, Evgenii Mikhailovich , (1968) United States, British Columbia, and Alaska, Permian pelecypods of the Soviet sector of the found west of the Sierra. Revised by Joshua Arctic. Trans. from Russian of P~letsipody L. Baily, Jr. Stanford, Calif., Stanford Uni­ Permi Sovetskogo sektora arktiki: Trudy Vse­ versity Press; London, H.Milford, Oxford Uni­ soyznogo Neftyanogo Nauchno-lssledov~tel' skogo versity Press. 350 p. Geologorazvedochnogo lnstituta (VNIGRI) vyp. A Symposium on Paleoenvironments of the Cre­ 149 1960; by E .. M. Li-utkevich and·O. V. Lo- taceous seaway in the Western Interior (1967) banova. Trans. by Kenneth Syers; ed. by Alan Preprints of papers to be presented ... in Logan. Boston Spa, Eng., National Lending conjunction with the twentieth annual meeting, Library for Science and Technology. 2 vols. the Geological Society of America, Rocky Mount­ NORSKE VIDENSKAPS-AKADEMI IOSLO (1907-1919) ain Section, Colorado School ofMines, May 10, Report of the Second Norw~gian Arctic Expedi­ 1967. Golden, Colo., Dept. of Publications, tion in the 'Fram' 1898-1902. K~istiania, Colorado School of Mines. 266 p. P,ublished by Videnskabs-selskabet ~ Kristia­ nia, in commission by T,O. Br~gger., 4 vols. STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

CANADA (IN GENERAL) CALIFORNIA DAWSON, John-William (1897) TheCanadian Ice ARNOLD, Ralph (1903) The Paleontology and Age: being notes. on the Pleist.ocene geology Stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleis­ of Canada, with especial reference to the life tocene of San Pedro, California. (Thesis, Ph. of the pe'riod and its climatal conditions. D., Leland Stanford Jr. University, 3ll Stan­ Montreal, W. V. Dawson. 301 p. ford, Calif.,Stanford University. 420 p. CANADA (PROVINCES) FREMONT, John Charles (1845) Report of the ONTARIO Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in BICKEL; Edwin Daxid (1970) Pleistocene the year 1842, and toOregon andNorth Califor­ non-marine Mollusca of the Gatineau Valley and· nia in the years 1843-1844. (U. S. 28th Con­ Ottawa areas of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. gress, 2d sess. Senate. Ex. Doc. 174) Washing­ (Thesis, Ph.D., The Ohio State University) Co- ton, D. C., Gales and Seaton. 693 p. lumbus. 182 p: KLEINPELL, Robert Minssen (1938) Miocene CLOWERS, Stanley Robert (1966) Pleistocene Stratigraphy of California. Tulsa, American Mollusca of the Box Marsh deposit, Admaston Association of Petroleum Geologists; London, Township, Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. T. Murby. 450 p. (Thesis, M.S.,· The Ohio State University) Co- SCHENCK, Hubert Gregory ( 1950) California lumbus. 85 p. Fossils for the field geologist, by Hubert G. NICHOLSON, Henry Alleyne (1874) Report upon Schenck and A. Myra Kee~. Stanford, Calif.,. the Palaeontology of the Province of Ontario. Stanford University Press. 88 p. · Toronto, Hunt'er, Rose. 133 p. FLORIDA ---'- (1875) Report upon .... supplementary WARMKE. Germaine LeClerc 0962) Caribbe­ to the text published in 1874. Toronto, Hun- an Seashells; a guide to the marine mollusks of ter, Rose . 9 6 p . Puerto Rico and other West Indian islands, Ber­ QUEBEC muda and the Lower fl9rida Keys, by Germaine ·BICKEL, Edwin David "(1970)' (See citation L. W.armke andR. Tucker Abbott. Narberth, Pa., under 'Ontario') Livingston. 348 p. BILLINGS, Elkanah (1964 reprint of the ori­ ILLINOIS ginai, published by the Geological Survey of GREACEN, Katherine F., comp. (1946) Silu­ Canada,November 1866) Catalogues of the Silu­ rian inverteb-rate fossil~ from Illinois in the rian fossils of the Island of· Anticosti, with Thomas A. Greene Memorial Museum atMilwaukee­ descriptions of some new genera and species. D~wner College. Compiled by Katherine F.Grea­ (Auxilia Palaeontologiae, No. l) n.p. 64 p. cen and John R. Ball. (Milwaukee-Downer Col­ GIBSON, Gail Guy (1967) Pleistocene non-ma­ lege Bulletin) Milwaukee. 61 p. rine Mollusca of the Richardson Lake deposit, ILLINOIS STA'IE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1866- Clarendon Township,' Pontiac· County, Quebec, 1890) Geological Survey of Illinois. Spring­ Canada. (Thesis, 'M. S., The Ohio Sta.te Uni­ field, State Journal Steam Press. 8 vols. in versity) Columbus. 119 p. 9. SHALLOM, Lizzie Jacob (1965) Pleistocene INDIANA molluscan fauna of the Lac Blanc deposit, Ma­ COLLETT, John (1881) Indiana Geological tapedia County,Quebec,Canada'. (Thesis, M.S., Report, 1879-1880. From the Second Annual The Ohio State University) Columbus. 57 p. Report of the Bureau of Statistics and Geolo­ gy. Indianapolis, Carlon and Hollenbeck. 164 UNI'IED STATES (IN GENERAL) p. LEA, Isaac (1833) Co~tributions to Geology. CUMINGS, Edgar Roscoe (1907) The Stratigra­ Philadelphia, Carey,Lea and Blanchard. 227 p. phy and Paleontology of the Cincinnati Series MORTON, Samuel George (1834) Synopsis of of Indiana. (Extracted from the 32d Annual the. organic remains of· the Cretaceous Group Report of Indiana, Dept. of Geology and Natu­ • -of the United Stat'es. Philadelphia, Key and ral Resources,. p. 605-1258) n.p. Biddle. '108 p. GREENE, George K. (1898-1906) Contribution MURRAY, Marian (1967) Hunting for fossils; to Indiana Paleontology. New Albany, Indiana, a guide to finding and collecting fossils in Ewing and Zeller. 2 vols. in 5. all fifty states. New York, Macmillan. 348 p. NAVE, Floyd Roger (1968) Pleistocene Mol­ U.S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE lOOTH luscs of Southwestern Ohio and Southeastern· MERIDIAN (1874) Preliminary reportupon inver­ Indiana. (Thesis Ph.D., The Ohio State Uni- tebrate fossils collected by the expeditions versity) Columbus. 157 p. of 1871, 1872, and 1873, with descriptions of IOWA new species. C. A. White, M. D.· Washington, THE MUSCATINE CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB, Musca- D. C., Govt. Prtg. Office 27 p. . tirie, Iowa (1883) The Mollusca of Muscatine County and vicinity. Boston, S. E. Cassino, UNITED STATES (INDIVIDUAL) 24 p. ALABAMA KENTUCKY LEWIS, James (1876?) Fauna. of Alabam·a. l. KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1856-1861) Fresh water and land shells. ~ontgomery, Ge- First- fourth Report of the Geo'togical Survey ological Survey of Alabama. 42 p. in Kentucky made during the years 1854 to 1859 STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

by David Dale Owen. Frankfort, A. G. Hodges. Highland County, Ohio. (Thesis, Ph.D., The 4 vo l s. Ohio State University) Columbus. 340 p. ---- (1889) Kentucky fossil shells:; a mono­ ·BUCHER, Walter Herman(l945) Elementary Guide graph of the fossil shells of the Sil'urian and to the fossils and strata in the vicinity of Devonian rocks of Kentucky, by Henr.y Nettel- Cincinnati. Cincinnati, The Cincinnati Muse- roth. Frankfort, E.P. Johnson. 29~ ~· um of Natural History. 31 p. MASSACHUSETTS i ---- (1955) Elementary guide to the fossils GOULD, Augustus Addison (1870) 1Report on and strata of the Ordovician in ihe vicinity the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 'published of Cincinnati, Ohio. Revised by Kenneth E. agreeably to an order of the Legisla'ture. 2d Caster et al. Cincinnati, The Cincinnati Mu- ed., comprising the Mollusca. Ed. /by W. G. seum of Natural History. 47 p. Binney. Boston, Wright and Potter. 524 p. CLARK, Armin Lee (1958) Pleistocene mollus­ GRABAU, Amadeus William, ed. 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C. · (1911) The fauna of the Max- rivers of the Great Colorado of the West, in ville Limestone. (Proceedings. of the Ohio 1~59, under the command of Capt. J.N. Macomb, State Academy ofScience, v. 5, pt. 7. Special Corps of Topographical Engineers .. 1. with ge­ Paper No. 17, p. 353-420) Columbus, Ohio State ological report by Prof. J.S. Newbe~ry. Wash­ Academy of Science. ington, Govt.. Prtg. Office. 168 p. i MOWERY, Dale Harris (1958) Pleistocene mol­ WENDORF, Fred, ed. (1961) Paleoecology of luscan faunas of the Jewell Hill deposit; Lo- the Llano Estacada. (Publication the Fort gan County, Ohio. (Thesis, M. S., The Ohio . . o~I Burgwin Research Center, No. 1) Sanl'ta Fe, Mu- State University) Columbus. 154 p. seum of New Mexico Press. 144 p. NAVE, Floyd Roger (l968)(See citation under NEW YORK . 'Indiana') HALL, James (1964) Preliminary! Notice of REYNOLDS, Martin Bruce (1958) Pleistocene the Lamellibranchiate shells'of the Upper Hel­ molluscan faunas of the Humboldt deposit, Ross derberg, Hamilton and Chemung gr,oups, with County, Ohio. (Thesis, M. S., The Ohio State others from the Waverly ·sandstones' (by Hall University) Columbus. 101 p. ·and Whitfield). (Auxilia Palaeontol1ogiae, No. RODRIGUEZ, Joaquin (1957) Paleontology of 2) n. p. 64 p. I · the Mississippian Formatio1,1s of Knox County, LEUTZE, Willard Parker (1959). Stratigraphy Ohio. (Thesis, M. S., The Ohio State Uni ver- and Paleontology of'the Salina Group: inCentral ~ity) Columbus. 216 p. New York. (Thesis, Ph.D., The Ohi~ State U- SHEATSLEY, Larry Lee ( 1960) Pleistocene mol­ niversity) Columbus. 463 ·p. I luscan faunas of the Aultman deposit, Stark NEW YORK (STATE) NA1URAL HIS'Jt1RY SURVEY County, Ohio. (Thesis, M. S., The Ohio State (1847-1894) Palaeontology of New York, by University) Columbus. 161 p. James Hall. Albany, Printed by C./ Van Bent- S1URGEON, Myron Thomas ( 1933) The Stratigra­ huysen .. 8 vols. in 13 1 phy and Paleontology of the middle portion of OHIO I the Allegheny Formation of the Lisbon (Ohio) AUKEMAN, Frederick Neil (1960) ~leistocene .Quadrangle. (Thesis, M.A., The Ohio State molluscan faun~s of the Oakhurs~ deposit, University) Columbus. 91 p. Franklin County, Ohio. (Thesis, M.;S., The O- ---- (1936) A contribution to the Allegheny hio State University) Columbus. 145 p. Fauna of Eastern Ohio. (Thesis, Ph.D., The BOWMAN, Richard Spencer (1956) Stratigraphy Ohio State University) Columbus. 174 p. and .Paleontology of the· Niagara1 Series in STERKIANA NO. 54, JUNE 1974

SZMUC, Eugene Joseph (1957) Stratigraphy and WISCONSIN Paleon-tology cifthe Cuyahoga Formation of North­ ROY, Edward Carl (1964) Pleistocene non­ ern Ohio. (Thesis, Ph.D., The Ohio State Uni- marine Mollusca of Northeastern Wisconsin. versity) Columbus. 2 vols. (Thesis, Ph.D., The Ohio State University) Co- ZIMME~AN, James Arthur (1958) Pleistocene l u mbu s . l 56 p . molluscan faunas of the Newell Lake deposit, Logan County, Ohio (Thesis, M. S., The Ohio MIDDLE AMERICA State University) Columbus. 156 p. ANTILLES AND THE CARIBBEAN . OREGON WARMKE Germaine Le,'Clerc (1962) Caribbe­ ALLISON, Ira Shimmin (1966) Fossil Lake, an Seashells; a guide to the marine mollusks Oregon: its geology· and fossil faunas. (Oregon of Puerto Rico and other West Indian islands, State Monographs. Studies in Geology, No. 9) Bermuda and the Lower Florida Keys, ·by Ger­ Corvallis, Oregon State Univ~rsity Press. 48 maine L. Warmke ·and R. Tucker Abbott. Nar- p. berth, Pa., Livingston. 348 p. FREMONT, John Charles (1845) (See citation BERMUDA under 'California') WARMKE, Germaine Le Clerc (1962)' (See ci­ MOORE, Ellen James (1971) Fossil Mollusks of tation under 'Antilles and the Caribbean.') coastal Oregon. (Oregon State Monographs. CUBA Studies in Geology, No. 10) Corvallis, Oregon MacGILLAVRY, Henry James (1937) Geology of State University Press. 64 p. the province of Camaguey, Cuba, with revisi­ TEXAS . onal studies in Rudist Paleontology (mainly ANDREWS, Jean (1971) Sea Shells of the based upon collections from Cuba) Utrecht, Texas Coast". (The Elma Dill Russell Spencer Holland, ·Printed by J-. Van Boekhoven. 168 p. Foundation Series, No. 5) A~stin, University MEXICO of Texas Press. 298 p: ERBEN, Heinrich Karl (1954) Dos Amonitas GARDNER, Julia Ann a (193 5) The Midway Group nuevas y su importancia para la estratigrafia of Texas .. (The University of Texas Bulletin del Jurasico Inferior de Mexico. (Paleonto­ No. 3301, January 1', 1933) Austin, The Uni- logia mexicana No. l) Mexico D. F., Univer­ v e r s i t y o f T e x as . 40 3 p . - sidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico, lnstituto NEWELL, Norman Dennis (1953) (See citation de Geologia.-· 23 p. under 'New Mexico') ---- · (1956) El Jurasico Inferior .de Mexico STEPHENSON, Lloyd William (1941) The larger y sus Amonitas. (XX Congreso Geologico lnter­ invertebrate fossils. of the Navarro Group- of nacional) Mexico, D. F., Universidad Nacional Texas (exc·lusive ofcorals and crustaceans and Aut6noma de Mexico, Instituto de Geologia. exclusive of the fauna of the Escondido Forma­ 393 p. tion) (The University of Texas Publication No. STREBEL, Hermann (1873) Beitrag zur Kennt- 4101) Austin, The University of Texas. 64). p. niss der Fauna mexikanischer Land- und SUss­ WENDORF, Fred,ed.(l961) (s.eecitation under wasser-Conchylien. (Abhandlungen aus dem Ge­ 'New Mexico') biete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben WEST TEXAS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY (1953) Strati­ von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Ham- graphy of- the Permian Basin of West Texa~, burg. Bd. 6. Hamburg, G. J. Herbst. 69 p. with special reference to the cross sections PANAMA of 1949, 1951, and 1953, by T. S. Jones, in OLSSON, Axel Adolf (1961) Mollusks of the cooperation with the Strati graphic Problems tropical eastern Pacific, . particularly from Committee. Resume of West Texas Permian In­ the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal vertebrate fossils, by Harold L. W~lliams. n. province (Panama to Peru); Panamic-Pacific p. 63 p. Pelecypoda. New York,Paleontological Research UTAH Institution. 574 p. KATICH, Philip Joseph (1951) The Strati- PUERTO RICO graphy and Paleontology of the pre-Niobrara NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (1919-1942) Upper Cretaceous rocks ofCastle Valley, Utah. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Vir­ (Thesis Ph.D., The Ohio State University) Co­ gin Islands. New York, .The Academy. 19 vols. lumbus, 208 p. TRINIDAD U. S. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF WALL, Georges Parkes (1860) Report on the THE TERRITORIES ( 1876) Report on the Geology Geology of Trinidad; or Part I. of the West of the eastern portion of the Uinta Mountains Indian Sur~ey. By G. P. Wall and J. G. Saw­ and a region of country adjacent thereto With kins. London, Printed for H.M. Stat·. Off. by atlas. By J. W. Powell. Washington, D. C. Longman, Green·, Longman and Roberts. 211 p. Gov't Ptg. Office. 218 p. VIRGIN ,ISLANDS WASHINGTON NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (1919-1942) RICE, Thomas C. (1968) A checklist of the (See citation under 'Puerto Rico') marine Gastropods from the Puget Sound Region; from the mouth of the Columbia River to the northern tip of Vancouver Island. Port Gam- ble, Wash., Of Sea and Shore. 169 p. STERKIANA NO. 5~ • . JU~E 197~

SOUTII AMERICA lurien du centre de la Boheme. Partie: Re­ BRAZIL cherches paleontologiques. Prague, !'auteur. HOLDHAUS, Karl (1918) Sobre alguns Lamel­ 8 vols. libranchios fosseis doSul deBrasi,l. (Brazil. ---- (1867) Cephalopodes siluriens de la Servi9o Geologico e Mineralogico. Monographi­ Boheme. (Extrait du Systeme silurien du cen­ as, v. 2) Rio de Janeiro, lmprensa, Nacional. tre de la Boheme, vol. 2) Prague, !'auteur. 32 p. 1 48 p. WHITE, Charles Abiathar ( 1888) Con1tributions ---- (1867) Pteropodes siluriens de la Bo- to the Paleontology of Brazil; comp1rising de­ heme. (Extrait du Systeme silurien du centre a. scriptions of Cretaceous invertebrate fossils, de la Boheme,vol. 3) Prague, !'auteur. 16 p. mainly from the provinces of Sergi~e, Pernam­ FRITSCH, Anton (1879) Fauna derGaskohle und buco, Para and Bahia. Portuguese, trans. by der Kalksteine der Permformation·Bohmens, v. Orville A. Derby. (Extracted from vol. 7 of 1, pt. l. Prague, in Commiss.ion bei F. Riv­ ·. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro) nac. Rio de Janeiro? 321 p. BRITISH ISLES (IN GENERAL) CHILE' I ARKELL, William Joscelyn (1933) The Juras- WETZEL, Waite~ (1930) Die Quiriquina- sic System in Great Britain. Oxford, Claren- Schichten als Sediment und Paliiontologisches don Press. 682 p. Archiv. (Separat-Abdruck aus Palaeontographi- BEIRNE, Bryan P. (1952) The origin and his- ca, Bd. 73) Stuttgart, E. Schweitzerbart'sche tory of the British Fauna. London, Methuen. Verlagsb~chhandlung. 106 p. 164 p. ~~ • 1 BOOWN, Thomas (1849) Illustrations of the BOSWORTII, Thomas Owen (1922) Geqlogy of fossil Concholqgy of Great Britain and Ireland, the Tertiary and Quaternary periOds in the with descriptions and localities of all spe- north-west part of Pe'ru. London, ,Macmillan. cies. London, Smith, Elder. 173 p. 434 p. ---- (1889) An Atlas of the Fossil Concho­ logy of Great Britain and Ireland,_ with de­ EUROPE (SPECIFIC REGIONS) scriptions of all the species. London, S. NORTII SEA Sonnenschein. 117 p. SCHAFER, Wilhelm (1972) Ecology and pale­ BUCKMAN, Sydney Savory (1909-1912) Yorkshire oecology of marine environments; trans. from type Ammonites. The original descriptions re­ the German 'by lrmgard Oertel; edited by Y. printed and illustrated 'by figures of the ty­ Craig. (Trans. of Aktuo-Paliiontologie nach pes, reproduced from photographs mainly by J. Studien in der Nordsee) University of Chicago W. Tutcher. London, William Wesley. 1 voL Press. 568 p. FRETTER, Vera (1962) British Prosobranch Molluscs; their functional anatomy and ecolo­ EUROPE (COUNTRIES) gy, by Vera Fretter and Alastair Graham. (Ray ARMENIA· , Society; sold by B. Quaritch. 755 p. ABICH, Hermann ( 1878-1887) G,eologische HARMER, Frederic William (1914-1920) The Forschungen in den kaukasischen Liind·ern. Wien, Pliocene Mollusca ofGreat Britain, being sup­ in Commission bei A. Holder. 3 volis. plementary to S. V. Wood's Monograph of the AUSTRIA 1 Crag Mollusca. London, Printed for the Palae- LINZ, AUSTRIA. STADTMUSEUM (19:69?) Geo- ontographical Society. 2 vols. logie und Paliiontologie des Linzer Raumes; der ·HIND, Wheel ton (1896-1905) A Monograph of Boden von Linz. Katalog zu den Ausstellung the British Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. des Stadtmuseums Linz in der Neuen Galerie der London, Printed for the Palaeontographical So- Stadt Linz, Wolfgang-Gurlitt-Museum und des ciety. 2 vols. Oo. Landesmuseums. (Its Kataloge zu Ausstel­ HUDLESTON, ,Wilfrid Hudleston (1887) British lungen, 6; Kataloge des Oo. Landesmuseums, Nr. Jurassic Gasteropoda. London, Printed for the 64) Linz, Druck: Gutenberg Ges. 200 p. Palaeontographical Society. 1 vol. . SCHAFFER, Franz Xaver (1907 -1908) Ge o 1 ogi s ch- LYCETT, John (1872-1879) A Monograph of the er Ftihrer ftir Exkursionen in i~neralpinen British fossil Trigoniae. London, Printed ·for Becken der niichsten Umgebung von ~ien. Ber­ the Palaeontographical Society. (Palaeonto­ lin, Gebrtider Borntraeger. 2 vols. graphical Society, l:on.don. Publications v. BELGIUM 26, 28, 29, 31, 33) London, Printed for the MAILLIEUX, Eugine {1922) Terrains roches Palaeontographical Society. 5 vols. et fossiles de la Belgique. Bruxelles, Publie ---- (1881-1883) Suppl~ment to a Monograph par les Naturalistes Belges. 164 p. of the British fossi-l Tr'igoniae. (Palaeonto­ ---- (1933) Terrains roches ... :. 2d ed., graphical Society, London. Publications v. rev. et augm. Bruxelles, Patrimoide du Musee 35, 37) London·, Printed for the Palaeontogra- d'Hisioire Naturelle de Belgique. 217 p. phical Society. 2 vols. MOURLON, Michel Felix (1880-1881 ): _ Geologie MURCHISON, Hoderick Impey (1872) Siluria. A de la Belgique. Paris, Savy, Libraire de la History of the oldest rocks in the British Societe Geologique de France. 2 vots. in l. Isles and other countries; with sketches of the BOHEMIA origin and distribution of native gold, the BARRANDE, Joachim (1852-19li) Systeme s1- general succession of geological formations, STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~ ~7

and changes of the earth's surface. 5th ed. mian Fossils of England. London, Printed for London, J. Murray. 566 p. Atlas (separat~ the Palaeontographical Society. 258 p. volume) .. has ti-tle: Figures of the .Silurian LYCETT, John (1863) Supplementary Mono.graph fossils to illustrate Murchison's Siluria. on the Mollusca from the Stones field Slate, PALAEONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, LONDON (1966) Great Oolite, Forest Marble, and Cornbrash. Directory of British fossiliferous localities. London, Ptin ted for the Pal aeon to graphical So­ New York, Johnson Reprint Corp. 268 p. ciety. 129 p. PHILLIPS, John. (1865-1909) A Monograph of MANTELL, Gideon Algernon (1847) Geological • British Belemnitidae: Jurassic. London, Prin­ excursions round the Isle of Wight, and along ted for the Palaeontographical Society. 130~ the adjacent coast of Dorsetshire; illustra­ p. tive of the most interesting geological phe­ SLATER, Ida L. (1907) A Monograph of British nomena, and organic remains. London, H. G. Conulariae. London. Printed for the Palaeon­ Bohn. 428 p. tographical Society. 40 p. MORRIS, John (1854) A Monograph of the Mol­ SOWERBY, James (1812-1846) The Mineral Con­ lusca from the Great Oolite chiefly from Miri­ chology of Great Britain; or, Colou.red Figures chinhampton and the coast of Yorkshire, by and d~scriptions of those remains of testace­ Professor Morris and John Lycett. London, ous animals or shells, which have been pre­ Printed for the Palaeontographical Society. served at various times and depths in the 2 vo l s. in l. earth. London, Printed by B. Meredith. 7 vols. MORTON, John (1712) The Natural History of TRUEMAN, Arthur Elijah (1946-1947) A Mono­ Northamptonshire, with some accountofthe an­ graph ol aritish Carboniferous non-marine La­ tiquities. London, Printed for R. Knaplock mellibranchia, ·by A. E. Trueman and J. Weir. and R. Wilkin. 607 p. London, Printed fo.r the· Palaeontographical PLOT, Robert (1677) The Natural History of Society. 3 vols. (Alsd issued as Palaeonto­ Oxford-shire, being an essay toward the natu­ graphical Society, London. Monographs, v. 99, ral history of England. Oxford, Printed at pt. 4 the Theater. 358 p. WEST, R. G. (1968) Pleistocene Geology and SHARPE, Daniel (1853-1909) Description of Biology, with especial reference to the Brit­ the fossil remains of Mollusca found 1n the ish Isles. New York, Wiley. 377 p. Chalk of England·. Cephalopoda. London, Prin­ ted for the Palaeontographical Society. 70 p. WOOD, Searles Valentine (1848-188:2) A Mono­ SIMPSON, Martin (1942) The Fos_sils of the graph of the Crag Mollusca, with descriptions Yorkshire Lias; described from nature with a of shells from the Upper Tertiaries of the carefully measured section of the strata and British Isles. London, Printed for the Palae­ the fossils peculiar to each. 3d ed. Hull. oritographical Society, 4 vols·. (Also issued Eng., A. Brown. 256 p .. as the Society's Monographs, v. l, 4, 25, 27,· WHIDOORNE, George Ferris ( 1889-1907) A Mono­ 33' 36) graph of the Devonian Fauna of the south of WRIGHT, Thomas (1878-1886) Monograph on the England. London, Printed for the Palaeonto­ Lias Aminoni tes of the British Is lands. Lon­ graphical Society. 3 vols. (Also published don, Printed for the Palaeontographical Soci­ in Palaeontographical Society's Publications, ety. 503 p. (Also issued as the Society's V. 42-47, 49; 50) Publications, v. 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39) WOOD, Searles Valentine (1861-1871) A Mono­ ENGLAND graph of the Eocene Bivalves of England, vol. BLAKE, John Frederick (1905-1907) A Mono­ l. London, Printed for the Palaeontographical graph of the Fauna of the Cornbr~sh. London, Society. 182 p. Printed ·for the Palaeontographica'l Society. ---- (1877) Supplement. London, Printed for 106 p. the Palaeontographical Society. 24 p. (Also DIXON, Frederick (1'850) TheGeology and Fos­ published as the Society's Publication, v. 31) sils of. the Tertiary and Cretaceous ·Formations WOODS, 'Henry (1899-1913) A Monograph of the of Sussex. London, Longman, Brown, Green and Cretaceous Lamellibranchia of England. Lon­ Longmans: 424 p: don, Printed for the Palaeontographical Soci­ EDWARDS,Frederic Erasmus (1849) A Monograph ety. 2 vols. of the Eocene Cephalopoda and Univalves of IRELAND England, vol. l. By the late Frederic E. Ed­ BROWN, Thomas (1849) (See citation under wards; continued by Searles V. Wood. London, 'British Isles') Printed for the Palaeontographical Society. FOORD, Arthur Humphreys (1897-1903) Mono­ 361 p. graph of the Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ire­ KENDALL, Francis (1816) A descriptive Cata­ land. London, Printed ·for the Palaeontogra­ logue of the minerals and fossil organic re­ phical Society. 234 p. mains of Scarborough and the vicinity, inclu­ WALES ding the line of coast from Hornsea to Mul­ WOBBER, Frank J. (1968) A Faunal Analysis g'rave, and ex·tending into the interior as far of the Lias (Lower Jurassic) of South Wales, as Malton. Scarborough, T. Coultas .. 316 p. Great Britain. Bethesda, Md., International KING, William (1850) AMonograph of the P-er- Business Machines Corp., Space Systems. 84 p. ~8 STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

FRANCE LOCARD, Arnould ( 1878) Description de la BABIN, Claude (1966) Mollusques bivalves Faune de la Mollasse marine et d'eau douce d~ et cephalopodes du Paleozoique a~moricain. Lyonnais et du Dauphine. (Extrait des Archi­ (These, Rennes) Brest, lmprimerie Commerciale ves du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, et Administrative. 470 p.. , t. 2) Lyon, Pitrat Aine. 278 p. CUVILLIER, Jean (1961) Stratigraphic corre­ ---- (1879) Description de la ·faune malaco­ lations by microfacies in Western Aquitaine. logique des terrains quaternaires des environs W~th the collaboration of V. Sacal. 3d ed. de Lyon. Lyon, H. George; Paris, J. -B~ Bail- (International sedimentary petrographical ser- liere. 207 p. ies, v. 2) Leiden, E. J. Brill. 34 p. VEITER, Pierre L. R. (1968) Geologie et Pa­ FRANCE. SERVICE DES TOPOGRAPHIES_SOUTERRAI­ leontologie des bassins houillers de Decaze­ NES (1930-1951) Bassin houiller de la Sarre et. ville, de Figeac et du detroit de Rodez. Albi, de la Lorraine. (Etudes des gites m1neraux Houilleres du bassin d'Aquitaine. 2 vols. ·- de la France) Lille, Imprimerie L. Danel. 3 GERMANY vols. GIEBEL,Christoph Gottfried Andreas (1852) FURON, Raymond (1947) Catalogue de's fossiles Deutschlands Petrefacten; ein systematisches tertiaires du bassin de Paris,-parRaymond Fu­ Verzeichniss aller in Deutschland und den an­ ron et Robert Soyer. (Savoir en histoire na­ grenzenden Landern vorkommenden Petrefac~en ture 11 e , v . 2 2 ; Guides techniques d u natura - nebst Angabe der Synonymen und Fundorte. Leip­ liste, v. 6) Paris, P. Lechevalier. 240 p. zig, A. Abel. 706 p. . GAUDRY, Albert (1873) AQimaux fossiles du HYATT, Alpheus (1880) The genesis of. the Mont Leberon (Vaucluse). Etude sur. les ver­ Tertiary ·species of Planorbis at- Steinheim. tebres, par Albert Gaudry. Etude s'!r les ln­ (Boston Society of Natural History. Anniver­ vertebres par P. Fischer et R. Tourriou~r._ Pa- sary Memoirs, 1880) Boston, The Societ~.114 p. ris, ,F. Savy. 180 p. . KLOEDEN, Karl Friedrich von (1834) Die Ver­ GUERIN-FRANIATTE, Simone (1966) Ammonites steinerungen der Mark Brandenburg, insonder­ du Lias inferieur de France, Psilocerataceae: heit diejenigen, welche sich in den Rollsteinen Arietitidae·. Paris, Centre National de la und Blocken der sudbaltischen Ebene finden. Recherche Scientifique. 2 vols. Berlin, G. G.Luderitz. 378 p. HANCOCK, J.M. (1959) Les Ammonites du Gno­ KUHN, Oskar (1966) Die Tierwelt des Soln- manien de la Sarthe. (Comptes rendus du Con­ hofener Schiefers. 2., neu bearb. Aufl. (Die gres des So~ietes Savantes, Dijon, 1959: Col­ neue Brehm-BUcherei, 318) Wittenberg, Ziemsen. loque sur le Cretace superieur fran~ais. Pa- 40 p. ris, Gauthier-Villars. p. 249-252 · LEICH, Helmut (1968) Nach millionen Jahren JULIEN, Alphonse (1896) Le terrain Carboni­ ans Licht. Versteinerungen der Jurazeit; fere marin de la France centrale ... :avec cou­ Thun, MUnchen, Ott. 164 p. pes geologiques et dix-sept planches de fos- QUENSTEDT, Friedrich August von ( 1846) Pe­ siles. Paris, Masson. 304 p. t r e fa c ten k u n de De u t s c h 1 and s . Ab t . 1 , Bd . 1 : KILIAN, Wilfrid (1915) Contribution ~ l'e­ Cephalopoden. Tubingen, L. F. Fues. 581 p. tude des faunes Paleocretacees du sud-est de (Atlas zu den Cephalop9den (separate vol.) 61 la France. I. La faune de 1' Aptien; inferieur plates) , des environs de Montelimar (Drome) (carriere ROTHE, Hans Werner (1955) Die Cerat.iten und de l'Homme d'Armes). II. Sur quelques Ammo­ die Ceratitenzonen des Oberen Muschelkalks nites de l'Hauterivien de la Begude (Basses­ (Trias) im Thuringer Becken. Frankfurt/M., Alpes) par W. Kilian .... avec la collaboration Verlag Dr. Hans Werner Rothe. 69 p. de' P. Reboul. (France. Service de la carte SALOMON -CALVI, Wilhelm ( 1966) Obe rrhe i nis ch­ ~eologigue de la France. Memoires p9ur servir er Fossilkatalog Konigstein-Ta.unus, Koeltz. 1 ~ !'explication de la carte geologique detail­ vol. (various pagings) lee de la France) Paris, ImprimeriJ Nationa- SCHMIDT, F.A. 0846) Petrefacten-Buch, oder le. 296 p. i allgemeine und besondere Versteinerungskunde, ---- (1920) Contributions ~ l'etude des ce­ mit BerUcksichtigung der Lagertingsv~rhalt­ phalopodes Paleocretaces du sud-est de la nisse, besonders in Deutschland. Stuttgart, .• France. (Materiaux pour servir ~ la connais­ Hoffman. 174 p. sance du Cretace inferieur par MM. W. Kilian, GREECE M. Gignoux, E. Chaput, G. Sayn, P. Fallot et SCHNEIDER, Horst Ernst (1968) Zur quar- P. Reboul) (France. Service de la carte geo- targeologischen Entwicklungsgeschichte Thes­ logique de la France. Memoires ... ~) .Paris, saliens (Griechenland). (Beitrage zur ur- und .Imprimerie Nationale. 266 p. frUhgeschichtlichen Archaologie des Mittel- ---- (1922) Contributions a l'etude des ce­ meer-Kulturraumes, Bd. 6) Bonn, R. Habelt. phalopodes paleocretaces du sud-est de la 127 p. France. (Materiaux pour servir a la connais­ HUNGARY sance du Cretace inferieur) Les Spiticeras STRAUSZ, Laszlo (1966) Die Miozan-medi- du sud-est de la France,, par M. A. Djanelidze. terranen Gastropoden Ungarns. Budapest, Aka- (F~ance. Service de la carte geologique de la demisi Kiado. 692 p. France. Memoires .... ) Paris, lmprimerie Na- tionale. 207 p. STERKIANA NO. 5~. JUNE 197~

ITALY Pietresson de St. -Aubin. Trans. from Russian . . BROCCHI; Giovanni Battista (1814) Conchi­ (Trad. No. 2944) Paris, Bureau de Recherches ologia fossile subapennina, con osservazi­ Geologiques etMinieres, Service d'Information oni geologiche sugli Apennini e sul suolo Geologique. 3 vols. adiacente. Milano, Stamperia Reale. 2 vols. MURCHISON, Roderick lmpey (1845) The Geology POLAND of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. FRIEDBERG·, Wilhelm (1951-1954) Mieczaki London, J. Murray. 2 vols. . miocenskie ziem polskich i Kraj6w s~siednich. SAKS, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1964-1966) Ver­ • (Poloniae finitarumque terrarum Mollusca Mio-· khneiurskie i nizhnemelovye Belemnity Severa caenica) Krakow; Warszawa, Polikie Towarzys­ SSSR. Leningrad, Nauka. 2 vols. two Geologiczne. 3 vols. ZENKEVICH, Lev Aleksandrovich (1963) Biolo­ MAKOWSKI, Henryk (1962) Problem ~f sexual gy of the Seas of the U.S.S.R. Trans. by S. dimorphism in Ammonites. Zagadnienie dymor­ Botcharskaya. 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