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Glaciers: Learning goals and study guide Determine the factors that affect the motion of glaciers, and calculate the speed of glacier movement. Discover what a glacier buget means for the growth and destruction of a glacier, and describe the features it leaves behind. Be able to recognize or describe features in glaciated environments, particularly till, moraines, drumlins, erratics, striations, and outwash features. Know when the last continental glaciation reached its peak, and approximately when it ended in the Puget Sound area. Understand how snow turns into glacial ice. Understand how and why a glacier flows, and where brittle and ductile deformation occur in a glacier. Understand glacier formation, particularly the relationships between the following: a.Temperature and glacier size b. Snowfall amount and glacier size. Understand the effects of global climate change on the amount of glacial ice, and the trends over the last 150 years. Be able to recognize features that indicate whether a glacier is advancing or retreating (moraines), and features that indicate whether an area was previously glaciated (striations, erratics, moraines, kames, eskers). Understand how CO2 in the atmosphere, and other greenhouse gases, affect global average temperatures, on Earth and other planets. Understand the effect of glacial (terrestrial) ice loss on sealevel, locally and globally. Be able to define and give an example or labeled drawing of the following terms: Ablation zone Glacier Ablation till Horn Accumulation zone Ice field Alpine glacier Kame Arête Loess Cirque Moraine Compacted till Outwash plain Continental ice sheet Piedmont glacier End moraine Tarn Equilibrium line Till Esker U-shaped valley Firn Valley train Glacial drift .

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Surface Mass Balance of Small Glaciers on James Ross Island
Journal of Glaciology (2018), 64(245) 349–361 doi: 10.1017/jog.2018.17 © The Author(s) 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Surface mass balance of small glaciers on James Ross Island, north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula, during 2009–2015 ̌ ̌ ̌ ZBYNEK ENGEL,1* KAMIL LÁSKA,2 DANIEL NÝVLT,2 ZDENEK STACHON2 1Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic 2Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic *Correspondence: Zbyněk Engel <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. Two small glaciers on James Ross Island, the north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula, experi- enced surface mass gain between 2009 and 2015 as revealed by field measurements. A positive cumulative surface mass balance of 0.57 ± 0.67 and 0.11 ± 0.37 m w.e. was observed during the 2009–2015 period on Whisky Glacier and Davies Dome, respectively. The results indicate a change from surface mass loss that prevailed in the region during the first decade of the 21st century to predominantly positive surface mass balance after 2009/10. The spatial pattern of annual surface mass-balance distribution implies snow redistribution by wind on both glaciers. The mean equilibrium line altitudes for Whisky Glacier (311 ± 16 m a.s.l.) and Davies Dome (393 ± 18 m a.s.l.) are in accordance with the regional data indicating 200–300 m higher equilibrium line on James Ross and Vega Islands compared with the South Shetland Islands.
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Learning to Speak Like a Glaciologist
Conversational Glaciology Answers Learning to speak like a glaciologist Matching Exercise A sharp knife-edge ridge of high ground that forms between arête two corries where they are cutting back into the rock A form of erosion that is caused by rocks and sediment at the abrasion base of glaciers grinding along the ground beneath acting like a giant sand-paper file to scrape and smooth rocks below Sediment material that is dragged along the base of a glacier bedload or ice sheet, acting to erode the ground beneath A mixture of sands, clays and boulders carried by a glacier and boulder then deposited over a large area clay (till) As ice slowly moves forward it pushes material forwards ahead bulldozing of it like a bulldozer The process whereby blocks of ice collapse and fall from the calving snout of the glacier, often into a glacial lagoon An armchair-shaped rounded hollow in a mountainside that is formed by a combination of glacial erosion, rotational slip and corrie /cwm / freeze-thaw weathering. When the ice melts it leaves a cirque depression in the rock A deep crack found in the surface of an ice-sheet or glacier, crevasse these are often buried under snow and can be incredibly dangerous if unseen A hill landform that is formed by the deposition of glacial till (boulder clay) as a glacier moves, they are usually oval in shape drumlin and their long axis is parallel to the direction of ice The imaginary boundary line between the ablation zone (where equilibrium ice is lost) and accumulation zone (where ice is gained) line The process of material being broken down and worn away, erosion which can happen in various ways, e.g.
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Chapter 7 Glaciers
CHAPTER 7 GLACIERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Before the era of universal air travel, which commenced less than half a century ago, few of the world’s population had seen a glacier. I suspect that majority of class members in this course have seen a glacier—if not close up, then out of a jetliner window. In the Canadian Rockies, you can drive to within almost a stone’s throw of the terminus of the Athabasca Glacier, a classic active valley glacier. In many other parts of the world, valley glaciers are accessible to even casual day hikers. The great ice sheets of the world, in Antarctica and Greenland, remain much less accessible. 1.2 In the broad context of geologic history, the Earth is in an “icehouse” time, with recurrent major ice-sheet advances across the Northern Hemisphere continents. (There have been several other such icehouse periods in Earth history, separated by long intervals of ice-free times, called “greenhouse” periods, with no evidence of glaciation.) The Earth has only recently emerged from the latest episode of continental glaciation. Does it surprise you to learn that a mere twenty thousand years ago the Boston area was beneath a mile of glacier ice moving slowly southward toward its terminus south of what is now the south coast of New England? 1.3 The Earth is in many senses a glacial planet: • 10% of the Earth is covered with glacier ice (about 15 million square kilometers). • About 40% of the Northern Hemisphere in winter is covered with solid water at any given time (land and sea).
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Alphabetical Glossary of Geomorphology
International Association of Geomorphologists Association Internationale des Géomorphologues ALPHABETICAL GLOSSARY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY Version 1.0 Prepared for the IAG by Andrew Goudie, July 2014 Suggestions for corrections and additions should be sent to [email protected] Abime A vertical shaft in karstic (limestone) areas Ablation The wasting and removal of material from a rock surface by weathering and erosion, or more specifically from a glacier surface by melting, erosion or calving Ablation till Glacial debris deposited when a glacier melts away Abrasion The mechanical wearing down, scraping, or grinding away of a rock surface by friction, ensuing from collision between particles during their transport in wind, ice, running water, waves or gravity. It is sometimes termed corrosion Abrasion notch An elongated cliff-base hollow (typically 1-2 m high and up to 3m recessed) cut out by abrasion, usually where breaking waves are armed with rock fragments Abrasion platform A smooth, seaward-sloping surface formed by abrasion, extending across a rocky shore and often continuing below low tide level as a broad, very gently sloping surface (plain of marine erosion) formed by long-continued abrasion Abrasion ramp A smooth, seaward-sloping segment formed by abrasion on a rocky shore, usually a few meters wide, close to the cliff base Abyss Either a deep part of the ocean or a ravine or deep gorge Abyssal hill A small hill that rises from the floor of an abyssal plain. They are the most abundant geomorphic structures on the planet Earth, covering more than 30% of the ocean floors Abyssal plain An underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m.
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Chapter 6. Supraglacial Environments
CHAPTER SUPRAGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS 6 A. Schomacker1 and I´.O¨ . Benediktsson2 1UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, 2University of Iceland, Reykjav´ık, Iceland 6.1 INTRODUCTION The supraglacial environment comprises the surface of active glaciers and dead-ice (Fig. 6.1). It is directly accessible for observations of glacial processes, sediments, and landforms in contrast to the subglacial and englacial environments where direct assess is limited. A very wide range of glacial and sedimentary processes occur on the surface of glaciers and in dead-ice environments (e.g., Benn and Evans, 2010). On glacier surfaces, debris may experience entrainment, transport, and deposition. In sediment-covered dead-ice environments, the main process is resedimentation by gravitational, fluvial, and lacustrine processes before final melt-out and deposition (e.g., Eyles, 1979; Lawson, 1979; Schomacker, 2008; Schomacker and Kjær, 2007, 2008; Ewertowski and Tomczyk, 2015). The properties of supraglacial debris depend both on its source and the modification it has been exposed to on the ice surface. Six main processes cause sediment to accumulate on the surface of glaciers: (1) rockfall and avalanches (e.g., Andre,´ 1990; Hambrey et al., 1999; Glasser and Hambrey, 2002; Dunning et al., 2015), (2) thrusting or squeezing of subglacial material (e.g., Sharp, 1985; Huddart and Hambrey, 1996; Kru¨ger and Aber, 1999; Glasser and Hambrey, 2002; Benediksson et al., 2008; Schomacker and Kjær, 2008; Rea and Evans, 2011), (3) melt-out of eng- lacial debris
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Glacial Landforms and Features
Glacial landforms and features Photo by: pablo_hernan During the last Ice Age, which ended approximately 10,000 years ago, 32 percent of Earth's land area was covered with glaciers. At present, glaciers cover roughly 10 percent of the land area. A vast majority of that glacial ice overlies much of the continent of Antarctica. Most of the rest covers a great portion of Greenland; a small percentage is found in places such as Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Patagonia, New Zealand, the Himalayan Mountains, and the Alps. Glaciers are not landforms. The action of glaciers, however, creates landforms. It is a process known as glaciation. Glacial ice is an active agent of erosion, which is the gradual wearing away of Earth surfaces through the action of wind and water. Glaciers move, and as they do, they scour the landscape, "carving" out landforms. They also deposit rocky material they have picked up, creating even more features. The work of present-day glaciers, however, is slow and confined to certain areas of the planet. Less obvious but far more reaching has been the work of Ice Age glaciers. Many of the distinctive features of the northern landscapes of North America and Europe were formed by glaciers that once covered almost one-third of the planet's land surface. The shape of the land A glacier is a large body of ice that formed on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow, survives year to year, and shows some sign of movement downhill due to gravity. Two types of glaciers exist: relatively small glaciers that form in high elevations near the tops of mountains are called alpine or mountain glaciers; glaciers that form over large areas of continents close to the poles (the North and South Poles; the extreme northernmost and southernmost points on the globe) are called continental glaciers or ice sheets.
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Far-Flung Moraines
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UNDERSTANDING CHANGES to GLACIER and ICE SHEET GEOMETRY: the ROLES of CLIMATE and ICE DYNAMICS Caitlyn Elizabeth Florentine
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Graduate School Professional Papers 2018 UNDERSTANDING CHANGES TO GLACIER AND ICE SHEET GEOMETRY: THE ROLES OF CLIMATE AND ICE DYNAMICS Caitlyn Elizabeth Florentine Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Recommended Citation Florentine, Caitlyn Elizabeth, "UNDERSTANDING CHANGES TO GLACIER AND ICE SHEET GEOMETRY: THE ROLES OF CLIMATE AND ICE DYNAMICS" (2018). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11253. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11253 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING CHANGES TO GLACIER AND ICE SHEET GEOMETRY: THE ROLES OF CLIMATE AND ICE DYNAMICS By CAITLYN ELIZABETH FLORENTINE Master of Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 2011 Bachelor of Arts, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, 2007 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geosciences The University of Montana Missoula, MT August, 2018 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. Joel T. Harper, Chair Department of Geosciences Dr. Jesse V. Johnson Department of Computer Science Dr. Marco Maneta Department of Geosciences Dr. Toby W. Meierbachtol Department of Geosciences Dr. Johnnie N. Moore Department of Geosciences i © COPYRIGHT by Caitlyn Elizabeth Florentine 2018 All Rights Reserved ii Florentine, Caitlyn, Ph.D., Summer 2018 Geosciences Understanding Changes to Glacier and Ice Sheet Geometry: The Roles of Climate and Ice Dynamics Chairperson: Dr.
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Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms
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Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms
, ,, .... ':0:0.... • _, o · • • GLOSSARY OF GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND RELATED TERMS Prepared by the Working Group on Mass-balance Terminology and Methods of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86 IACS Contribution No. 2 UNESCO, Paris, 2011 Published in 2011 by the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86 | IACS Contribution No. 2 UNESCO Working Series SC-2011/WS/4 0 UNESCO/IHP 2011 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The author(s) is (are) responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: Cogley, J.G., R. Hock, L.A. Rasmussen, A.A. Arendt, A. Bauder, R.J. Braithwaite, P. Jansson, G. Kaser, M. Möller, L. Nicholson and M. Zemp, 2011, Glossary of Glacier Mass Balance and Related Terms, IHP-VII Technical Documents in Hydrology No. 86, IACS Contribution No. 2, UNESCO-IHP, Paris. Front-cover credits: Left: Snow pit on Storglaciären, Sweden (Peter Jansson). Middle: Hofsjökull, Iceland (809 km2), imaged on 13 August 2003 by the ASTER sensor on the NASA Terra spacecraft.
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Matching Exercise a Long Ridge of Sediment That Is Deposited by Meltwater from Ablation Retreating Ice and Usually Forms a Winding Course
Professional Glaciology Learning to speak like a glaciologist Matching Exercise A long ridge of sediment that is deposited by meltwater from ablation retreating ice and usually forms a winding course When warm glaciers have high enough temperatures at the base to produce significant meltwater this water acts as a accumulation lubricant to reduce friction between the base of the ice and the bedrock, encouraging flow The term for a change in sea level due to the uptake or albedo effect release of water from terrestrial glaciers and polar ice, during times of increased glaciation or increased melting The process of ice loss from a glacier or ice sheet usually through melting, sublimation, evaporation, ice calving, avalanche, etc.; the basal ablation zone is the area (usually at lower elevations) where net loss sliding takes place (where melting exceeds accumulation) The term for anything relating to the erosion or deposition Bergschrund caused by flowing meltwater from glaciers or ice sheets The response of land that was once weighted down and deformed under the ice rising and falling in reaction to the loss of ice, for example cold-base northern Scotland that was once glaciated is still rebounding and rising glaciers while to compensate the south of England is sinking A steep-sided flat-topped mound of gravel and sand that is compressional deposited by meltwater from retreating ice; the terrace flow forms when sediment accumulates in ponds and lakes Once all the ice has melted and a river returns to the englacial deglaciated valley, it
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Zur Pedologischen Relativdatierung Glazialgeomorphologischer Befunde Aus Dem Dhaulagiri- Und Annapurna-Himalaja Im Einzugsgebiet Des Kali Gandaki (Zentral-Nepal)
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