Matching Exercise a Long Ridge of Sediment That Is Deposited by Meltwater from Ablation Retreating Ice and Usually Forms a Winding Course

Learning to speak like a glaciologist

Matching Exercise A long ridge of sediment that is deposited by meltwater from ablation retreating ice and usually forms a winding course

When warm glaciers have high enough temperatures at the base to produce significant meltwater this water acts as a accumulation lubricant to reduce friction between the base of the ice and the bedrock, encouraging flow

The term for a change in sea level due to the uptake or albedo effect release of water from terrestrial glaciers and polar ice, during times of increased glaciation or increased melting

The process of ice loss from a glacier or ice sheet usually through melting, sublimation, evaporation, ice calving, avalanche, etc.; the basal ablation zone is the area (usually at lower elevations) where net loss sliding takes place (where melting exceeds accumulation)

The term for anything relating to the erosion or deposition Bergschrund caused by flowing meltwater from glaciers or ice sheets

The response of land that was once weighted down and deformed under the ice rising and falling in reaction to the loss of ice, for example cold-base northern Scotland that was once glaciated is still rebounding and rising glaciers while to compensate the south of England is sinking

A steep-sided flat-topped mound of gravel and sand that is compressional deposited by meltwater from retreating ice; the terrace flow forms when sediment accumulates in ponds and lakes

Once all the ice has melted and a river returns to the englacial deglaciated valley, it can look unexpectedly small and out of moraine place within the scale of the large wide glacial trough

Another form of ground ice, with slices of ice that penetrate equilibrium down through the soil vertically – playing an important role in line breaking up soil particles to loosen them for erosion and transportation

The most recent epoch during which ice coverage was much eskers greater than it is today, from approximately 2.5million years ago until 11’800 years ago, which ended with the present interglacial Holocene epoch Similar to terminal moraine, but rather than being at the extensional absolute furthest point of the glacier’s snout they are flow deposited wherever the snout remained static for long enough to accumulate debris Also known as temperate glaciers these are found at lower latitudes (e.g. the Alps mountain range); temperatures around felsenmeer the glacier are warmer allowing the ice to move more rapidly with increased liquid meltwater and basal sliding

The reflective capacity of material to return incoming solar radiation; white surfaces such as glacial ice have a high albedo effect and reflect fluvioglacial much solar radiation – there is a feedback loop whereby if ice surfaces melt then more dark surfaces become exposed, leading to more rapid melting

This marks the line of separation between areas of frost creep accumulation and areas of ablation, and it will move each year

When soil particles on a slope move downhill due to gravity, a gelifluction form of slow mass movement of soil that begins with freeze- thaw action

An Icelandic term for a glacial outburst flood resulting from glacial the sudden melting of ice (e.g. due to volcanic eruption) or budget from failure of a glacier-ice-dam, glacier-sediment-dam.

Glacial The net change in a glacier’s mass over a year (or other fixed time isostatic span); this can be a positive mass balance if the glacier accumulates rebound / more ice than it loses through ablation (melting) and a negative adjustment mass balance if there is more ablation than accumulation

Moraine (rock debris) that is carried along within the ice itself glacioeustasy

A cylindrical vertical or near vertical shaft within a glacier, formed by surface meltwater percolating through a crack in internal the ice and scouring deformation

Hills that have an ice core, and are usually circular or dome- isostasy like in shape; the ice in the centre accumulates due to hydrostatic pressure or groundwater flow A process of gradually moving wet soil or other material jökulhlaup down slope, particularly when frozen subsoil acts as a barrier to prevent percolation of water; a form of slow mass movement

When a large portion of ice becomes detached from the main kames / glacier and melts, any suspended sediment within the ice will kame be deposited and form a large plain of unsorted till material terrace

A deep crevasse that can be found along the rear wall of a kettle corrie (cwm / cirque) that formed as ice moves away downhill holes

These are found in higher latitudes and so there is less seasonal variation in temperature and less meltwater; as a mass result these glaciers tend to move more from internal balance deformation rather than basal sliding

medial If the gradient becomes steeper then ice will move faster moraine downhill, in effect stretching the ice mass so that it becomes thinner in some points and creates cracks and crevasses at right angles to the flow Extensive areas of angular rock, from the German for ‘sea of misfit rock’ where exposed rock surfaces that have been quickly stream broken up by frost action are found on mountain slopes (also known as blockfield)

The balance between the amount of inputs compared to outputs in the glacial system, typically a glacier losses mass moulin through evaporation and there will be some melting at the snout in the ablation zone

This process takes place mostly within cold glaciers where gravity and the pressure of ice in the accumulation zone needle ice causes ice crystals to slide over each other and crumple and deform, which can form crevasses

An area adjacent to a glacier or ice sheet that is subjected nivation to repeated freeze-thaw processes, a cold climate that commonly has permafrost, e.g. Canada, Greenland, Siberia, etc.

Layers of rock debris from the valley sides build up on the surface of glaciers over time, and each successive winter it becomes embedded periglacial within the growing ice; bands of slowly rotating frozen rock then scrape over the bedrock to erode when ice moves downhill I Irregular land surfaces found in periglacial landscapes that pingos consist of alternating hills and hollows that are formed when I permafrost thaws x- ---- + ------The build-up of the glacier’s mass due to snow being compacted into � pleistoce I ice; the accumulation zone on a glacier is the part of a glacier ne (usually at higher elevations) where there is net accumulation (where snowfall and other frozen precipitation exceeds losses)

-----+------If the gradient is less steep or ice is moving over a major obstacle - pore ice then the ice flow slows down and backs up on itself, which can close crevasses and form fractures in the ice; the ice thickens which increases its mass and pressure at that point which increases erosion -----+------A form of solifluction found in periglacial environments where - recessional the downslope sliding movement of seasonally thawed and moraine saturated soil is assisted by an impermeable layer of permafrost beneath the topsoil

-----+------The balance between changes within the Earth's crust and mantle, - where material is displaced in response to an increase (depression) rotational or decrease (rebound) in mass at any point on the Earth's surface scouring above. Glaciers and ice sheets often cause these changes.

- ----+------A rounded hollow that- is generally filled by a lake, that forms solifluction due to a melting ice mass that is trapped within deposits

-----+------The most common type of ground ice which develops in spaces � striations between soil particles -----+------Weathered rock debris bands that run along the centre of a thermokarst glacier, forming when lateral moraines from two glaciers merge together -----+------A group of processes such as freeze-thaw and mass wasting �till plains serve to carve out depressions and hollows in the ground, which can enlarge over time to form corries

-----+------Grooves that are scratched into the bedrock below ice as the - varves glacier moves and transports material down valley; these lines show in what direction the ice flowed

I I Glacial sediment deposits that form in thin layers in pairs of warm-base clay and silt; these layers represent a single year (summer glaciers I and winter deposits) in a lake and can help scientists x- ---- + -determine - - the - glacier - - chronology ------� I

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