Mycotoxins

Coronavirus

PRP’s Rotavirus

Villi Salmonella

E.coli

Clostridium M cells

Macrophage β-glucan

Lymphoid Follicle

T cell

Activated Macrophage What is Beta-Glucan? Dectin-1 β-glucan (beta-glucan) is a class of polysaccharide generating CD4 attention for reported immune health benefits. Beta-glucan T cell can be found in a variety of natural sources such as mushrooms, yeast, algae, cereal grains and bacteria. Not all beta-glucan is equally effective at triggering an appropriate immune response. The biological activity attributed to any one specific beta-glucan molecule may be Dendritic affected by several factors. These factors include molecular structure, Natural CD 8 cell degrees of branching and solubility, differences in molecular weight and Killer cell T cell solution conformation and methods of production, extraction and purification. Beta‑glucan extracts are preferred since this form is able to pass through the epithelial barrier in the intestine with the help of specialized M cells, where it is Cytotoxic free to interact with other cells of the immune system. Memory T cell T cell Fungal Cell Wall Extracted Triple Helix Structure Compelling scientific evidence exists in support of the use of mushroom polysaccharide extracts for their bioactive and medicinal Nature had Structure in Mind properties including, immunomodulatory (regulation of an efficient immune response), antimicrobial, antitumor, anti‑inflammatory Mushroom Beta-Glucan and Related Polysaccharides sugar protein complex and hepatoprotective activities. The use of medicinal mushrooms is Lending structural support to the cell wall, typical fungal beta- gaining momentum worldwide as medically important mushroom glucans share in common a backbone chain of β-(1,3)-linked (1,3)(1,6)-β-glucan derived polysaccharide compounds such as Krestin (PSK), Lentinan D-glucose units. Along each backbone are randomly dispersed and Sonifilan, continue to achieve clinical relevance. side chains of β-D-glucose units attached by (1,6) linkages. In general, mushrooms contain these branched chains of beta-glucan The impact mushroom beta-glucan and related polysaccharides arranged in triple helices stabilized by hydrogen bonds. could potentially have on animal agriculture cannot be overstated. With consumers demanding a reduction in the use of antibiotics, Author of Medicinal Mushrooms, A Clinical Guide, Martin Powell, compounded by the VFD (Veterinary Feed Directive), natural alternatives advocates “In contrast to the relatively inexpensive commercially in the rearing and feeding of farm animals are the emerging solution. available beta-glucans from yeast, mushroom beta-glucans have more diverse structures and consequently, superior immunological MUSHROOM AND MUSHROOM DERIVATIVES activity.” Contributing to the vast structural diversity of Polysaccharide: A repeating chain molecule made up of single sugars immunologically active polysaccharides derived from mushrooms, bonded together. is that many contain other sugar molecules besides glucose and/ chitin (1,3)(1,6)-Beta-glucan: A class of polysaccharides specific to fungi. Beta or some level of bound protein, referred to as heteroglucans and immuno-modulatory protein linkage is a type of structural arrangement of the chain of glucose molecules. proteoglycans respectively. When analyzing mushroom products Heteroglucan: Polysaccharides made up of different sugars and/or for immunologically active polysaccharides it is recommended to different linkages (either alpha, beta or both in the same molecule). analyze for beta-glucans, heteroglucans and proteoglycans. cell membrane Proteoglycan: Polysaccharides bound to a protein/peptide.

Yeast Cell Wall Extracted Single Helix Structure Studies have demonstrated that yeast cell wall is capable of Yeast and Yeast Derivatives binding a wide range of toxins. In addition, the finer the particle Like other fungal beta-glucans, yeast beta-glucans consist of a size the greater the capacity of yeast cell wall to improve immune β-(1,3)-linked D-glucose backbone with randomly dispersed β-(1,6)- glucomannan protein complex function and oxidative stress in broilers (X.H. Li et al., 2016). One of linked D-glucose side chains. These glucans are typically highly the most notable benefits of feeding MOS is a decreased pathogen branched and can exist as random coils or helical structures. The load. MOS binds to pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract illustration to the far right depicts the hallmark of yeast beta- preventing their colonization along the intestinal wall. glucan, a single helix. The immunomodulatory activity of extracted, highly purified yeast beta-glucan is well documented. However, X.H. Li, Y.P. Chen, Y.F. Cheng, W.L. Yang, C. Wen, Y.M. Zhou. Effect of yeast cell wall powder with different particle sizes on the growth performance, serum metabolites, immunity and oxidative the feed industry has been misled to believe that feeding whole status of broilers/ Animal Feed Science and Technology 212 (2016) 81–89. yeast or yeast cell wall products will provide the same immune benefits as feeding extracted yeast beta-glucan. This is not (1,6)-β-glucan the case. The Yeast Cell Wall illustration depicts how the beta- YEAST AND YEAST DERIVATIVES glucan is bound between an inner layer of chitin and an outer (1,3)-β-glucan Whole Yeast: Intact single-celled fungi. layer of glucomannan protein complex, commonly referred to Yeast Cell Wall: Structural component of cell giving yeast its shape as mannan oligosaccharide or MOS. If fed in this form the beta- and rigidity; composed of beta-glucan sandwiched between an outer glucan component is virtually unable to interact with immune cells layer of mannoprotein and an inner layer of chitin. resulting in extremely limited immunomodulatory properties. chitin Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS): Glucomannan protein complex which forms the outermost layer of yeast cell wall. This is not to imply that feeding whole yeast, yeast cell wall or Mannose: A single sugar epimeric with glucose that occurs as a further processed yeast cell wall (MOS) is without benefit. In fact, component of many natural oligosaccharides. many benefits may be obtained by feeding any one of these or a Yeast Extract: Soluble portion of yeast cell providing natural combination of these products. cell membrane nucleotide content.

Euglenoid Algae Linear Structure Euglenoid Algae Mice studies completed with euglenoid algal beta-glucan have A particular type of microalgae known as euglenoid algae produce shown improved disease resistance and reduced mortality. Broiler and store glucan polysaccharides (paramylon) in the cytoplasm studies have shown improved performance. Further investigation in granules, which serve as energy reserves. The illustration to is necessary to determine the true efficacy of algal beta-glucan. the right shows a paramylon granule in Euglena gracilis. The The benefit of selecting such a simple form of beta-glucan is that it predominant glucan form of paramylon is linear (1,3)-β-D-glucan. is relatively inexpensive since significant processing is not required Since the most immunologically active forms of beta-glucan to isolate the desired compound. contain this basic (1,3)-β-D-glucan backbone, consideration is being given to this pure base structure. paramylon granule (1,3)-β-glucan E.coli

Cryptosporidium

Epithelial cells

B cells YEAST CELL WALL IN ACTION Antigen Associated with the fimbriae of several species of bacteria are proteins called lectins, which bind specific sugars. Lectins specific for mannose are widespread among intestinal pathogens. As shown in the illustration above, by flooding the gastrointestinal tract with yeast cell wall, pathogens such as Salmonella bind to the mannose-rich portion (MOS), preventing their colonization along the intestinal wall and preserving gut integrity.

MicroBasics, Inc. 11590 W. Bernardo Ct., Ste. 110 San Diego, California 92127 Plasma 1-888-WHY-1316 cell [email protected] Memory www.microbasics.com B cell

Copyright © 2018 MicroBasics Inc.