DEATH and the KING's HORSEMAN ―Analysis and Translation Into Portuguese―

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DEATH and the KING's HORSEMAN ―Analysis and Translation Into Portuguese― Adriano Moraes Migliavacca DEATH AND THE KING’S HORSEMAN ―Analysis and Translation into Portuguese― Porto Alegre 2018 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Letras Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Estudos de Literatura Literaturas Estrangeiras Modernas DEATH AND THE KING’S HORSEMAN ―Analysis and Translation into Portuguese― Adriano Moraes Migliavacca Orientadora: Prof. Dr. Rosalia Angelita Neumann Garcia Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras do Instituto de Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção de título de Doutor em Letras – Literaturas Estrangeiras Modernas Porto Alegre 2018 2 3 Agradecimentos À minha orientadora Rosalia Angelita Neumann Garcia por me acompanhar já há tanto tempo em minha formação e aos membros da banca professora Eliana Lourenço da Lima Reis, Elizamari Rodrigues Becker e Lawrence Flores Pereira por gentilmente terem aceitado avaliar esta tese, ponto crucial de meu amadurecimento intelectual. À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, por todos estes anos de aprendizado. Ao amigo José Ricardo Costa por trocas intelectuais e espirituais. Ao Bàbálawo Ifálọlá Ojétundé Awosanmi Fájobí Agboọlá, por me guiar na minha Ìrìn- àjò, e a todos os membros da Ẹgbẹ́ Agboọlá, pelas experiências que tivemos juntos. À mana Ifáṣike Ọ̀ ṣunbunmi Irewole – Carol – pelas trocas e aprendizados espirituais- pessoais, de perto e à distância. Ao grande amigo Rodrigo de Lemos, pelas trajetórias paralelas ao longo de quase vinte anos entre poemas e ideias. Ao brother Jerônimo Cassol Soro, na fragilidade fora da sina. À minha Eliane Fernandes Marques, Olùfẹ́ mi, por um ano de amor, companheirismo, muito auxílio, aprendizado e mais amor. Que outros venham!!! Enfim para a minha Ẹgbẹ́ Ọ̀ run àti Ẹgbẹ́ Àiyé: Umberto, Bàbá mi Gisela, Ìyá mi Carolina, Arábìnrin mi Por terem gerado e moldado a pessoa que sou e que chegou até aqui, estando do meu lado mesmo quando as coisas pareciam perdidas, mas, acima de tudo, nos momentos de felicidade. e A todos os membros da Ẹgbẹ́ Migliavacca e da Ẹgbẹ́ Moraes – os que estão, os que estiveram e os que estarão. 4 RESUMO Na moderna literatura africana, poucos autores se destacam tanto quanto o dramaturgo, poeta, ensaísta, memorialista e ficcionista nigeriano, de origem iorubá, Wole Soyinka, internacionalmente célebre e ganhador do Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1986. Soyinka é conhecido sobretudo como dramaturgo, e seu teatro se caracteriza pelo uso de uma variedade de gêneros literários, formas, linguagens extraliterárias, como a dança e a música, e outros recursos relacionados à cultura iorubá. A obra de Soyinka, escrita em inglês, incorpora tanto elementos das literaturas ocidentais quanto das africanas, e seu inglês é marcado pela constante visitação da oralidade iorubá em provérbios, metáforas e fragmentos de poemas tradicionais assim como sua dramaturgia incorpora elementos do teatro tradicional de seu povo. Acima de tudo, seus enredos, que incluem temas atuais como corrupção, lutas por poder e conflitos entre o indivíduo e seu grupo, estão alicerçados na visão de mundo e cosmogonia iorubá, contendo ainda diversas referências mitológicas e rituais. Em outras palavras, Wole Soyinka se caracteriza, antes de tudo, como um escritor iorubá, cuja obra, cosmopolita em seus temas e conflitos, encontra suas raízes e enquadramento filosófico na visão de mundo de seu povo. É nessa forte presença de elementos iorubás que se encontra um dos maiores interesses das obras de Wole Soyinka para o Brasil. Sabemos que, nos últimos tempos, está havendo uma considerável valorização de elementos de origem africana presentes na cultura nacional, dentre eles, os encontrados nas religiões de matriz africana, que se mostram verdadeiros repositórios de mitos e símbolos de grande riqueza semântica. Tais mitos e símbolos presentes nessas religiões são majoritariamente de origem iorubá. Ler a obra de Soyinka no Brasil, portanto, é buscar uma nova forma de se relacionar com esses elementos e de valorizá-los em sua dimensão literária. Entre as peças de Wole Soyinka, a mais conhecida é provavelmente Death and the King’s Horseman, publicada em 1975 e com diversas realizações teatrais na Nigéria, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido. Baseada em uma situação real na Nigéria colonial, em que um costume do povo iorubá entrou em conflito com a ordem britânica, tal peça é aquela em que visão de mundo e mitologia iorubá estão mais bem articuladas com uma linguagem rica em gêneros e fragmentos da literatura oral iorubá, sendo particularmente proveitosa para uma aproximação cultural. Esta tese oferece uma análise da peça baseada em noções da cultura, da mitologia e da visão de mundo iorubá e nas teorias estéticas e metafísicas do próprio Wole Soyinka. Destacam-se nesta análise os aspectos simbólicos, míticos e metafísicos, assim como os estéticos. Essa análise é precedida de um estudo sobre dimensões da cultura iorubá importantes para o entendimento da peça, tais como história, religião, mitologia, filosofia e artes. Em seguida, as teorias estéticas de Wole Soyinka são estudadas sobre o pano de fundo das discussões literárias vigentes na África no período em que Soyinka engendrava tais teorias. É a partir desses elementos que a peça é analisada. Acima de tudo, esta tese oferece uma tradução de Death and the King’s Horseman que busca valorizar seu conteúdo lírico, suas várias linguagens e suas perspectivas filosóficas, com base nos estudos que foram feitos nos capítulos precedentes, concluindo a tese com observações sobre o processo de tradução. Palavras-chave: Wole Soyinka. Tradução Literária. Literatura Africana. 5 ABSTRACT In modern African literature, few authors stand out as much as the Nigerian playwright, poet, essayist, memorialist, and novelist, of Yoruba origin, Wole Soyinka, internationally acknowledged as the winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize for Literature. Soyinka is known above all as a playwright, and his theatre is characterized by the use of a variety of literary genres, forms, extra-literary languages, such as dance and music, and other resources related to Yoruba culture. Soyinka’s work, written in English, includes elements from both Western and African literatures, and his English is marked by the constant presence of Yoruba orality in proverbs, metaphors and fragments of traditional poems as much as his dramaturgy embodies elements of the traditional theatre of his people. Above all, his plots, in such current themes as corruption, struggle for power and conflicts between individual and the community, are stippled on Yoruba worldview and cosmogony, containing as well many mythological and ritual references. In other words, Wole Soyinka characterizes himself, above all, as a Yoruba writer, whose work finds its roots and philosophical framework in the worldview of his people. It is in the strong presence of Yoruba elements in virtually all the ambits that we find one of the greatest interests of Soyinka’s works for Brazil. It is well-known that, in later years, there has been an increasing valuation and interest for elements of African origin in national culture, including those found in African-Brazilian religions, which are actually pools of myths and symbols of great semantic wealth. These myths and symbols found in those religions are, in their majority, of Yoruba origin. Reading Soyinka’s works in Brazil, therefore, is a way of relating to these elements and valuing them in their literary dimension. Among Soyinka’s works, the best-known is probably Death and the King’s Horseman, published in 1975 and with many productions in Nigeria, the United States and the United Kingdom. Based on an actual event that took place in colonial Nigeria, in which a Yoruba native habit conflicted with the British rule, this play is the one in which Yoruba mythology and worldview are best articulated with language that is rich in genres and fragments of Yoruba oral literature, being particularly fruitful for a cultural encounter. This dissertation offers an analysis of the play base on notions of Yoruba culture, mythology, and worldview and on Soyinka’s own aesthetic and metaphysical theories. This analysis highlights the symbolical, mythical and metaphysical, as well as aesthetic aspects. It is preceded by a study on important dimensions of Yoruba culture for the understanding of the play, such as history, religion, mythology, philosophy and arts. After that, Wole Soyinka’s aesthetic theories are studied against the background of the current literary discussions in Africa at the time. It is from these elements that the play is studied. Above all, this dissertation offers a translation of Death and the King’s Horseman that values its lyrical content, its many artistic languages and its philosophical perspectives based on the studies conducted in previous chapters and concluding with observations about the translation process. Keywords: Wole Soyinka. Literary Translation. African Literature 6 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER 1 ORISUN (SPRINGHEAD) The Land of Spreading 23 Oyo: Kingdom among Kingdoms 30 Yoruba Religion—The Early Views 40 A Worldview and its Deities 46 Yoruba Worldview in Art and Spectacle 55 CHAPTER 2 ORITA META (CROSSROADS) The Position of African Literature 68 The Negritude Movement and Soyinka 73 The Burden and the Muse 84 A Yoruba Writer 89 Soyinka and the African World 93 Literature as Mythopoiesis 111 CHAPTER 3 OJA ATI ILE (MARKETPLACE AND HOME) The Horseman Staged and Read 118 Act 1 122 Act 2 136 Act 3 139 7 Act 4 145 Act 5 147 Discussion 154 CHAPTER 4 IRIN AJO (JOURNEY) Language Worlds 261 Act 1 264 Act 2 273 Act 3 279 Act 4 288 Act 5 292 CONCLUSION 302 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 307 8 INTRODUCTION In 1986, the world saw the first Black author to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in the figure of the Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka. An author of plays, poems, essays, memoir books and novels, Wole Soyinka was paramount in the formation of modern African Literature, which cannot be conceived of without him.
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