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Iconography of Deities and Demons

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Iconography of Deities and Demons Iconography of Deities and Demons Instructions for Contributors Department of Biblical Studies, University of Fribourg, Avenue de l’Europe 20, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland Editor: Christoph Uehlinger Assistant Editor: Jürg Eggler Phone +41–(0)26–300 7384 Fax +41–(0)26–300 9754 Phone +41–(0)26–300 7388 [email protected] www.unifr.ch/bif [email protected] April 2002 Table of contents 1. Structure of IDD articles .......................................................................................2 2. Bibliographic references .......................................................................................5 3. Manuscripts ..........................................................................................................5 4. Model articles .......................................................................................................7 Appendix A: IDD table of contents.........................................................................17 Appendix B: Provisional list of lemmata.................................................................18 Appendix C: Data collection...................................................................................20 2 IDD – Instructions for Contributors 1. Structure of IDD articles An IDD article generally consists of 6 sections plus illustrations: I. Introductory remarks II. Iconographical typology II.1. Phenotypes II.2. Standard associations III. Sources III.1. Chronological Range III.2. Geographical Distribution III.3. Object types IV. Iconological interpretation/religio-historical synthesis V. Catalogue VI. Selected bibliography I. Introductory remarks Introductory issues: these may include a short task description, particular methodologicalproblems due to extant sources or to the specific character of a lemma, or general remarks on the lemma’s religio-historical significance. If the lemma concerns a particular deity, the author should explain on what grounds this deity may be or has been identified on visual representations. If the identification of the deity is based on textual evidence (e.g., literary sour- ces, captions), this should be mentioned. Research history: if applicable, the introductory section should should briefly review the history of research, with emphasis on monographic treatments. N.B. Each article starts with one or several lemma qualifications provided by the editors, indicating the category a lemma belongs to. These include: – god/goddess: e.g., Hadad (usually cross-referenced to DDD) – demon: e.g., Lamashtu (usually cross-referenced to DDD) – function or role label: e.g., storm-god (cross-referenced to DDD if applicable) – icon type: e.g., smiting god – attribute: e.g., characteristic weapons, animals, features of dress etc. – symbol: e.g., winged disk. The author may comment on these qualifications and change or add additional keywords if s/he considers it relevant for the article. II. Iconographical typology Section II is concerned with the descriptive classification of (a) iconographical phenotypes and (b) standard associ- ations of the lemma item with others (deities, demons, humans or animals) in visual sources. Section II.1. Phenotypes The various iconographical types are classified according to regular features defining the visual appearance of the lemma item, i.e., in the case of deities: physical features (e.g., wings, beard, horns), dress, attributes (e.g., specific weapons, sceptres), or gestures (e.g., smiting, menacing, greeting, standing vs. enthroned etc.). This section should concentrate on standard phenotypes. However, it may include paragraphs on probable, possible, uncertain, and/or unlikely identifications if such have been suggested in earlier literature. Discussion of phenotypes should consider the following categories of visual representation, if applicable to the lemma item: IDD – Instructions for Contributors 3 A. Anthropomorphic: entirely or dominantly (e.g., winged anthropomorphic figure) B. Theriomorphic C. Mixed: theriomorphic with human features (e.g., sphinx), mixture of animal features from several species D. Symbolic representation (e.g., cult standard or emblem) E. ‘Aniconic’ representation (e.g., standing stones) F. Natural phenomena or numinous objects (trees, heavenly bodies, etc.) G. Other N.B. Phenotypes considered as probably related to the lemma item may be further sub-divided (e.g., 4. Probable 4.1. Winged, 4.2. Bull-headed). For the sake of simplicity phenotypes considered as possible, uncertain and/or unlikely should only be further sub-divided if absolutely necessary. Section II.2. Standard associations (or ‘constellations’) This section should discuss standard associations of the lemma item with (other) deities/demons, humans, or animals as attested by visual sources. The author is free in his classification (order, designation) and discussion except that s/he should proceed along the categories distinguished in section II.1. Section II.2. should address the issue of standard associations in the following order: 1. Lemma item associated with (other) deities/demons on representations showing several deities 2. Lemma item associated with animals, e.g., attribute animals 3. Lemma item related to humans, e.g., in scenes of worship, procession, etc. Summary listing of contents Sections II.1. and II.2 both open with a summary listing of contents in order to provide an overview and allow for quick orientation and reference. Corresponding catalogue numbers (bold) are added in brackets. Format of summary listing of phenotypes in section II.1: Main category: Capital letter & designation, e.g., A. Anthropomorphic Phenotype: Arabic numeral & designation, e.g., 1. Winged Pheno-subtype (only if applicable): Arabic numeral & designation, e.g., 1.1. Slaying a serpent Format of summary listing in section II.2.: Main category: Capital letter & designation, e.g., A. Anthropomorphic Standard associations: Arabic numeral & association category, i.e., 1. Associated with deities/demons 2. Associated with animals 3. Associated with humans Association specification: Arabic numeral & designation, e.g., 1.1. El III. Sources This part is divided into three sub-sections according to three aspects of source distribution: time, location, and genre. III.1. Chronological range III.2. Geographical distribution III.3. Object types on which the lemma item is regularly or conspicuously depicted (monumental [e.g., stelae, rock reliefs, temple walls, major statuary], minor arts [e.g., small statuary and figurines, furniture, cylinder or stamp seals, amulets etc.). IV. Iconological interpretation/religio-historical synthesis In this part, authors should refrain from presenting additional iconographical data but discuss the meaning and religio-historical significance of phenotypes and constellations already mentioned and classified in sections II and III, which operated on the level of iconography. This is not the place to elaborately discuss various possible distinctions between iconography and iconology. In order to put things straightforwardly, we suggest to consider iconography (sec. II) as a largely descriptive undertaking, focussing on visual phenotypes and their classification, whereas iconology (sec. IV) should aim at a religio-historical interpretation of the lemma item’s meaning and significance within ancient cultures, societies and/or religions. 4 IDD – Instructions for Contributors V. Catalogue The catalogue section provides data and bibliographic information on all visual sources depicting the lemma item and mentioned in the article. Illustrated sources require slightly more catalogue information than sources that will only be mentioned in the text. Illustrated objects: Selection: authors of the individual articles are expected to suggest illustrations that should accompany their article. They should give priority to the most informative sources, i.e., images where the visual characteristics of the lemma item are particularly well recognized and/or images where the lemma item appears in a par- ticularly meaningful pictorial constellation (e.g., in a procession of deities, or in a gesture which may readily explain a deity’s role or function). If one and the same source is mentioned by several articles, it will be illus- trated once and cross-referenced wherever necessary. Reference in the text: illustrated objects are referred to in the text with bracketed, bold numeral and asterisk, e.g., (3*). Data: the following information should be provided concerning illustrated objects: object type (e.g., cylinder seal), material, measurements, provenance, dating of object, present location including museum or collec- tion’s inventory number, bibliography. Format in the catalogue section: – no. of text figure in bold print, followed by object type, material, measurements, provenance and date of object (each separated by a comma and concluded by a full stop) – place, institution and inv. no. of/at present location – bibliographic references. When using an already published plate or drawing, the relevant bibliographic reference should be preceded by an asterisk; otherwise, institutional or individual credits should be given in this section. Example: 1* Stela, limestone, 142 (L) x 47-50 (W) x 28 (H) cm, Ugarit, c. 1700-1400. Paris, Musée national du Louvre, AO 15775. SCHAEFFER 1933: 122f, pl. 16; *CORNELIUS 1994: 135-138, pl. 32:BR1. Further parallels and further visual sources (i.e., visual representations of the lemma item which will not be illustrated) Format in the text: parallels are referred to in the text
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