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Open Martin Dissertation 2016 Revised The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN YUCATAN AND THE SOUTHERN GULF COAST, 1600-1830 A Dissertation in History by Rebekah E. Martin 2016 Rebekah E. Martin Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 ii The dissertation of Rebekah E. Martin was reviewed and approved* by the following: Matthew Restall Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of History, Anthropology, and Women’s Studies Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Amara Solari Associate Professor of Art History and Anthropology Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Kathryn Salzer Assistant Professor of History K. Russell Lohse Assistant Professor of History Bradford A. Bouley Assistant Professor of History Colleen Connolly-Ahern Associate Professor of Communications David G. Atwill Director of Graduate Studies Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This study addresses issues of legitimate/illegitimate medical practices as they pertained to socially constructed and enforced identities in Yucatan and the southern Gulf Coast region, 1600-1830. Through an in-depth examination of colonial sources, I demonstrate that the social and legal legitimacy of medical practices were continuously negotiated between practitioners, patients, and the Spanish colonial authorities. Furthermore, I argue that existing historiographical analysis has reified boundaries and identities which existed only in law. While traditional scholarship has considered the categories of legitimate physician/illegitimate curandero to be oppositional, I show instead that such distinctions were, in practice, quite porous. Similarly, categories of illegitimate practice are often considered to be representative of the medical practice of women, indigenous peoples, and/or Afro-Mexicans, while Spanish physicians and surgeons alone performed the legitimate work of medicine. Yet in colonial Yucatan and the southern Gulf Coast region, medical practitioners could and did simultaneously occupy both legitimate and illegitimate categories of practice as well as move freely between those categories, depending on the circumstances. The exigencies of daily life, early modern beliefs about the nature of evil, and local politics all became factors in the determination of the legitimacy of medical practice and practitioners in a region characterized by the circulation of ideas and movement of people. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………ix Glossary ................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 I. Context and Project Description ................................................................................... 3 II. Presidio Demography .................................................................................................. 11 III. Negotiated Legitimacy ............................................................................................... 15 IV. Historiography ........................................................................................................... 23 V. Chapter Descriptions ................................................................................................... 29 VI. Note on Terms ........................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2 Negotiated Legitimacy in Professional and Para-Professional Medicine ............... 35 I. Legal Legitimacy: Professional and Para-Professional Practitioners ........................... 39 i. Professional education .......................................................................................... 39 ii. Professional and para-professional roles .............................................................. 46 iii. Attending the sick ............................................................................................... 57 II: Social Legitimacy: Professionals and Colonial Administrators .................................. 61 i. Professional medical practitioners as lawbreakers ................................................ 61 ii. Social legitimacy .................................................................................................. 68 iii. Legitimation through colonial authorities ........................................................... 72 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 80 Chapter 3 Love Magic and Curandería .................................................................................... 83 I. Lay Medical Practice .................................................................................................... 89 i. Labeling curandería and love magic .................................................................... 89 ii. Identity and education .......................................................................................... 94 II. Legitimacy and Illegitimacy in Lay Medical Practice ................................................. 97 i. Common elements ................................................................................................. 97 ii. Rituals, materials, and incantations ...................................................................... 98 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 121 v Chapter 4 Medical Texts .......................................................................................................... 124 I. Lay and Professional Print Medical Culture ................................................................. 128 i. Imports: printed European texts ............................................................................ 128 ii. Mayan-language manuscripts .............................................................................. 134 iii. Comparing Spanish- and Mayan-language textual culture ................................. 137 II. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 141 Chapter 5 Professional Medicine and Public Policy ................................................................ 143 I: Hospitals ....................................................................................................................... 145 II: The Dangerous Environment ....................................................................................... 160 i. Quotidian illness.................................................................................................... 160 ii. Smallpox .............................................................................................................. 166 iii. Sick leave and medical retirement ...................................................................... 170 iv. Environmental health .......................................................................................... 172 III: Bodies of Evidence: Crime and Medical Professionals ............................................. 177 IV: Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 185 Chapter 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 188 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 193 Appendix: Medical Texts from the Southern Gulf Coast ................................................ 208 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Herman Moll, A Map of the Bay of Campeche, in William Dampier, Voyages and Descriptions, Vol. II (London: printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, 1699), 14.9 x 27.9 cm. JCB Map Collection No. 30843-1. Accessed through JCBO. See Figure 1-2 for detail. .............................. 4 Figure 1-2. Detail of Moll, A Map of the Bay of Campeche; center right, “Triest Island” [Isle of Tris], on which the Presidio del Carmen was built. .......................... 5 Figure 1-3. Map showing the locations of the towns, ports, and presidios linked by the Bay of Campeche and discussed in this study. ...................................................... 7 Figure 1-4. View towards the Bay of Campeche from Baluarte de Nuestra Señora de Soledad. During the colonial period, the bay reached the wall. Now, the shoreline has been moved (by human agency) and a line of seafront structures obscures the view of the bay. Photo by the author. ..................................................... 10 Figure 1-5. 1790 report for the Presidio del Carmen and the villages surrounding the Laguna de Terminos. See figures 1-7 and 1-8 for detail. Source: AGI, Mapas y Planos, México no. 587. .................................................................................
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