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The United Arab Emirates Indigenous Essential Oil-Bearing Plants

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The United Arab Emirates Indigenous Essential Oil-Bearing Plants United Arab Emirates University Scholarworks@UAEU Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-2018 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES INDIGENOUS ESSENTIAL OIL- BEARING PLANTS: ESSENTIAL OILS OF AERVA JAVANICA AND CLEOME AMBLYOCARPA GROWN IN SANDY SOILS UNDER ARID CONDITIONS Suzan Marwan Ramadan Shahin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Ramadan Shahin, Suzan Marwan, "THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES INDIGENOUS ESSENTIAL OIL-BEARING PLANTS: ESSENTIAL OILS OF AERVA JAVANICA AND CLEOME AMBLYOCARPA GROWN IN SANDY SOILS UNDER ARID CONDITIONS" (2018). Dissertations. 114. https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_dissertations/114 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Scholarworks@UAEU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarworks@UAEU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii Copyright Copyright © 2018 Suzan Marwan Ramadan Shahin All Rights Reserved iv Advisory Committee 1) Advisor: Dr. Mohammed Abdul Mohsen Salem Alyafei Title: Associate Professor Department of Aridland Agriculture College of Food and Agriculture 2) Co-advisor: Dr. Shyam S. Kurup Title: Associate Professor Department of Aridland Agriculture College of Food and Agriculture 3) Member: Dr. Abdul Jaleel Cheruth Title: Associate Professor Department of Aridland Agriculture College of Food and Agriculture vii Abstract Essential Oils (EOs) are expensive hydrocarbons produced exclusively by specific species in the plant’s kingdom. Nowadays, with the growing trends of healthy lifestyle and enormous research-based discoveries, EOs became a popular, attractive topic, for both research and industry, with revenues reaching billions of dollars annually. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has rich traditional herbal medicine, associated with topical and EO-aromatherapy applications, that (in most cases) not scientifically justified nor clarified. This dissertation investigated the EO-bearing plants of the UAE, providing a databank with comprehensive knowledge for all indigenous and naturalized EO-bearing plant species of the UAE wild flowers. Also, this work studied EO for one of the common perennial medicinal shrubs of the UAE, which is Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schul. (Amaranthaceae). The focus was on EO isolated from leaves and flowers of this shrub, and how different factors (including: post- harvest drying methods, particle size, seasonal variation) can significantly influence EO yield quantitatively (by hydrodistillation) and qualitatively (by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)). This work aimed to provide a scientific justification for the rich traditional applications of A. javanica, through investigating it is antioxidant activity (in vitro) using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. Results showed that post-harvest drying methods lead to significant effect on EO yield qualitatively and quantitatively. Generally, EO of fresh samples provided the best quality yield, while freeze drying was the best drying method that conserves that quality. Seasonal variations lead to significant effect on all studied physiological parameters and EO yield qualitatively and quantitatively. Spring was the best season to harvest the best quality EO. Leaves particle size lead to significant variation on EO yield. A. javanica EO (particularly extracted from leaves) has antioxidant activity (in vitro). Additionally, this dissertation wanted to explore EO of Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb. (Cleomaceae), which is a medicinal annual herb widespread in the UAE. Studies related to germination and seedlings emergence rate were conducted. The influences of three soil matric potentials were investigated (pF: 1.7 “control”, 1.9 “moderate stress”, 2.1 “high stress”), created by applying three irrigation regimes and measured by Stevens pF Sensors. Effect of water stress on vegetative growth viii parameters and yield were recorded (fresh and dry weight basis). Besides, this work studied the influence of the created three pF levels on the EO yield quantitatively (by hydrodistillation) and qualitatively (by GC-MS). Results of GC-MS analysis provided compounds identification for 27, 20, and 17 volatiles, under pF levels of 1.7, 1.9, and 2.1, respectively. Morpho-physiological analysis were conducted by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and spectrophotometer methods. Finally, this dissertation explored (in vitro) the antioxidant activity of C. amblyocarpa EO (extracted from it is seeds and whole plant) using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. Results showed that C. amblyocarpa is a sensitive desert herb to water availability. Drought stress severity reduced the overall vegetative growth parameters and caused significant reduction on overall vegetative yield. Drought stress caused significant morpho-physiological variations. The pF at 1.9 is a good stress indicator tool that shows the maximum tolerable water stress level during C. amblyocarpa life cycle. Results showed that this herb is a promising source of phytochemicals that have antioxidant activity (in vitro). This work concluded by adding this species as a new record of the EO-bearing plants, to have in total 136 Emirati EO-bearing plant species, as well as a new natural resource of bioactive antioxidants. Keywords: Essential oils (EOs), Indigenous medicinal plants, Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schul., Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb., Post-harvest drying method, Particle size, Seasonal variation, Water stress, Stevens pF Sensors, Hydrodistillation, Morpho-physiological analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Spectrophotometer, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Antioxidants, UAE. ix Title and Abstract (in Arabic) النباتات الحاملة للزيوت العطرية في دولة اﻹمارات العربية المتحدة: الزيت العطري ل ُشجيرة اﻷرا و ُعشبة الخنيزة النامية في التربة الرمليــة تحت الظروف القاحلـــة الملخص تُعتبر الزيوت العطرية مركبات عضوية ثمينة يتم إنتاجها حصراً عن طريق مجموعة خاصة من اﻷصناف النباتية في مملكة النبات. وقد ارتفعت قيمة هذه المركبات مؤخراً نظراً لتزايد نسبة الوعي المتعلق بأنماط الحياة الصحية مع ارتفاع عدد اﻹكتشافات البحثية ذات العﻻقة. فقد أصبح موضوع الزيوت العطرية موضوعاً مثيراً لﻻهتمام من قِبَل شريحة واسعة على النطاق البحثي والصناعي بإيرادات ضخمة تصل قيمتها لمليارات الدوﻻرات سنوياً. تمتاز دولة اﻹمارات العربية المتحدة بموروث ثقافي غني على صعيد التداوي باﻷعشاب الطبية. ولهذا اﻹرث عﻻقة وطيدة بمفهوم التداوي بالرائحة وتطبيقات الزيوت العطرية. لكن هذا المجال ﻻيمكن اعتماده طبياً إﻻ عن طريق توثيق وتدعيم النتائج بالدراسات واﻷبحاث العلمية. وهنا يأتي الهدف من هذه اﻷطروحة بالتحري عن جميع النباتات الحاملة للزيوت العطرية وحصرها ببنك للمعلومات يحوي معلومات مف ّصلة عن النباتات المحلية الحاملة للزيوت العطرية في الدولة. وقد قامت هذه اﻷطروحة بتسليط الضوء على إحدى أهم الشجيرات الطبية المنتشرة في الدولة وهي شجيرة اﻷرا/ التوايم من الفصيلة القطيفية. وقد كان الهدف التركيز على دراسة الزيوت العطرية المستخلصة من أوراق وأزهار هذه الشجيرة المحلية، ومعرفة تأثير مجموعة من العوامل )كطريقة التجفيف مابعد الحصاد، حجم الحبيبات، التغيرات المو ِسميّة( على إنتاجية الزيوت العطرية لشجيرة اﻷرا/ التوايم كماً )عن طريق التقطير( ونوعاً )عن طريق تقنية تحليل الغازات بالطيف الكمي GC-MS(. وقد كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة تقديم تفسير علمي يُبرر اﻹستخدامات الثرية لهذه الشجيرة ﻷغراض عﻻجية في الممارسات الطبية التقليدية، وذلك عن طريق دراسة النشاط المضاد لﻷكسدة لزيتها العطري مخبرياً باستخدام مقاييس متعارف عليها في هذا المجال )وهي الـ DPPH، ABTS ،FRAP(. وقد أظهرت النتائج بأن طريقة التجفيف أدت لحدوث فروق معنوية على الزيت العطري المستخلص كماً ونوعاً. وبشك ٍل عام فقد تم الحصول على أفضل جودة للزيت العطري عن طريق العينات الطازجة، وقد ُوجد بأن طريقة التجفيف بالتجميد هي الطريقة ال ُمثﻻ للمحافظة على جودة الزيت العطري. كما أ ّدت التغيرات المو ِس مية لحدوث فروق معنوية على جميع العوامل الشكلية والتشريحية المدروسة وعلى إنتاجية الزيت العطري كماً ونوعاً. وقد ُوجد x بأن فصل الربيع هو التوقيت اﻷمثل لحصاد أفضل جودة للزيت العطري ال ُمستخلص. وقد تم إثبات بأن الزيت العطري لنبات اﻷرا )خصوصاً الزيت المستخلص من اﻷوراق( له خصائص فعالة كمضادات لﻷكسدة )ال ُمثبته بالتحليل المخبري(. وعلى صعي ٍد آخر فقد قامت هذه اﻷطروحة بتسليط المجهرعلى نبا ٍت طبي محلي آخر منتشر في الدولة وهو عشبة الخنيزة التابع للفصيلة الذفرية. وقد تمت دراسة بعض العوامل المؤثرة على معدﻻت اﻹنبات وظهور البادرات في هذه العشبة. كما تم دراسة تأثير معامل اﻹجهاد لحبيبات الرمال المعروف بـpF على 3 معدﻻت )1.7 "عامل اﻹجهاد المحايد"، 1.9 "عامل اﻹجهاد المتوسط"، 2.1 "عامل اﻹجهاد الشديد"( وذلك عن طريق تطبيق ثﻻثة جداول للري والتي تم قياسها باستخدام تقنية Stevens pF Sensors. وتم قياس تأثير معامﻻت الري على النمو والمحصول الخضري للعشبة )باﻻعتماد على الوزن اﻷصلي والجاف(. كما تم دراسة تأثير معامل اﻹجهاد لحبيبات الرمال على اﻹنتاج الكمي "عن طريق التقطير" والنوعي )عن طريق تقنية تحليل الغازات بالطيف الكمي GC-MS( للزيت العطري للعشبة. وقد تضمن التحليل النوعي للزيت العطري تحديد جميع مركباته الطيّارة التي بلغ عددها 27، 20، 17 باستخدام معامﻻت اﻹجهاد 1.7، 1.9، 2.1 على التوالي. كما تم إجراء تحاليل شكلية وتشريحية للعشبة باستخدام تقنية المسح اﻹلكتروني المجهري )SEM(. وأخيراً قامت هذه اﻷطروحة بدراسة الخصائص المضادة لﻷكسدة للزيت العطري لعشبة الخنيزة مخبرياً وذلك بتطبيق ثﻻثة مقاييس )وهي الـ ABTS ،FRAP ،DPPH(. وقد أظهرت النتائج حساسية عشبة الخنيزة لوجود الماء. فكلما زادت نسبة جفاف التربة كلما قل المحصول الخضري بشك ٍل عام وكلما أدى ذلك لنقص ذو فروق معنوية بالمعايير الشكلية والتشريحية لل ُعشبة. وتَدل النتائج بإمكانية اﻻعتماد على معامل اﻹجهاد المتوسط عند قيمة )1.9( كمؤشر ف ّعال للحد اﻷعلى ل ُشح المياه التي تستطيع العشبة احتماله. وتؤكد
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