DOCSLIB.ORG

Worldwide Electroactive Polymers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Worldwide Electroactive Polymers WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 20, No. 1, June 2018 (The 39th issue) WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter Vol. 20, No. 1 (39th issue) WW-EAP Newsletter June 2018 http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov FROM THE EDITOR ABOUT THE EXPERTS Yoseph Bar-Cohen, [email protected] Herbert Shea was promoted to Full This Newsletter issue reports the latest progress in Professor the fields of Electroactive Polymers (EAP) and In December 2017, Biomimetics. Herbert Shea was LIST OF CONTENTS promoted to Full FROM THE EDITOR ..................................................... 1 Professor of ABOUT THE EXPERTS ............................................... 1 Microtechnology in Herbert Shea was promoted to Full Professor .................. 1 the Ecole GENERAL NEWS ......................................................... 1 Polytechnique Standard for EAP .......................................................... 2 Fédérale de UPCOMING CONFERENCES ...................................... 2 2019 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...................................... 2 Lausanne (EPFL), TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES ... 2 Switzerland. Over Seeking concepts of autonomous fully controllable the course of his "endoscope" ............................................................ 2 successful RECENT CONFERENCES ........................................... 3 scientific career, Herb has conducted research in a 2018 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...................................... 3 wide range of fields relating to applied physics and ADVANCES IN EAP ................................................... 14 microtechnology. Since joining the EPFL in 2004, Aerospace Engineering-Propulsion/MEMS ................... 14 ElastiSense ApS, Denmark .......................................... 15 he has led research in Dielectric Elastomer Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Orlando, FL ..... 16 Actuators, with pioneering work in miniaturized Imperial College London ............................................. 17 high-speed DEAs and in compliant electrode PolyK Technologies, LLC; State College, PA ................ 19 technology. His current research at EPFL focuses University of Colorado Boulder .................................... 19 on polymer-based transducers for soft robotics, University of Hong Kong ............................................. 21 FUTURE CONFERENCES ......................................... 22 haptics, and cell biology. EAP ARCHIVES .......................................................... 23 Biomimetics books series ............................................. 23 GENERAL NEWS Books about robotics ................................................... 24 The WW-EAP Webhub http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov is Other books ................................................................ 25 periodically being updated with information regarding the EAP activity worldwide. This 1 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 20, No. 1, June 2018 (The 39th issue) Webhub is a link of the JPL’s NDEAA Webhub of On the record of the EAPAD conferences the Advanced Technologies Group having the archive, the following is the list of the Co-chairs address: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov since the start in 1999 at Newport Beach, CA. Year Co-chair Country Standard for EAP 1999 Mohsen Shahinpoor, U. of New Mexico USA 2000 Steve Wax, DARPA USA A paper about a standard for EAP materials is 2001 Danilo De Rossi, Univ. degli Studi di Pisa Italy posted on the internet and can be read at 2002 Yoshihito Osada, Hokkaido University Japan http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/10/105025 2003 Geoff Spinks, University of Wollongong Australia 2004 Peter Sommer-Larsen, Risoe National Lab. Denmark UPCOMING CONFERENCES 2005 John D. Madden, U. of British Columbia Canada 2019 SPIE EAPAD Conference 2006 Jae-Do Nam, Sung Kyun Kwan University S. Korea 2007 Gabor Kovacs, EMPA Switzerland The SPIE’s EAPAD conference is going to be held 2008 Emillio P. Calius, Industrial Res. Limited New Zealand again in Denver, Colorado, from March 3 thru 7, 2009 Thomas Wallmersperger, Univ. Stuttgart Germany 2019. This conference, which is part of the Smart 2010 Jinsong Leng, Harbin Institute of Tech. China st Structures Symp., is going to be the 21 annual one 2011 Federico Carpi, Univ. of Pisa Italy and is going to be chaired by Yoseph Bar-Cohen, 2012 Keiichi Kaneto, Kyushu Inst. of Tech. Japan JPL, and Co-chaired by Iain A. Anderson, The 2013 Siegfried Bauer, Johannes Kepler U. Austria Univ. of Auckland (New Zealand) and Nancy L. 2014 Barbar J. Akle, Lebanese American Univ. Lebanon Johnson, General Motors Co., USA. The 2015 Gal deBotton, Ben-Gurion U. of the Negev Israel Conference Program Committee consists of 2016 Frédéric Vidal, U. de Cergy-Pontoise France 2017 Jonathan Rossiter, University of Bristol England representatives from 32 countries. The call for 2018 Iain A. Anderson, The Univ. of Auckland New Zealand papers is posted at: http://www.spie.org/eap Iain A. Anderson, The Univ. of Auckland New Zealand The papers will focus on issues that help 2019 Nancy L. Johnson, General Motors Co. USA transitioning EAP to practical use thru better understanding the principles responsible for the TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT electro-mechanical behavior, analytical modeling, CHALLENGES improved materials and their processing methods, Seeking concepts of autonomous fully characterization of the properties and performance controllable "endoscope" as well as various applications. Studor, George F. (LARC) [TEAMS3 NESC In the 2019 EAPAD Conf., a Special Session is Affiliate] [email protected] going to be “3D Printed EAP Materials: Progress and Challenges” and its Session Chair is Geoff M. NASA Engineering and Safety Center, NDE Spinks, Univ. Wollongong, Australia. Technical Discipline Team's lead for in-space There are going to be two Keynote Speakers and inspection, George Studor, is looking for they are: technologies that can enable the development of a 1. Ray H. Baughman, NanoTech Institute at the fully controllable "endoscope" that is operational at Univ. of Texas in Dallas, who will present zero-gravity onboard the ISS. This advanced "Science and Technology Contributions and endoscope is sought for inspection applications for Accomplishments”, in honor of his 75th birthday. reaching hardware areas that are difficult to access 2. Douglas A. Litteken, NASA Johnson Space Ctr. directly. The scope should be able to be inserted (JSC) will present the paper "Inflatable through existing (1/4") gaps in between racks of Technology: Using Flexible Materials to Make equipment or small (3/8") holes in the front of the Large Structures". racks normally used for fire suppression and controlled to inspection targets 3 to 4 feet behind the panel. It must sense contact and thermal hazards 2 WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 20, No. 1, June 2018 (The 39th issue) and be able to avoid creating a hazard during crew- The Conference included 94 presentations and based insertion or retraction. It must not rely on a was well attended by internationally leading field pre-determined model of the physical interior, but experts including members of academia, industry, build the model that it be guided through as it is and government agencies from the USA and inserted, with classification of fixed and moving overseas. The presented papers reported the objects as appropriate. Shape-following technology significant progress that has been made in the will be used to ensure the rest of the snake follows theoretical modeling and analysis of EAP where the head went for insertion and that the entire mechanisms; improved EAP materials, processes, snake follows the same path on extraction. As a fabrication (e.g., 3D printing) and characterization minimum, an LED-illuminator will support the high techniques; emerging EAP actuators (e.g., ionic, res camera at the tip. shape memory polymers, and dielectric EAP); George is also looking for examples from applications of EAP materials including power Nature to apply to fully autonomous inspection generation and energy harvesting, robotics, haptic, methods Autonomous in that the inspection tactile, and various sensors. platform and sensors are able to complete a survey of a given surface for certain features and conduct characterization inspections of identified features of interest (such as MMOD damage) with no involvement of crew or other external controls. The platform will generate and process raw image/data on-board. The inspection base is initially though of as a free-flying platform(UAV, SUV or inspection satellite), crawling robot, endoscope(such as above) or manipulator arm. Considerations of how Natural systems perform similar functions should be Figure 1: Some of the Session co-Chairs of the considered to ensure that efficiency and EAPAD Conf. From left to right: Ji Su, NASA effectiveness are optimized for sensing, navigation, Langley Research Ctr. (United States), Iain control, processing, communication, etc.. Anderson, The Univ. of Auckland (New Zealand), Gabor Kovacs, EMPA (Switzerland), Qibing Pei, RECENT CONFERENCES Univ. of California, Los Angeles (United States), 2018 SPIE EAPAD Conference Ron Pelrine, SRI International (United States); The SPIE’s Electroactive Polymers Actuators and Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United Devices (EAPAD) Conference continues to be the States), Qiming M. Zhang, The Pennsylvania State leading international forum for presenting the latest Univ. (United States), Herbert Shea, Ecole progress, challenges and potential future directions Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland), for the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Design and Development of Dielectric Elastomers and Elimination of Electromechanical Instability Under Equi-Biaxial Loading
    Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Doctoral Engineering 2016 Design And Development Of Dielectric Elastomers And Elimination Of Electromechanical Instability Under Equi-Biaxial Loading. Liang Jiang Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engdoc Recommended Citation Jiang, L. (2016) Design and development of dielectric elastomers and elimination of electromechanical instability under equi-biaxial loading.Doctoral Thesis, Technological University Dublin. doi:10.21427/ D7J88Z This Theses, Ph.D is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Design and Development of Dielectric Elastomers and Elimination of Electromechanical Instability under Equi-biaxial Loading by Liang Jiang, M.Sc. A thesis submitted to the Dublin Institute of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Supervisors: Prof. Stephen Jerrams, Dr. Anthony Betts and Prof. David Kennedy School of Mechanical and Design Engineering Dublin Institute of Technology April 2016 Abstract Dielectric elastomers (DEs) possess many useful properties including the capability of achieving large deformation, quietness of operation, high energy density and coupling efficiency. However, DEs generally require very high actuation electric field strength (> 100 V/µm) which can limit their useful lives. A DE with low Young‟s modulus, large elongation at break and high dielectric constant has the ability to exhibit high deformation under a relatively low electric field.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Electroactive Polymers
    WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2014 (The 31th issue) WorldWide ElectroActive Polymers EAP (Artificial Muscles) Newsletter Vol. 16, No. 1 (31th issue) WW-EAP Newsletter June 2014 http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov FROM THE EDITOR As in recent years, this Smart Structure Yoseph Bar-Cohen, [email protected] Symposium included also the conference about This issue reports the latest progress in the fields of Biomimetics and this year the San Diego Zoo Electroactive Polymers (EAP) and biomimetics. presented a Tamandua, which is an Anteater The recent years’ growth of the field of EAP has (Figure 1). been quite well reflected in the number of papers that were submitted for presentation at the 2014 LIST OF CONTENTS SPIE EAPAD Conference that was held on March FROM THE EDITOR ..................................................... 1 10, 2014 in San Diego as part of the Smart GENERAL NEWS.......................................................... 2 Structures Symposium. It is pleasing to see that it Apple patent application - EAP actuator of iPhone camera 2 reached a record of 139 papers. Another significant Parker Acquired EAP IP and Licenses of AMI ................. 2 UPCOMING CONFERENCES ...................................... 2 accomplishment in the field of EAP is the 2015 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...................................... 2 University of Texas at Dallas’s developed Carbon- 15th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE15) ......... 2 Based Tensile and Torsional Artificial Muscles that RECENT CONFERENCES ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Dielectric Silicone Elastomers with Mixed Ceramic Nanoparticles
    Dielectric silicone elastomers with mixed ceramic nanoparticles George Stiubianu 1*, Adrian Bele 1, Maria Cazacu 1, Carmen Racles 1, Stelian Vlad 1, Mircea Ignat 2 1“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A, Iasi 700487 2National R&D Institute for Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA Bucharest, Splaiul Unirii 313, Bucharest- District 3, 030138 *e-mail: [email protected] , Phone: +40720042957, Corresponding author Abstract A ceramic material consisting in a zirconium dioxide-lead zirconate mixture has been obtained by precipitation method, its composition being proved by wide angle X-ray powder diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average diameter of the ceramic particles ranged between 50 and 100 nm, as revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy images. These were surface treated and used as filler for a high molecular mass polydimethylsiloxane-α,ω-diol (Mn = 450000) prepared in laboratory, the resulted composites being further processed as films and crosslinked. A condensation procedure, unusual for polydimethylsiloxane having such high molecular masses, with a trifunctional silane was approached for the crosslinking. The effect of filler content on electrical and mechanical properties of the resulted materials was studied and it was found that the dielectric permittivity of nanocomposites increased in line with the concentration of ceramic nanoparticles. Keywords A. ceramics, A. composites, B. sol-gel chemistry, C. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), D. dielectric properties 1 1.Introduction Silicone rubber is a well-known dielectric elastomer, which can be used for applications such as actuation and for devices able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Reconfigurable Shape-Morphing Dielectric Elastomers Using
    Reconfigurable Shape-Morphing Dielectric Elastomers Using Spatially Varying Electric Fields Ehsan Hajiesmaili1 and David R. Clarke1* 1Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Exceptionally large strains can be produced in soft elastomers by the application of an electric field and the strains can be exploited for a variety of novel actuators, such as tunable lenses and tactile actuators. However, shape morphing with dielectric elastomers has not been possible since no generalizable method for changing their Gaussian curvature has been devised. It is shown that this fundamental limitation can be lifted by introducing internal, spatially varying electric fields through a layer-by-layer fabrication method incorporating shaped, carbon-nanotubes-based electrodes between thin elastomer sheets. To illustrate the potential of the method, voltage-tunable negative and positive Gaussian curvatures shapes are produced. Furthermore, by applying voltages to different sets of internal electrodes, the shapes can be re-configured. All the shape changes are reversible when the voltage is removed. The natural world abounds with shapes that morph as they grow, ranging from the evolution of ripples on leaves1 to the complex folding of the human brain2. As their shapes change, geometrically their Gaussian curvature changes and, as understood from Gauss’s theorema egregium, this is only possible because the deformations are spatially inhomogeneous3. Bending, homogenous expansion, or homogeneous contraction do not change the Gaussian curvature, 1 defined as 휅 = 휅1휅2 = , where 휅1 and 휅2 are the principal curvatures of the surface and 푟1 푟1푟2 and 푟2 are radii of curvature. Therefore, under these deformations a body will not be able to morph from one shape to a fundamentally different one.
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Gels with Ultra-High Dielectric Constant, Low Elastic Modulus, And
    Shi et al. NPG Asia Materials (2018) 10: 821–826 DOI 10.1038/s41427-018-0077-7 NPG Asia Materials ARTICLE Open Access Dielectric gels with ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency Lei Shi1,RuisenYang2,ShiyaoLu1,KunJia2, Chunhui Xiao1,TongqingLu2, Tiejun Wang2,WeiWei1,HuiTan3 and Shujiang Ding1 Abstract We designed dielectric gels, a new type of polymer-based dielectric material. By using solvents with high dielectric constants, the gels achieve a unique combination of ultra-high dielectric constant, low elastic modulus, and excellent transparency, which are extremely challenging or impossible to realize with traditional polymer dielectrics. The gels exhibit high stretchability (stretch of approximately 10) and low mechanical hysteresis. We demonstrated the use of the dielectric gels by fabricating a bioinspired tunable lens, the focal length of which can be adjusted by varying the applied voltage. We believe that the dielectric gels, as a new type of polymer dielectric, offer new opportunities for soft robotics, sensors, electronics, optics, and biomimetics. Introduction elastomers9, electrostrictive polymers10, and dielectric fl 5 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; As soft and exible electrical insulators, polymer elastomers . However, the high voltage needed for dielectrics have enabled diverse modern technologies, actuation and the poor mechanical reliability hinder including electric power systems1, flexible electronics2, developments in practical applications. Improving
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing the Performance of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators: A
    Increasing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators: a review from the materials perspective L.J. Romasanta, M. A. Lopez-Manchado and R. Verdejo* Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3 28006 Madrid, Spain Abstract Electro-active polymers (EAP) are emerging as feasible materials to mimic muscle-like actuation. Among EAPs, dielectric elastomer (DE) devices are soft or flexible capacitors, composed of a thin elastomeric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes, that are able to transduce electrical to mechanical energy, actuators, and vice versa, generators. Initial studies concentrated mainly on dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) and identified the electro-mechanical principles and material requirements for an optimal performance. Those requirements include the need for polymers with high dielectric permittivity and stretchability and low dielectric loss and viscoelastic damping. Hence, attaining elastomeric materials with those features is the focus of current research developments. This review provides a systematic overview of such research, highlighting the advances, challenges and future applications of DEAs. Keywords: dielectric elastomers, actuators, artificial muscle, dielectric permittivity *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +34 91 258 7633; Fax: +34 91 564 4853 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Electro-active polymers (EAPs) 2.1. Ionic EAPs 2.2. Electronic EAPs 3. Electro-mechanical transduction in dielectric elastomers (DEs) 3.1. Working principles and equations of DE generators (DEGs) 3.2. Working principles and equations of DE actuators (DEAs) 4. Elastomeric matrices for application as DEA devices 5. Methods for enhancing the actuation performance of DEA devices 5.1. Reducing DE film thickness 5.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Euroeap 2012 Second International Conference on Electromechanically Active Polymer (EAP) Transducers & Artificial Muscles
    EuroEAP 2012 Second International conference on Electromechanically Active Polymer (EAP) transducers & artificial muscles Potsdam, Germany 29-30 May 2012 Technical programme Book of abstracts List of participants Contents Conference venue ............................................................................................... 3 Conference chairman .......................................................................................... 3 Local organization .............................................................................................. 3 Presentation of the EuroEAP conference series .................................................. 4 Conference committees ...................................................................................... 5 Tuesday, 29 May 2012 ....................................................................................... 7 General programme of the day ..................................................................... 7 Session 1.1 ................................................................................................... 8 Session 1.2 ................................................................................................. 11 Session 1.3 ................................................................................................. 23 Wednesday, 30 May 2012 ................................................................................ 35 General programme of the day ................................................................... 35 Session 2.1 ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 07, 2021 The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers Madsen, Frederikke Bahrt; Daugaard, Anders Egede; Hvilsted, Søren; Skov, Anne Ladegaard Published in: Macromolecular Rapid Communications Link to article, DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Madsen, F. B., Daugaard, A. E., Hvilsted, S., & Skov, A. L. (2016). The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 37(5), 378-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500576 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Complete Manuscript DOI: 10.1002/marc.((insert number)) ((or ppap., mabi., macp., mame., mren., mats.)) 1 2 Review 3 4 5 The current state of silicone-based dielectric elastomer transducers 6 7 Frederikke B. Madsen, Anders E. Daugaard, Søren Hvilsted and Anne L.
    [Show full text]
  • 4D Printing of Soft Robotic Facial Muscles
    4D Printing of Soft Robotic Facial Muscles Jiyu Cai*, Austin Vanhorn*, Casey Mullikin*, Jennifer Stabach*, Zach Alderman*, and Wenchao Zhou* The AM3 Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Fayetteville, AR, United States of America; email: [email protected] Abstract: 4D printing is an emerging technology that prints 3D structures with smart materials that can respond to external stimuli and change shape over time. 4D printing represents a major manufacturing paradigm shift from single-function static structures to dynamic structures with highly integrated functionalities. Direct printing of dynamic structures can provide great benefits (e.g., design freedom, reduced weight, volume, and cost) to a wide variety of applications, such as sensors and actuators, and robotics. Soft robotics is a new direction of robotics in which hard and rigid components are replaced by soft and flexible materials to mimic actuation mechanisms in life, which are crucial for dealing with uncertain and dynamic tasks or environments. However, little research on direct printing of soft robotics has been reported. This paper presents a study on 4D printing of soft robotic facial muscles. Due to the short history of 4D printing, only a few smart materials have been successfully 4D printed, such as shape memory and thermo-responsive polymers, which have relatively small strains (~8%). In order to produce the large motion needed for facial muscles, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), operating like a capacitor with a sheet of elastomer sandwiched by two compliant electrodes and known as artificial muscle for its high elastic energy density and capability of producing large strains (~200%) compared to other smart materials, is chosen as the actuator for our robotic facial muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Dielectric Properties of Graphene/Titania/Polyvinylidene Fluoride (G/Tio2/PVDF) Nanocomposites
    materials Article Dielectric Properties of Graphene/Titania/Polyvinylidene Fluoride (G/TiO2/PVDF) Nanocomposites Saira Ishaq 1,2,3 , Farah Kanwal 1,*, Shahid Atiq 4 , Mahmoud Moussa 2,3, Umar Azhar 2 and Dusan Losic 2,3,* 1 Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; [email protected] 2 School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (U.A.) 3 The ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 4 Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.K.); [email protected] (D.L.); Tel.: +92-300-420-5680 (F.K.); +61-88-313-4648 (D.L.) Received: 24 November 2019; Accepted: 31 December 2019; Published: 3 January 2020 Abstract: Flexible electronics have gained eminent importance in recent years due to their high mechanical strength and resistance to environmental conditions, along with their effective energy storage and energy generating abilities. In this work, graphene/ceramic/polymer based flexible dielectric nanocomposites have been prepared and their dielectric properties were characterized. The composite was formulated by combining graphene with rutile and anatase titania, and polyvinylidene fluoride in different weight ratios to achieve optimized dielectric properties and flexibility. After preparation, composites were characterized for their morphologies, structures, functional groups, thermal stability and dielectric characterizations by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and impedance spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers Madsen, Frederikke Bahrt; Daugaard, Anders Egede; Hvilsted, Søren; Skov, Anne Ladegaard Published in: Macromolecular Rapid Communications Link to article, DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576 Publication date: 2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Madsen, F. B., Daugaard, A. E., Hvilsted, S., & Skov, A. L. (2016). The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 37(5), 378-413. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201500576 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Complete Manuscript DOI: 10.1002/marc.((insert number)) ((or ppap., mabi., macp., mame., mren., mats.)) 1 2 Review 3 4 5 The current state of silicone-based dielectric elastomer transducers 6 7 Frederikke B. Madsen, Anders E. Daugaard, Søren Hvilsted and Anne L.
    [Show full text]
  • Theory of Dielectric Elastomers⋆⋆
    Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, Vol. 23, No. 6, December, 2010 ISSN 0894-9166 Pu b lish ed by A MS S Press, Wu h an , Ch in a THEORY OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS⋆⋆ ⋆ Z hig ang Suo (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Nanobio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) Received 25 October 2010, revision received 30 November 2010 ABSTRACT In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material (SAM). This review focuses on one class of soft active materials: dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The the- ory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of elec- tromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices. KEY WORDS soft active material, dielectric elastomer, electromechanical instability, large de- formation, transducer I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Soft Active Materials for Soft Machines The convergence of parts of biology and engineering has created exciting opportunities of discovery, invention and commercialization.
    [Show full text]