Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project
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Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project July 2001 Kevin W. Bon U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Denver, Colonodo Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project Contents Introduction ............................................................. 1 Study Area .............................................................. 2 Mapping Procedures . .. 4 General ............................ ..... .......................... 4 Photography . 4 Field Work . 4 Photo Interpretation . .. 5 Cartography . .. .. .. 6 D_lgl· ·t· lza t· Ion .......................................................... 8 Quality Control ............................................... -. .. 8 Mapping Conventions. .. 9 Wetland .............................................................. 9 Riparian .............................................................. 10 Upland ............................................................... 11 Products ................................................................ 13 Results ................................................................. 13 Definitions .............................................................. 18 Literature Cited ................. ......................................... 19 Appendix A: National Wetlands Inventory Map Legend used for the Yellowstone River. 20 Appendix B: Riparian Habitat Map Legend used for the Yellowstone River ........... 21 Appendix C: Upland Land UselLand Cover Classification Legend ....................22 Appendix D: Wetland Classifications and Acreage Statistics ....................... 23 Appendix E: Riparian Classifications and Acreage Statistics ....................... 26 Appendix F: Upland Classifications and Acreage Statistics ........................ 28 List of Figures Figure 1. Project Area. .. 3 Figure 2. Example of Aerial Photography, and Color-coded Map . .. 5 Figure 3. Portion ofNWI Map ............................................. 7 Figure 4. Examples of Classification Terminology ............................ 12 Figure 5. Riverine Classification Pie Diagram ................................ 14 Figure 6. Palustrine Classification Pie Diagram ............................... 15 Figure 7. Riparian Habitat Pie Diagram ..................................... 16 Figure 8. Upland Land UselLand Cover Pie Diagram .......................... 17 Suggested Citation: Bon, K. W. 2001. Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Denver, Colorado. 29 pp. Cover photo: Yellowstone River in Paradise Valley_ Introduction The Yellowstone River is the longest free-flowing river in the contiguous United States. It flows for six hundred seventy miles from it's headwaters in the Absaroka Mountains in northern Wyoming to it's juncture with the Missouri River in western North Dakota. Lewis and Clark descended much of the Yellowstone River during their Voyage of Discovery in 1806. The upper Yellowstone River within Park County, Montana is one of the west's premier native trout fisheries and supports populations of cutthroat trout. It also supports and regenerates stands of riparian cottonwood forest and provides habitat for neo-tropical migrant bird species. Flooding in 1996 and 1997 caused property damage with subsequent increases in channel modification activities. Given the resource significance of this area, issues have been raised regarding the effects of bank stabilization and long term cumulative impacts. Landowners and municipalities have attempted to prevent or reduce flooding and erosion through bank stabilization structures involving rock riprap and channel deflection using rock barbs. The Governor's Upper Yellowstone River Task Force was formed in November of 1997 to address the cumulative effects of existing and proposed channel modifications and to provide a cooperative forum for local comprehensive planning. Permitting agencies such as the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with other Federal, state and local agencies, and private individuals require knowledge of this upper reach of the river to assist in deciding what effects these channel modifications will have on domestic, recreational and wildlife resources. A resource inventory of current habitat and land use along the river is the important first step in the development of comprehensive resource management plans and future decision making. Debris deposited on a gravel bar during high flows on the Yellowstone River. 1 Introduction The Yellowstone River is the longest free-flowing river in the contiguous United States. It flows for six hundred seventy miles from it's headwaters in the Absaroka Mountains in northern Wyoming to it's juncture with the Missouri River in western North Dakota. Lewis and Clark descended much of the Yellowstone River during their Voyage of Discovery in 1806. The upper Yellowstone River within Park County, Montana is one of the west's premier native trout fisheries and supports populations of cutthroat trout. It also supports and regenerates stands of riparian cottonwood forest and provides habitat for neo-tropical migrant bird species. Flooding in 1996 and 1997 caused property damage with subsequent increases in channel modification activities. Given the resource significance of this area, issues have been raised regarding the effects of bank stabilization and long term cumulative impacts. Landowners and municipalities have attempted to prevent or reduce flooding and erosion through bank stabilization structures involving rock riprap and channel deflection using rock barbs. The Governor's Upper Yellowstone River Task Force was formed in November of 1997 to address the cumulative effects of existing and proposed channel modifications and to provide a cooperative forum for local comprehensive planning. Permitting agencies such as the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with other Federal, state and local agencies, and private individuals require knowledge of this upper reach of the river to assist in deciding what effects these channel modifications will have on domestic, recreational and wildlife resources. A resource inventory of current habitat and land use along the river is the important first step in the development of comprehensive resource management plans and future decision making. Debris deposited on a gravel bar during high flows on the Yellowstone River. 1 Bank stabilization using rip-rap along the Yellowstone River. Study Area The upper Yellowstone River was mapped from the northern boundary of Yellowstone National Park near Gardiner, Montana to the bridge which crosses the river at Springdale, Montana (Figure 1). This is a reach of approximately 84 river miles and is bounded laterally by specific elevation contours identified on USGS topographic maps. The mapped area of approximately 85 square miles encompasses the majority of the area that has been flooded by the river in the last 300 years and therefore includes all wetland and riparian habitat adjacent to the river as well as surrounding land use. The study area covers all of the Paradise Valley where the majority of channel modifications have taken place. Portions of 14 topographic quads are covered in the study area including: Gardiner, Electric Peak, Dome Mountain, Miner, Dailey Lake, Emigrant, Pray, Dexter Point, Chimney Rock, Brisbin, Livingston, Mission, Elton and Springdale. 2 Figure 1. Upper Yellowstone River project area. Yellowston iver Within Park County, Montana (With U.S. Geological Surv y 71/2 Minute Quads) N Proj eel Sou ndary /\/Yeilowstone River U.s. Geolo~ce l Survey 7 112 Minute Quad Names 1 • Sprilgdae 2 ·8ton 3 - Mission 4 -lMngsioo 5 • Elrisbin 6 - Chi mn BY Rock 7 • [)ext Poll'll 8 - PrtloJ 9 • EmI-'1raT1t 10 - Dailey LakB 11. Miner 12· Dome Mountan 13 - E1edTlc ~1< 14. Gardmer 3 Mapping Procedures General Mapping of the study area was accomplished using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing technologies provide the most accurate, cost effective and expeditious means for mapping large areas. Standard photo interpretation, cartography and digitization procedures were followed to produce final maps and digital data. All habitats (wetland and riparian) as well as land use and land cover were mapped. This mapping effort provides baseline spatial data for habitat and land use planning and management by identifying location and size of all habitats. Data exist as both hard copy maps and in digital format for ease of analysis using geographical information systems (GIS). Photography Photography was flown specifically for this project to provide the optimum scale, emulsion and time of season for accuracy in habitat discrimination. River flows were monitored prior to photo acquisition and photography was acquired on August 25 and 26, 1999 at a scale of 1 :24,000 and is stereoscopic with a color infrared emulsion (Figure 2). Discharge at the time of photography was 3440 and 3330 cfs (cubic feet per second) respectively. This flow rate allowed more accurate identification of the main channel compared to river bars that are submerged during high flows. It also allows for more accurate differentiation of upland and riparian versus wetland since there is no flooding at low flow which can obscure the true habitat or land use. Field Work Field reconnaissance was conducted both prior to and during photo interpretation to correlate photographic signatures to distinct habitats and landscape features on the ground. Two field trips were conducted, one preliminary trip the week of October 5,1998 and another more intensive trip the week of May 7, 2000. Wetland and riparian habitats were