DOCSLIB.ORG

Novel Material Composites for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Novel Material Composites for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Novel material composites for dielectric elastomer actuators Ankit 2019 Ankit. (2019). Novel material composites for dielectric elastomer actuators. Doctoral thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/136574 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/136574 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY‑NC 4.0). Downloaded on 08 Oct 2021 03:29:50 SGT NOVEL MATERIAL COMPOSITES FOR DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER ACTUATORS ANKIT SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019 NOVEL MATERIAL COMPOSITES FOR DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER ACTUATORS ANKIT SCHOOL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Statement of Originality I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research, is free of plagiarised materials, and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. 22nd July 2019 . Date Ankit Supervisor Declaration Statement I have reviewed the content and presentation style of this thesis and declare it is free of plagiarism and of sufficient grammatical clarity to be examined. To the best of my knowledge, the research and writing are those of the candidate except as acknowledged in the Author Attribution Statement. I confirm that the investigations were conducted in accord with the ethics policies and integrity standards of Nanyang Technological University and that the research data are presented honestly and without prejudice. 22nd July 2019 . Date Assoc Prof Nripan Mathews Authorship Attribution Statement This thesis contains material from 3 paper(s) published in the following peer-reviewed journal(s) / from papers accepted at conferences in which I am listed as an author. Portions of Chapter 4 are published as Ankit, N. Tiwari, M. Rajput, N. A. Chien, N. Mathews. Highly Transparent and Integrable Surface Texture Change Device for Localized Tactile Feedback. Small 14, 1702312 (2018). DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702312. The contributions of the co-authors are as follows: • I conceived the idea with guidance from Prof N. Mathews and performed all the laboratory work and analysis at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. • N. Tiwari performed the UV-Vis measurements for the samples. • M. Rajput helped with the spray coating of silver nanowires for initial samples and process optimization. • I prepared the manuscript drafts and the manuscript was revised by Dr N. A. Chien and Prof N. Mathews. Chapter 5 is currently being prepared as a manuscript – Ankit, F. Ho, N. Tiwari, F. Krisnadi, S. J. A. Koh, N. Mathews. Bioinspired liquid filler based soft elastomeric composites for electrically powered soft actuators. The contributions of the co-authors are as follows: • I conceived the idea with guidance from Prof N. Mathews and performed all the laboratory work and analysis at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. • F. Ho. prepared the initial samples for proof of concept experiments. • N. Tiwari helped with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. • F. Krisnadi prepared the schematic sketches for the manuscript. • Prof S. J. A. Koh at Department of Mechanical Engineering (NUS) helped with the dielectric spectroscopy measurements. • I prepared the manuscript drafts and the manuscript was revised by F. Krisnadi, Prof S. J. A. Koh and Prof N. Mathews. Chapter 6 is published as Ankit, N. Tiwari, M. Rajput, N. A. Chien, N. Mathews. Highly Transparent and Integrable Surface Texture Change Device for Localized Tactile Feedback. Small 14, 1702312 (2018). DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702312. Portions of Chapter 6 are published as Ankit, J. Y. Chan, L. L. Nguyen, F. Krisnadi, N. Mathews. Large-area, flexible, integrable and transparent DEAs for haptics. Proc. SPIE 10966, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXI, 109661W (13 March 2019). DOI: 10.1117/12.2514267. The contributions of the co-authors are as follows: • I conceived the idea with guidance from Prof N. Mathews and performed all the laboratory work and analysis at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. • J. Y. Chan carried out the device integration with Arduino and capturing the images. • L. L. Nguyen performed the synthesis of conductive hydrogels. • I prepared the manuscript drafts and the manuscript was revised by J. Y. Chan, L. L. Nguyen and Prof N. Mathews. Portions of Chapter 6 are also published as Ankit, N. A. Chien, N. Mathews. Surface texture change on-demand and microfluidic devices based on thickness mode actuation of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). Proc. SPIE 10163, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2017, 101632G (17 April 2017). DOI: 10.1117/12.2260300. The contributions of the co-authors are as follows: • I conceived the idea with guidance from Prof N. Mathews and performed all the laboratory work and analysis at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. • I prepared the manuscript drafts and the manuscript was revised by N. A. Chien and Prof N. Mathews. Chapter 7 is currently being prepared as a manuscript – Ankit, F. Krisnadi, D. Accoto, S. J. A. Koh, N. Mathews. Thermally activated reversible rigidity composites for next generation soft actuators. The contributions of the co-authors are as follows: • I conceived the idea with guidance from Prof N. Mathews and performed all the laboratory work and analysis at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. • F. Krisnadi helped with sample preparations and sample characterizations. F. Krisnadi also prepared the schematic sketches for the manuscript. • Prof D. Accoto at School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (NTU) helped with the analysis of data from mechanical characterizations. • Prof S. J. A. Koh at Department of Mechanical Engineering (NUS) helped with the dielectric spectroscopy measurements. • I prepared the manuscript drafts and the manuscript was revised by F. Krisnadi, Prof D. Accoto, Prof S. J. A. Koh and Prof N. Mathews. 22nd July 2019 . Date Ankit Abstract Abstract Conventional robotics, made from rigid components, are known for their accuracy and precision, and have been extensively utilized in industries for large scale manufacturing. There has been a constant focus to improve the existing robots and make them fit in our natural world, leading to the development of modern era humanoids and animal-inspired robots. However, they suffer from the absence of compliance and do not provide a safe and comfortable environment for human interaction. On the other hand, biological systems make use of their inherent softness and structural compliance to produce complex and fluidic motions. An emerging area of research, soft robotics, promises to address these issues of rigidity and non-dexterity in conventional robots and mimic the systems found in nature. They make use of soft materials and demonstrate fluidic deformation of their bodies to achieve more complex and compliant motions. Different strategies like embedded pneumatics and fluidics, thermally activated polymers, magnetic fields, chemical reactions and electroactive polymers have been adopted for actuating these soft materials. Dielectric elastomer actuators, under the family of electroactive polymers are an attractive option for producing actuation, and they utilize electric fields to deform elastomers and can produce very large actuation strains. However, in their current form, dielectric elastomer actuators suffer from specific limitations like high electric fields, low versatility and need for rigid frames, which calls for investigation into new material systems and novel device configurations. This dissertation attempts to tackle the material and device configuration issues with these field driven soft actuators. The performance of dielectric elastomer actuators is dependent on intrinsic material properties like dielectric constant and Young’s modulus of the elastomer. Commonly used elastomeric systems suffer from low dielectric constant and comparatively high Young’s modulus. Conventional approaches to improve these material properties involve chemical modification of the elastomeric backbone and addition of solid fillers, often producing undesirable effect on other material parameters. Drawing inspiration from biological materials like skin and tissues, it is hypothesized that addition of a high dielectric constant liquid filler into a polymer matrix with favorable compatibility, could lead to significant reduction in mechanical stiffness accompanied with the i Abstract improvement in the dielectric constant of the resulting composite. Theoretical models are adopted to predict the properties of such a self-contained liquid filler-polymer composite. Ionic liquid and water are investigated as liquid fillers and the role of their interaction with the polymer on the resulting composite is established. Owing to their favorable interaction and other desirable properties, ionic liquid is chosen as the suitable filler, and they produce synergetic effects on the electrical and mechanical properties of the resulting composite. Benchmarking of the actuation behavior against the conventional elastomeric matrix reveals a considerable improvement in the electromechanical performance at significantly low electric fields. Owing to the suitable choice of filler and adoption of a liquid-solid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Design and Development of Dielectric Elastomers and Elimination of Electromechanical Instability Under Equi-Biaxial Loading
    Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Doctoral Engineering 2016 Design And Development Of Dielectric Elastomers And Elimination Of Electromechanical Instability Under Equi-Biaxial Loading. Liang Jiang Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engdoc Recommended Citation Jiang, L. (2016) Design and development of dielectric elastomers and elimination of electromechanical instability under equi-biaxial loading.Doctoral Thesis, Technological University Dublin. doi:10.21427/ D7J88Z This Theses, Ph.D is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Design and Development of Dielectric Elastomers and Elimination of Electromechanical Instability under Equi-biaxial Loading by Liang Jiang, M.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Dublin Institute of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Supervisors: Prof. Stephen Jerrams, Dr. Anthony Betts and Prof. David Kennedy School of Mechanical and Design Engineering Dublin Institute of Technology April 2016 Abstract Dielectric elastomers (DEs) possess many useful properties including the capability of achieving large deformation, quietness of operation, high energy density and coupling efficiency. However, DEs generally require very high actuation electric field strength (> 100 V/µm) which can limit their useful lives. A DE with low Young‟s modulus, large elongation at break and high dielectric constant has the ability to exhibit high deformation under a relatively low electric field.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Electroactive Polymers
    WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2014 (The 31th issue) WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter Vol. 16, No. 1 (31th issue) WW-EAP Newsletter June 2014 http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov FROM THE EDITOR As in recent years, this Smart Structure Yoseph Bar-Cohen, [email protected] Symposium included also the conference about This issue reports the latest progress in the fields of Biomimetics and this year the San Diego Zoo Electroactive Polymers (EAP) and biomimetics. presented a Tamandua, which is an Anteater The recent years’ growth of the field of EAP has (Figure 1). been quite well reflected in the number of papers that were submitted for presentation at the 2014 LIST OF CONTENTS SPIE EAPAD Conference that was held on March FROM THE EDITOR ..................................................... 1 10, 2014 in San Diego as part of the Smart GENERAL NEWS.......................................................... 2 Structures Symposium. It is pleasing to see that it Apple patent application - EAP actuator of iPhone camera 2 reached a record of 139 papers. Another significant Parker Acquired EAP IP and Licenses of AMI ................. 2 UPCOMING CONFERENCES ...................................... 2 accomplishment in the field of EAP is the 2015 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...................................... 2 University of Texas at Dallas’s developed Carbon- 15th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE15) ......... 2 Based Tensile and Torsional Artificial Muscles that RECENT CONFERENCES ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Dielectric Silicone Elastomers with Mixed Ceramic Nanoparticles
    Dielectric silicone elastomers with mixed ceramic nanoparticles George Stiubianu 1*, Adrian Bele 1, Maria Cazacu 1, Carmen Racles 1, Stelian Vlad 1, Mircea Ignat 2 1“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, Iasi 700487 2National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA Bucharest, Splaiul Unirii 313, Bucharest- District 3, 030138 *e-mail: [email protected] , Phone: +40720042957, Corresponding author Abstract A ceramic material consisting in a zirconium dioxide-lead zirconate mixture has been obtained by precipitation method, its composition being proved by wide angle X-ray powder diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average diameter of the ceramic particles ranged between 50 and 100 nm, as revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy images. These were surface treated and used as filler for a high molecular mass polydimethylsiloxane-α,ω-diol (Mn = 450000) prepared in laboratory, the resulted composites being further processed as films and crosslinked. A condensation procedure, unusual for polydimethylsiloxane having such high molecular masses, with a trifunctional silane was approached for the crosslinking. The effect of filler content on electrical and mechanical properties of the resulted materials was studied and it was found that the dielectric permittivity of nanocomposites increased in line with the concentration of ceramic nanoparticles. Keywords A. ceramics, A. composites, B. sol-gel chemistry, C. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), D. dielectric properties 1 1.Introduction Silicone rubber is a well-known dielectric elastomer, which can be used for applications such as actuation and for devices able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Reconfigurable Shape-Morphing Dielectric Elastomers Using
    Reconfigurable Shape-Morphing Dielectric Elastomers Using Spatially Varying Electric Fields Ehsan Hajiesmaili1 and David R. Clarke1* 1Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Exceptionally large strains can be produced in soft elastomers by the application of an electric field and the strains can be exploited for a variety of novel actuators, such as tunable lenses and tactile actuators. However, shape morphing with dielectric elastomers has not been possible since no generalizable method for changing their Gaussian curvature has been devised. It is shown that this fundamental limitation can be lifted by introducing internal, spatially varying electric fields through a layer-by-layer fabrication method incorporating shaped, carbon-nanotubes-based electrodes between thin elastomer sheets. To illustrate the potential of the method, voltage-tunable negative and positive Gaussian curvatures shapes are produced. Furthermore, by applying voltages to different sets of internal electrodes, the shapes can be re-configured. All the shape changes are reversible when the voltage is removed. The natural world abounds with shapes that morph as they grow, ranging from the evolution of ripples on leaves1 to the complex folding of the human brain2. As their shapes change, geometrically their Gaussian curvature changes and, as understood from Gauss’s theorema egregium, this is only possible because the deformations are spatially inhomogeneous3. Bending, homogenous expansion, or homogeneous contraction do not change the Gaussian curvature, 1 defined as 휅 = 휅1휅2 = , where 휅1 and 휅2 are the principal curvatures of the surface and 푟1 푟1푟2 and 푟2 are radii of curvature. Therefore, under these deformations a body will not be able to morph from one shape to a fundamentally different one.
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Gels with Ultra-High Dielectric Constant, Low Elastic Modulus, And
    Shi et al. NPG Asia Materials (2018) 10: 821–826 DOI 10.1038/s41427-018-0077-7 NPG Asia Materials ARTICLE Open Access Dielectric gels with ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency Lei Shi1,RuisenYang2,ShiyaoLu1,KunJia2, Chunhui Xiao1,TongqingLu2, Tiejun Wang2,WeiWei1,HuiTan3 and Shujiang Ding1 Abstract We designed dielectric gels, a new type of polymer-based dielectric material. By using solvents with high dielectric constants, the gels achieve a unique combination of ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency, which are extremely challenging or impossible to realize with traditional polymer dielectrics. The gels exhibit high stretchability (stretch of approximately 10) and low mechanical hysteresis. We demonstrated the use of the dielectric gels by fabricating a bioinspired tunable lens, the focal length of which can be adjusted by varying the applied voltage. We believe that the dielectric gels, as a new type of polymer dielectric, offer new opportunities for soft robotics, sensors, electronics, optics, and biomimetics. Introduction elastomers9, electrostrictive polymers10, and dielectric fl 5 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; As soft and exible electrical insulators, polymer elastomers . However, the high voltage needed for dielectrics have enabled diverse modern technologies, actuation and the poor mechanical reliability hinder including electric power systems1, flexible electronics2, developments in practical applications. Improving
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing the Performance of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: A
    Increasing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators: a review from the materials perspective L.J. Romasanta, M. A. Lopez-Manchado and R. Verdejo* Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3 28006 Madrid, Spain Abstract Electro-active polymers (EAP) are emerging as feasible materials to mimic muscle-like actuation. Among EAPs, dielectric elastomer (DE) devices are soft or flexible capacitors, composed of a thin elastomeric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes, that are able to transduce electrical to mechanical energy, actuators, and vice versa, generators. Initial studies concentrated mainly on dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) and identified the electro-mechanical principles and material requirements for an optimal performance. Those requirements include the need for polymers with high dielectric permittivity and stretchability and low dielectric loss and viscoelastic damping. Hence, attaining elastomeric materials with those features is the focus of current research developments. This review provides a systematic overview of such research, highlighting the advances, challenges and future applications of DEAs. Keywords: dielectric elastomers, actuators, artificial muscle, dielectric permittivity *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34 91 258 7633; Fax: +34 91 564 4853 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Electro-active polymers (EAPs) 2.1. Ionic EAPs 2.2. Electronic EAPs 3. Electro-mechanical transduction in dielectric elastomers (DEs) 3.1. Working principles and equations of DE generators (DEGs) 3.2. Working principles and equations of DE actuators (DEAs) 4. Elastomeric matrices for application as DEA devices 5. Methods for enhancing the actuation performance of DEA devices 5.1. Reducing DE film thickness 5.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Euroeap 2012 Second International Conference on Electromechanically Active Polymer (EAP) Transducers & Artificial Muscles
    EuroEAP 2012 Second International conference on Electromechanically Active Polymer (EAP) transducers & artificial muscles Potsdam, Germany 29-30 May 2012 Technical programme Book of abstracts List of participants Contents Conference venue ............................................................................................... 3 Conference chairman .......................................................................................... 3 Local organization .............................................................................................. 3 Presentation of the EuroEAP conference series .................................................. 4 Conference committees ...................................................................................... 5 Tuesday, 29 May 2012 ....................................................................................... 7 General programme of the day ..................................................................... 7 Session 1.1 ................................................................................................... 8 Session 1.2 ................................................................................................. 11 Session 1.3 ................................................................................................. 23 Wednesday, 30 May 2012 ................................................................................ 35 General programme of the day ................................................................... 35 Session 2.1 ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 07, 2021 The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers Madsen, Frederikke Bahrt; Daugaard, Anders Egede; Hvilsted, Søren; Skov, Anne Ladegaard Published in: Macromolecular Rapid Communications Link to article, DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Madsen, F. B., Daugaard, A. E., Hvilsted, S., & Skov, A. L. (2016). The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 37(5), 378-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500576 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Complete Manuscript DOI: 10.1002/marc.((insert number)) ((or ppap., mabi., macp., mame., mren., mats.)) 1 2 Review 3 4 5 The current state of silicone-based dielectric elastomer transducers 6 7 Frederikke B. Madsen, Anders E. Daugaard, Søren Hvilsted and Anne L.
    [Show full text]
  • 4D Printing of Soft Robotic Facial Muscles
    4D Printing of Soft Robotic Facial Muscles Jiyu Cai*, Austin Vanhorn*, Casey Mullikin*, Jennifer Stabach*, Zach Alderman*, and Wenchao Zhou* The AM3 Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Fayetteville, AR, United States of America; email: [email protected] Abstract: 4D printing is an emerging technology that prints 3D structures with smart materials that can respond to external stimuli and change shape over time. 4D printing represents a major manufacturing paradigm shift from single-function static structures to dynamic structures with highly integrated functionalities. Direct printing of dynamic structures can provide great benefits (e.g., design freedom, reduced weight, volume, and cost) to a wide variety of applications, such as sensors and actuators, and robotics. Soft robotics is a new direction of robotics in which hard and rigid components are replaced by soft and flexible materials to mimic actuation mechanisms in life, which are crucial for dealing with uncertain and dynamic tasks or environments. However, little research on direct printing of soft robotics has been reported. This paper presents a study on 4D printing of soft robotic facial muscles. Due to the short history of 4D printing, only a few smart materials have been successfully 4D printed, such as shape memory and thermo-responsive polymers, which have relatively small strains (~8%). In order to produce the large motion needed for facial muscles, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), operating like a capacitor with a sheet of elastomer sandwiched by two compliant electrodes and known as artificial muscle for its high elastic energy density and capability of producing large strains (~200%) compared to other smart materials, is chosen as the actuator for our robotic facial muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Properties of Graphene/Titania/Polyvinylidene Fluoride (G/Tio2/PVDF) Nanocomposites
    materials Article Dielectric Properties of Graphene/Titania/Polyvinylidene Fluoride (G/TiO2/PVDF) Nanocomposites Saira Ishaq 1,2,3 , Farah Kanwal 1,*, Shahid Atiq 4 , Mahmoud Moussa 2,3, Umar Azhar 2 and Dusan Losic 2,3,* 1 Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; [email protected] 2 School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (U.A.) 3 The ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 4 Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.K.); [email protected] (D.L.); Tel.: +92-300-420-5680 (F.K.); +61-88-313-4648 (D.L.) Received: 24 November 2019; Accepted: 31 December 2019; Published: 3 January 2020 Abstract: Flexible electronics have gained eminent importance in recent years due to their high mechanical strength and resistance to environmental conditions, along with their effective energy storage and energy generating abilities. In this work, graphene/ceramic/polymer based flexible dielectric nanocomposites have been prepared and their dielectric properties were characterized. The composite was formulated by combining graphene with rutile and anatase titania, and polyvinylidene fluoride in different weight ratios to achieve optimized dielectric properties and flexibility. After preparation, composites were characterized for their morphologies, structures, functional groups, thermal stability and dielectric characterizations by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and impedance spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers Madsen, Frederikke Bahrt; Daugaard, Anders Egede; Hvilsted, Søren; Skov, Anne Ladegaard Published in: Macromolecular Rapid Communications Link to article, DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Madsen, F. B., Daugaard, A. E., Hvilsted, S., & Skov, A. L. (2016). The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 37(5), 378-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500576 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Complete Manuscript DOI: 10.1002/marc.((insert number)) ((or ppap., mabi., macp., mame., mren., mats.)) 1 2 Review 3 4 5 The current state of silicone-based dielectric elastomer transducers 6 7 Frederikke B. Madsen, Anders E. Daugaard, Søren Hvilsted and Anne L.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory of Dielectric Elastomers⋆⋆
    Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, Vol. 23, No. 6, December, 2010 ISSN 0894-9166 Pu b lish ed by A MS S Press, Wu h an , Ch in a THEORY OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS⋆⋆ ⋆ Z hig ang Suo (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Nanobio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) Received 25 October 2010, revision received 30 November 2010 ABSTRACT In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material (SAM). This review focuses on one class of soft active materials: dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The the- ory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of elec- tromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices. KEY WORDS soft active material, dielectric elastomer, electromechanical instability, large de- formation, transducer I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Soft Active Materials for Soft Machines The convergence of parts of biology and engineering has created exciting opportunities of discovery, invention and commercialization.
    [Show full text]