Assumed Identity V1.Pdf

Assumed Identity

Author: William Mask

ISBN Print: 978-1-63260-372-2 ePub: 978-1-63260-373-9

855.200.SNAP www.snaplearning.net

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This book contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Disguised Identity...... 4

Sarah Emma Edmonds...... 5

Jennie Hodges...... 6

Loreta Janeta Velazquez...... 7

Acknowledged Identity...... 8-9

Revealed Identity: The Trial of Jennie Hodges/Albert D.J. Cashier...... 10-13

References...... 14

Quick Writes...... 15-17

Research Integrate and Synthesize...... 18

Vocabulary...... 19

Oral Reading Fluency Chart...... 20

Book Check...... 21-22 Disguised Identity

Battle of Chickamauga Lithograph by Kurz & Allison

1 The historical analysis of the American Civil War (1861- During the war, the choices for women were limited to 3 1865) has consistently proven over the last 150 years that staying at home, watching and caring for children or prop- the conditions faced by soldiers, and those that remained erty, or helping out with odd jobs around the community. on the home front, were nothing short of complete devas- The thought of grabbing a musket was deemed unladylike, tation. Often, combatants fought with inadequate weapon unacceptable, and, more importantly, illegal. supplies, clothing, and food, especially the soldiers repre- senting the Confederate States. Regardless, instead of waiting for bad news from the bat- 4 tlefields, some women decided to boldly join in the war 2 While the plight of the soldiers was alarming, it sometimes effort. The laws for both the North and South were explic- pales in comparison to the conditions faced by the families it: No Women Allowed! Therefore, these brave women fighting to survive without a man in the house. In fact, it decided to assume the identity of men so that they could is estimated that over 4 million men were sent to fight in seize a weapon and fight. In fact, these women often ex- America’s bloodiest conflict, and over 600,000 lost their celled to higher ranks than the men and fought just as lives. This means that thousands of American families were hard, and as long, as their male counterparts. fatherless for a significant time, many forever.

4 Sarah Emma Edmonds “Franklin Thompson”

5 Sarah Emma Edmonds became an overnight hero for Michigan Infantry Volunteers. She held the positions of women of the Civil War. Raised in New Brunswick, Canada, male nurse, the regiment postmaster, and the division on a farm that required the girls to perform the same tasks mail clerk. as the boys, Sarah developed a mental and physical tough-

ness. She rode horses, fished, hunted, chopped wood, and She consistently received promotions for outstanding 7 milked cows. Therefore, she felt competent enough to efforts. Thompson, according to a Congressional Report, compete with the men. “gave his heart and soul to the regiment, sharing in all its toils…never absent from duty, obeying all orders with in- 6 In 1860, with Civil War looming in the United States, Sarah telligence…and efficient aid to the Union cause.” Edmonds crossed the border into the United States and changed her achieved great heights during her enlistment period, identity. She dressed as a man, called herself “Franklin giving great hope to others. Thompson,” then enlisted in Company F of the Second

5 Jennie Hodgers “Albert D.J. Cashier”

8 Jennie Hodgers was an Irish immigrant who made her way Tennessee, lead by Ulysses S. Grant, and then journeyed to the United States as a stowaway. She resided in Belvi- to Mississippi, for the siege of Vicksburg. As Albert dere, Illinois. Like Edmonds, by seventeen Jennie began Cashier, she shot and killed Confederate soldiers during to dress like a boy, due to her country-like surround- the siege, giving further evidence to support the abilities ings. Eventually she adopted the male name, “Albert D.J. of women in war. Cashier,” and joined the 95th Illinois Infantry Volunteers in August 1862. Many years later, Hodgers was exposed as a woman and 10 then found guilty of impersonating a man. She was incar- 9 However, the similarities between the two stop there, for cerated in an insane asylum, but after serving a short sen- Jennie belonged to a “fighting regiment.” And fight they tence, she was released. Thereafter, Jennie returned to her did! Her regiment traveled south to join the Army of life as a man, Albert Cashier.

6 Loreta Janeta Velazquez “Lt. Harry T. Buford”

11 The Confederate army also possessed its fair share of Throughout the entire war effort of the South, Velazquez 13 women heroes dressed as males, most notably Loreta proved her invaluable dedication to defeating Union forces. Janeta Velazquez. Her second husband enlisted in the Towards the end of the war, she contracted an illness and Confederate army at her urging, and when he left for duty, subsequently her gender was exposed when hospitalized. she raised a regiment for him to command. When he For most of the war, her acting and dressing abilities kept died in an accident, she enlisted in disguise, and served at her double-identity concealed. Manassas/Bull Run, Ball’s Bluff, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh

under the name Lieutenant Harry T. Buford. According to historical records, more than 400 women 14 fought for both sides, with fearlessness and honor in de- 12 Velazquez also posed as a woman entering Union fending their given cause, during the most devastating territories, seduced men into speaking of military strat- war in American history. This major crisis that rocked egies and maneuvers, then went back to Confederate the foundations of the young American nation disrupted leaders and divulged the information. She claimed, “There all areas of social norms, which in turn created a calling were several points about my disguise which were strictly for women to assume the identity of men for a noble and my own invention, and which, for certain good and suffi- mighty cause. cient reasons, I do not care to give to the public.”

7 Acknowledged Identity

Marines with the Lioness Program refill their rifle magazines during the live-fire portion of their training at Camp Korean Village, Iraq, July 31, 2006.

15 Today, the modern woman no longer needs to assume While the position of the U.S. government to allow women 16 a male identity in order to serve the armed forces in the right to fight in combat duty seems groundbreaking, combat duty. In January of 2013, U.S. Pentagon offi- they are simply following the lead of many other nations. cials lifted all bans that had originally denied women Presently Israel, Australia, Canada, Norway, France, New certain combat positions, allowing them to fill “hun- Zealand, and North Korea are allowing women to protect dreds of thousands of front-line positions and poten- and serve their countries from the front lines. In fact, the tially elite commando jobs after generations of limits on North Korean government has established an “all-women’s their service.” This unprecedented move by U.S. officials artillery company under the Korean People’s Army Unit reversed a 1994 rule that had previously restricted women’s 4302, the Thrice Three-Revolution Red Flag Kamnamu combat roles due to their perceived lack of strength and (persimmon tree) Company.” conditioning for certain tasks and a fear that their presence might disrupt unit cohesion.

8 17 Current-day numbers highlight that over 230,000 U.S. of Staff Sergeant in the U.S. Army, but she also became women have served in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Female the first woman to join the Military Order of the Purple warriors have risked their lives and health in the same Heart, a national service organization of combat-wounded manner as men. In fact, of the 6,600 U.S. service members troops. that have died in both countries, 152 of them were women. She earned her distinction when a vehicle she was riding 20 18 In the U.S. Navy, women have begun to fill positions in in hit a roadside bomb. Due to the explosion, she and her the submarine force that have long been billets strictly re- fellow male soldier were thrown from the vehicle and then served for men. Many of these women are filling officer assaulted by heavily armed insurgents. Even though she positions as well. According to Pentagon officials, while was badly injured, she dragged her fellow soldier, who was most women entering the armed forces for career oppor- more seriously hurt, to a safe location and single-handed- tunities do not wish to pursue “some of the gritty combat ly fought off the enemy until reinforcements arrived. In jobs…some of them are, and when you’re looking for the fact, she continued to fight the attackers until she passed best of the best you cast a wide net. There are women who out from her injuries. When she awoke, she was in a mili- can meet the standards, and they have a right to compete.” tary rescue vehicle. Her first thoughts were not about her wounds, but instead were of the condition of her compa- 19 One such woman who earned the right to belong in combat triot. Her bravery, determination, and quick thinking had duty was Marlene Rodriguez. Marlene served three differ- saved both of their lives. As a result, she was honored with ent tours in the Iraq War. Not only did she earn the rank the Purple Heart. ©iStockphoto.com

Purple Heart Medals, like the one shown above, are awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces who are wounded while serving, or posthumously to the kin of those killed in action.

9 Revealed Identity

21 The following is a fictional transcript of the trial of Jennie Hodgers/Albert D.J. Cashier for the crime of impersonating a man for the purpose of fighting in the Civil War. The Trial of Jennie Hodgers/Albert D.J. Cashier

judge THE HONORABLE JOSEPH JUSTICE

prosecuting attorney LORD HENRY THOMAS

defense attorney LORD MICHAEL THAMES

defendant JENNIE HODGERS/ALBERT D.J. CASHIER

witness PFC JOHNNY MADDEN

witness LT. CLAY WORDSWORTH Date: April 1, 1913 witness ELLEN HUTCHINSON Setting: Quincy, Illinois

22 THE HONORABLE JOSEPH JUSTICE (banging gavel on the judge’s bench): Let the court come We will first have opening arguments from the prosecut- to order! Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury and court ing attorney, then a subsequent rebuttal by the defense room, we are gathered here today for the trial of Jennie attorney. Immediately following we will begin calling Hodgers. Miss Hodgers has pled innocent to all charges witnesses to the stand. It is my hope to have a complete in a previous arraignment. The charges are of the most and speedy trial concluded by day’s end. If both sides are serious matter, impersonating a male soldier in the Union prepared, let the trial begin. Lord Thomas, you may begin Army, which by law is an illegal activity for any decent your opening argument. woman, northerner or southerner.

10 23 LORD HENRY THOMAS: Ladies and Gentle- city of Quincy, our defense is simple. We do not deny the men of the jury, the facts of this case are irrefutable and charges! Miss Hodgers did indeed assume the identity of a undeniable. Jennie Hodgers did willfully and illegally man to join the noble cause of the Union Army to defend impersonate a man, Albert D.J. Cashier, as a soldier in the our great nation and to end the offensive institution of Union Army. In fact, not only did she play the role of an slavery. In fact, I argue that not only is Miss Hodgers honorable fighting soldier, but did indeed continue to fool innocent of these outrageous and slanderous charges, but society’s most honored traditions of manliness by con- she should instead be complimented and honored for tinuing her life as Mr. Cashier for well over 30 years in the her heroic actions in battle. After all, the North did win great state of Illinois. Not only is she guilty of this heinous the war! Furthermore, she has led an exemplary life for crime, but also of making a mockery of the citizens of our several decades in Quincy as a trustworthy and hard- fair city, Quincy. Upon hearing all the facts and working member of our township. When this mockery evidence presented, you will have no choice but to find of a trial is finished, you might have to fight back the her guilty of breaking the law and shaming our honored laughter as you deliver a verdict of innocent! roles in society. JUSTICE: Dear Mr. Thames, there will no more of that 26 24 JUSTICE: Lord Thames, the floor is yours. You may disrespectful tone in my courtroom. Do we understand make your opening remarks in defense of Miss Hodgers. each other?

25 LORD MICHAEL THAMES: Thank you, your THAMES: Yes, please forgive my humorous demeanor 27 Honor. Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, and the fair your Honor. Photo: Phil Roeder Photo:

Inside a courtroom

11 Revealed Identity (Continued)

28 JUSTICE: Mr. Thomas, you may call your first witness. THOMAS: The prosecution has no more questions for 37 Mr. Madden (As Madden returns to his seat he stops to 29 THOMAS: If it pleases the court, the people call PFC shake Hodgers’ hand…and the courtroom giggles.) The Johnny Madden. (Madden takes the witness chair and prosecution now calls Lt. Clay Wordsworth to the stand. turns his attention to Mr. Thomas for his questioning.) (The retired Lt. Wordsworth takes the stand.) Mr. PFC Johnny Madden, did you serve in the 95th Illinois Wordsworth, do you recall the service of Miss Hodgers in Infantry Volunteers with Jennie Hodgers? your unit?

30 MADDEN: Why, no sir. I’s served with Mr. Albert WORDSWORTH: Well, yes and no. 38 D.J. Cashier for a fair amount of time and a good number of battles. THOMAS: Can you please clarify your answer to the 39 court, sir? 31 THOMAS: In that case, let me rephrase the question. Did you serve with the defendant, Mr. Cashier, during WORDSWORTH: I do remember D.J. Cashier as 40 the Civil War? my best shooter and most reliable soldier that served under my command. However, I do not know Miss Jennie 32 MADDEN: Heck yeah! (Madden looks at Hodgers/ Hodgers. Cashier and waves) Hey D.J., how ya doin’? THOMAS: So, sir, you never knew Albert D.J. Cashier 41 33 THOMAS: Please, Mr. Madden, just answer the ques- was in fact a woman named Jennie Hodgers? tion. Did you serve in battle with the defendant? WORDSWORTH: No sir, I did not. But, what differ- 42 34 MADDEN: Well...yeah. Or should I say I got my ence does it make? We won the war...right? And that man carcass saved a good number of times by ole D.J. Did ya was by far my best soldier for more than three years and know that ole D.J. can shoot out the eye of a squirrel from countless battles. Heck, D.J. or Jennie, it doesn’t matter…I a hundred paces? That boy saved many a man durin’ the would go to war with him…or her…again tomorrow. fightin’! (Once again the courtroom begins to laugh…only this time much louder.) 35 THOMAS: Did Mr. Cashier ever tell you that he was indeed a women in disguise? JUSTICE: Order! Order in the court! There will be no 43 more outbursts of such! Unless everyone wants to leave 36 MADDEN: No sir…and it didn’t matter none! D.J. my courtroom! was my pal…and still is!

12 44 THOMAS: We are finished with this witness your THAMES: If it pleases the court your Honor, the 54 Honor (Wordsworth exits the stand and returns to the defense feels no need to recall any witnesses to recount audience). The prosecution now calls Ellen Hutchinson. the heroic and noble actions of Jennie Hodgers. The (Mrs. Hutchinson takes the stand) Mrs. Hutchinson, were prosecution’s own witnesses have continually testified to you the first on the scene when Albert D.J. Cashier was the true nature of Miss Hodger’s character and honorable hit by a car just recently in a Quincy intersection? actions in service of our great Union. The defense rests!

45 HUTCHINSON: Yes sir, I was! It was a terrible acci- JUSTICE: This draws our trial to conclusion. The jury 55 dent that hurt Mr. Cashier very badly! will now sequester and return with a verdict of guilty or not guilty on the charges of impersonating a soldier. 46 THOMAS: When you began to administer first aid to When the jury returns we will read the verdict Mr. Cashier, what did you discover? and, if necessary, sentence Miss Hodgers.

47 HUTCHINSON: That Mr. Cashier had broken his leg. Hodgers was found guilty of impersonating a 56 48 THOMAS: Okay, but what else? man. She was incarcerated in an insane asylum. However, after serving a short sentence, she 49 HUTCHINSON: Well….(Hutchinson hesitates and is was released. Jennie then returned to her life clearly blushing) as a man, Albert Cashier. Many of her fellow combatants, although initially surprised at 50 THOMAS: Go on Mrs. Hutchinson. What else did the discovery, completely supported Hodgers. you discover? When Jennie Hodgers/Albert D.J. Cashier died in 1915, she was buried in her Union uniform 51 HUTCHINSON: Well… (shyly she answers in an em- and given a tombstone engraved with her male barrassed and quiet tone) that Mr. Cashier was probably identity and military service. Then, in the Mrs. Cashier. 1970s, her gravesite was once again honored with another tombstone that was engraved with 52 THOMAS: Your Honor, the prosecution has no more her female name, Jennie Hodgers. Jennie/Albert witnesses. In fact, there is no need for any more has two tombstones at her/his gravesite. accounts of Miss Hodgers disguising as Mr. Cashier. It is undeniable!

53 JUSTICE: Mr. Thames, you may begin calling your witnesses.

13 References

Cohen, Daniel A. (1997). The Female Marine and Related Works: Narratives of Cross-dressing and Urban Vice in America’s Early Republic. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Famularo, Julia and Avital Norman Nathman. (22 March 2013). Women Warriors Break Down Barriers Across Asia. The Diplomat. Retrieved on 25 June 2013 from: http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/22/women-warriors-break-down-barriers-across-asia/

Gansler, Laura Leedy. (2005). The Mysterious Private Thompson: The Double Life of Sarah Emma Edmonds, Civil War Soldier. New York: Free Press.

Jennie Hodgers: Private December 25, 1843-October 10, 1915. Civil War Trust. Retrieved on 14 June 2013 from http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/jennie-hodgers.html

Kovach, Gretel C. (28 April 2013). First Woman Joins Purple Heart Chapter: Soldier was wounded in combat in Iraq. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved on 25 June 2013 from: http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/Apr/28/first-woman-joins-local-purple-heart-chapter/

Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1999). All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

O’Toole, Molly and David Wood. (24 January 2013). Leon Panetta Clears Women For Combat, Declares Right To Fight. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on 25 June 2013 from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/24/leon-panetta-women-combat_n_2541847.html

Velasquez, Loreta Janeta. (2003). The Woman in Battle: The Civil War Narrative of Loreta Janeta Velazquez, Cuban Woman and Confederate Soldier. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Images Page 4 Battle of Chickamauga lithograph by Kurz & Allison, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chickamauga.jpg

Page 5 Sarah Edmonds by unknown, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarah_Edmonds_lg_sepia.jpg

Page 6 Albert Cashier by unknown, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert-Cashier.jpg

Page 7 Harry T. Buford by unknown, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_T._Buford.jpg

Page 8 Marines with the Lioness Program by U.S. Marines, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-18165.jpg

Page 9 Vintage WWII Purple Heart ©iStockphoto.com/rojoimages http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-5962552-vintage-wwii-purple-heart.php?st=d287561

Page 10 Judge in a Courtroom ©iStockphoto.com/Rich Legg http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-13730430-judge-in-a-courtroom.php?st=883c0d8

Page 11 Supreme Court by Phil Roeder, CC BY 2.0 http://www.flickr.com/photos/tabor-roeder/5554035521/sizes/o/in/photolist-9sMTg8-9sQTGY-ciT2DG-7QBRWp-7QFdPy-7QFb2s-ca2PW1-ca2RQG-cAt- KLJ-f7RJJB-bhwD1K-ahi5G4-ahhVgM-ahkMTf-7KXtxw-9KNGX2-9sMMC6-9sMQEz-9MVX4J-7yeMCw-a1Wind-8Q55Fn-8adfx3-8a9ZCK-8a9ZwK-8adfdW- 8rqkS8-9SmNWN-9SPCGS/

14 Quick Writes

15 Quick Writes

16 Quick Writes

17 Research Integrate 6-8 and Synthesize Grade Band DIRECTIONS

Integrate or synthesize information from two sources on the same topic. Use this book as one of the sources. Enter the titles or websites of the two sources in the space provided. Enter 4-5 facts from each source. Using the facts from both sources, write a short research paper of one or two paragraphs.

1 Source 2 Source

Writing Space

18 Research Integrate 6-8 Vocabulary 6-8 and Synthesize Grade Band Grade Band DIRECTIONS DIRECTIONS

Integrate or synthesize information from two sources on the same topic. Use this book as one of List unknown vocabulary words on the chart provided. Give a brief deﬁnition from a print or the sources. Enter the titles or websites of the two sources in the space provided. Enter 4-5 facts digital source. Create your own link (image, symbol, word association). Brieﬂy explain the impact from each source. Using the facts from both sources, write a short research paper of one or two of the word choice on the tone or meaning of the text. paragraphs.

TEXT PAGE(S) 1 Source 2 Source

Word or Phrase Brief Definition My Link Tone Or Meaning Paragraph # Paragraph

Writing Space

19 Oral Reading Fluency Chart Words Correct Per Minute Per Correct Words

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pages Book Check Rubric Weigh score by 1

No Attempt Below Basic Basic Proﬁ cient Advanced

Student makes no Student makes Student completes Student completes Student completes attempt to complete an attempt to most of the all elements of all elements of the task. complete the task. elements of the task. the task. the task. but demonstrates little or no understanding of the task.

Student Student Student Student demonstrates demonstrates a demonstrates an demonstrates a little or no limited understanding of deep understanding understanding of understanding the text. of the text. the task. of the text.

Student provides Student supports Student completely limited or no the answer with supports the answer evidence to support evidence from with solid evidence their answer. the text. from the text. Evidence Understanding Task

20 Total: Book Check : Name: Assumed Identity Date: 36

Reread paragraph 22. What can you infer about the judge’s feelings about Jennie Hodger’s and her crime? 4

Explain the author’s choice of the title, Assumed Identity, and how this theme is developed and carried through each writing form: expository and trial transcript. Support the theme 4 choice with at least two key ideas from the book.

Select two key ideas, events, or characters from the book. Explain the relationship between the two key ideas, events, or characters. How do they contribute to your understanding of 4 the central theme of the book?

Select 2 words or phrases from the book that are important to you as a reader. Explain why you selected these words or phrases. Describe how you would use them in the future. 4

21 Explain how the author organized the book. Identify the primary text structure of each writing form: expository and transcript. Explain how each writing form contributes to the 4 overall understanding of the theme.

Identify the primary purpose and point of view of each writing form: expository and transcript. Explain how each point of view contributes to the overall understanding of the 4 theme.

Select at least two photographs, maps, charts, diagrams, or tables and explain how each contributes to the overall understanding of the theme. 4

Identify the claim the author makes in paragraph 19. Quote statements from the text that provide evidence or reasons to support that argument or claim. 4

9 Compare and contrast the topic presentation of the writing forms. Identify the topic addressed by the texts. What is common to the texts? Explain how they differ in information presentation. 4

EAN