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UNIVERSITY of DERBY the NOWHERE BIBLE: Frauke Uhlenbruch Doctor of Philosophy 2014

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UNIVERSITY of DERBY the NOWHERE BIBLE: Frauke Uhlenbruch Doctor of Philosophy 2014 The Nowhere Bible: the Biblical passage Numbers 13 as a case study of Utopian and Dystopian readings by diachronic audiences Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Uhlenbruch, Frauke Citation Promised Land into Real-Life Utopia? Utopian Theory, Numbers 13 and Of Plymouth Plantation, eSharp 18, Winter 2012, 26-34.; Reconstructing Realities from Biblical Utopias: Alien Readers and Dystopian Potentials, Biblical Interpretation, Forthcoming; Numbers 13 - by Gene Roddenberry, in "Methods, Theories and Imaginations: Social Scientific Approaches in Biblical Studies" (ed. Chalcraft, Uhlenbruch, Watson), Sheffield Phoenix Press, forthcoming. Publisher University of Derby Download date 30/09/2021 13:53:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/315827 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY THE NOWHERE BIBLE: THE BIBLICAL PASSAGE NUMBERS 13 AS A CASE STUDY OF UTOPIAN AND DYSTOPIAN READINGS BY DIACHRONIC AUDIENCES Frauke Uhlenbruch Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Contents i. Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 4 ii. List of tables ............................................................................................................ 4 iii. Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 iv. Abstract .................................................................................................................... 6 v. Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... 8 0. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 1. Literature Review ................................................................................................. 18 1.1. Utopian literature and utopian studies .............................................................. 19 1.1.1. Utopian literature ...................................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Secondary literature about utopia and science fiction .............................. 22 1.2. Theories, method, philosophy .......................................................................... 29 1.2.1 Ideal type derived from Max Weber ......................................................... 29 1.2.2. Jorge Luis Borges ..................................................................................... 30 1.2.3. Isaiah Berlin and Donna Haraway ............................................................ 31 1.2.4. Self and Other ........................................................................................... 32 1.3. Biblical studies ................................................................................................. 33 1.3.1. Bible as utopia .......................................................................................... 33 1.3.2. The Bible and Numbers 13 ....................................................................... 37 1.3.3. Reader response approaches to the Bible ................................................. 39 2. Utopia as an Ideal Type ........................................................................................ 43 2.1. Characteristic traits of utopia, dystopia, and science fiction ............................ 44 2.2. Ideals and ideal type ......................................................................................... 47 2.3. What is an ideal type? ...................................................................................... 52 2.4. Family resemblances and anachronisms .......................................................... 57 2.5. Using an ideal type to read utopia in the Bible ................................................ 59 2.6. Gauging the concept of utopia for use with the Bible ...................................... 62 2.6.1. Assumptions about formation and transmission of utopias must be applied to the Bible with caution ............................................................................. 63 2.6.2. Utopias create and disrupt links between fiction and reality .................... 67 2.6.3. Dating of a utopia impacts its function as a call to action ........................ 69 2.6.4. Features of literary utopias: fiction, history, place ................................... 71 2.7. Summary and outlook ...................................................................................... 81 3. Utopia and Reality ................................................................................................ 84 3.1. Biblical utopias may allow insights into the “Zero World” ............................. 85 3.1.1. Relationship between the fiction and the author’s reality ......................... 90 3.1.2. Diachronically changing audiences perceive different utopias ................ 93 3.1.3. Utopias can only be fully understood with knowledge of the reality behind them ............................................................................................................. 99 3.1.4. Conclusion of 3.1 .................................................................................... 101 3.2. Playing utopia with Michael Holquist ............................................................ 102 3.2.1. Game rules: utopia and chess .................................................................. 103 3.2.2. The abstraction gains independent meaning ........................................... 104 3.2.3. Application of Holquist to reconstruction of reality based on utopia ..... 105 3.2.4. Critique of Holquist ................................................................................ 106 4. A Utopian Reading of Numbers 13 ................................................................... 109 4.1. Numbers 13 and utopian maps ....................................................................... 110 4.1.1. Utopian maps represent fictional environments ..................................... 112 4.1.2. The Bible features utopian maps ............................................................ 115 4.1.3. The map of Numbers 13:17-26 ............................................................... 119 4.2. Commentary on Numbers 13:17-26 ............................................................... 120 4.2.1. Geography and topography (vv. 17.18) .................................................. 120 4.2.2. The view of the land (vv. 18-20) ............................................................ 121 4.2.3. The route (vv.21-24) ............................................................................... 123 4.2.4. Returning elsewhere? (vv.25.26) ............................................................ 125 4.3. Features of literary utopias and the route of Numbers 13: difficulties of representation and the telescope effect ..................................................................... 126 4.3.1. Utopian feature one: the route is not representable ................................ 126 4.3.2. Utopian feature two: the telescope effect ............................................... 135 4.4. Inner-biblical comparison: Ezekiel’s utopian boundaries are the same as Numbers’ boundaries ................................................................................................ 145 4.5. Maps, utopias, and the Bible: summary and implications ............................. 147 5. William Bradford and the Utopia of Numbers 13 ........................................... 152 5.1. Progressing towards the ambiguous paradise of America ............................. 153 5.2. Readers re-work narratives to match reality .................................................. 154 5.3. William Bradford reads Numbers 13 ............................................................. 161 5.4. Cotton Mather reads Bradford and Numbers 13 ............................................ 168 5.5. Bradford’s estranged biblical utopia .............................................................. 170 6. Utopia and Dystopia in Numbers 13 ................................................................. 174 6.1. Relations between utopia, dystopia, anti-utopia ............................................ 174 6.1.1. Utopia ...................................................................................................... 175 6.1.2. Dystopia .................................................................................................. 175 6.1.3. Anti-utopia .............................................................................................. 177 6.1.4. Form criticism and treatment of “genre” in this chapter ........................ 178 2 6.2. Ambiguous utopian and dystopian images in Numbers 13 ............................ 180 6.2.1. Fortified cities are an asset and a threat .................................................. 182 6.2.2. The land eats the protagonists and the protagonists eat their rivals ........ 182 6.2.3. Giant grapes might be giants’ grapes ...................................................... 184 6.2.4. The theme of escaping coercion ............................................................. 185 6.3. Utopia and dystopia exist at the same time .................................................... 191 6.3.1. Cyclical relationship of utopias and dystopias ....................................... 192 6.3.2. Simultaneous relationship: “Ustopia” ..................................................... 194 6.3.3. Utopias are not neutral spaces ...............................................................
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