DOCSLIB.ORG

Reefmap Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

2003 CORN ISLANDS AND PEARL CAYS PROJECT REPORT HONORARY PRESIDENT Prof. David Bellamy PROJECT PATRONS Sir Bruce MacPhail (Man. Dir. P&O Ferries), Peter Raines (Founder Coral Cay Conservation), Dr. Martha Holmes (Producer BBC Nature – ‘The Blue Planet’) PROJECT TEAM: Duncan Hume, Ulrika Gunnartz, Tim Daw, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Alex Hunt, Randolph Velterop, Philip Broadhurst, Yamil Zapata, Alvaro Segura, Clare Drakeford, Marcos Clowes, Eduadro Siu, Karen Joseph, Marlon Alfaro Dublón, Jessenia Bello, Ivette Wilson, Dwayne Montealban, Gary Archibald, Adalia White, Ebony García, Ernie Atily, Clarence Gonzales, Melvin Archibold, Nora Figueroa, Elizabeth Pena, Carton Moses, Leard Thomas, Noel Cash, Bismarck Granados AdPesca Movement for the Defence and Dignity of Corn Islands Municipal Government of Corn Islands CONTENTS FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. 15 1. OVERVIEW 15 2. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 15 2.1. FISHERIES SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND PERCEPTIONS STUDY 15 2.2. FISHERIES SPATIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY 16 2.3. MARINE HABITAT MAPPING 16 2.4. CORAL REEF SURVEYS 16 2.5. WETLAND WATER QUALITY STUDY 16 2.6. MARINE SEDIMENTATION STUDY 16 3. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF 17 3.1. FISHERIES 17 3.2. ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH AND MONITORING NEEDS 17 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ............................................................................... 18 1. DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL 18 2. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES 17 2.1. ESTRUCTURAS SOCIALES EN AL COMUNIDAD PRESQUERO 17 2.2. ESTUDIO ECONOMICO/ESPACIAL DE LA PESCA 18 2.3. MAPEO DE LOS HABITATS 18 2.4. EVALUACION DE LOS ARRECIFES CORRALINOS 18 2.5. CALIDAD DE AGUA DE LOS SUAMPOS 18 2.6. SEDIMENTACION MARINA 19 3. RECOMMENDACIONES PARA EL MANEJO EN BREVE 19 3.1. LA PESCA 19 3.2. INVESTIGACION Y MONITOREO DE ECOSISTEMAS 20 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 22 1. THE REEFMAP PROJECT 22 2. THE PROJECT SITE 22 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................ 24 1. IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL INVOLVEMENT 24 2. COLLABORATION WITH THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 24 3. INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL UNIVERSITIES AND EXPERTISE 24 4. STUDENT PARTICIPATION - URACCAN 24 5. STUDENT PARTICIPATION - BICU 25 6. COLLABORATION WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND NGOS 26 7. LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT 26 7.1. INTRODUCING THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY 26 8. DISSEMINATION AND DISCUSSION OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS 27 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 27 9.1. PROJECT PATRONS 27 9.2. FINANCIAL SUPPORT 27 9.3. ADVICE, LOGISTICAL AND INKIND SUPPORT 28 1 CHAPTER 1: FISHERIES STUDIES ............................................................. 29 CHAPTER 1, SECTION A: FISHERIES SOCIAL STUDY ................................. 30 Social structures and perceptions of artisanal fishers on the Corn Islands: Implications for co-management ............................................................. 30 ABSTRACT 30 1. INTRODUCTION 30 2. METHODOLOGY 32 2.1. QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT 32 2.2. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT 32 3. RESULTS 33 3.1. FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL GROUPINGS IN THE FISHER COMMUNITY 34 3.2. SURVEY OF FISHERS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE RESOURCE & MANAGEMENT 35 3.2.1. REGULATIONS 35 3.2.2. REASONS FOR DECLINE 35 3.2.3. PARTIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RECUPERATION OF THE LOBSTER STOCK 35 3.3.1. FISHING TYPES 35 3.3.2. ETHNICITY 35 4. DISCUSSION 36 4.1. IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC GROUPS IN CORN ISLANDS 36 4.2. DIVING: ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION? 36 4.3. CLOSED AREAS 37 4.4. “FOREIGN BOATS” AS A REASON FOR DECLINE 37 4.5. FISHERS AS PART OF MANAGEMENT? 37 4.6. LITTLE ISLAND AS A ROLE MODEL? 37 5. CONCLUSION 38 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 38 CHAPTER 1, SECTION B: FISHERIES SPATIAL STUDY ............................... 39 A spatial and economic analysis of the artisanal fisheries of the Corn Islands ..................................................................................................... 39 ABSTRACT 39 1. INTRODUCTION 39 2. STUDY AREA 39 3. METHODS 40 3.1. DATA COLLECTION 40 3.2. MAPPING FISHING LOCATIONS 41 3.3. TRENDS OF CATCHES WITH DISTANCE TRAVELLED 41 3.4. CHANGES IN TIME 42 3.5. MICROECONOMICS OF FISHERS 42 4. RESULTS 42 4.1. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES UTILISED 43 4.2. FACTORS AFFECTING SPATIAL EFFORT DISTRIBUTION 44 4.3. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DISTANCE AND CATCH 45 4.4. CHANGES IN TIME 45 4.5. MICROECONOMICS OF FUEL EXPENDITURE 45 2 5. DISCUSSION 46 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47 CHAPTER 2, MAPPING AND SURVEYING ................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2: Section A: MARINE HABITAT MAPPING................................. 49 Mapping the Marine Habitats of Nicaragua’s Corn Islands using a RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System and Landsat TM Imagery ........... 49 ABSTRACT 49 1. INTRODUCTION 49 1.1. THE CORN ISLANDS’ CLIMATE & MARINE ENVIRONMENT 49 1.2. THE CORN ISLANDS ACTION PLAN 50 2. AIMS 50 3. METHODS 50 3.1. REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES 50 3.2. RoxAnn AGDS 51 3.3. SATELLITE IMAGERY 51 4. FIELD SURVEY 52 4.1. LANDSAT IMAGE GEO-REFERENCING 52 4.2. LANDSAT GROUND TRUTH SURVEY 52 4.3. RoxAnn AGDS SURVEY 53 4.4. RoxAnn GROUND TRUTH SURVEY 53 5. HABITAT DEFINITION 53 6. DATA PROCESSING 56 6.1. RoxAnn DATA EDITING 56 6.2. RoxAnn DATA STANDARDISATION 56 6.3. RoxAnn DATA INTERPOLATION 56 6.4. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 57 7. IMAGE CLASSIFICATION 57 7.1. UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 58 7.2. SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 58 7.2.1. TRAINING 58 7.2.2. LANDSAT SIGNATURE EVALUATION 58 7.2.3. SIGNATURE RECTIFICATION / ONSCREEN DIGITISATION 59 7.2.4. RoxAnn SIGNATURE EVALUATION 59 7.2.5. DECISION MAKING 60 7.2.6. CONTEXTUAL EDITING & OVERLAY: GREAT CORN ISLAND 60 7.2.7. CONTEXTUAL EDITING AND OVERLAY: LITTLE CORN ISLAND 61 8. FINAL MAP PRODUCTION 61 9. DISCUSSION 61 9.1. LIMITATIONS OF ROXANN AGDS 61 9.2. LIMITATIONS OF THE POSITIONING SYSTEM 62 9.3. THE INFLUENCE OF INTERPOLATION 62 9.4. LIMITATIONS OF LANDSAT 62 9.5. LIMITATIONS OF THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 63 9.6. PROBLEMS WITH COMBINING ACOUSTIC AND OPTICAL METHODS 63 9.7. NEED FOR AN ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 63 10. CONCLUSION 64 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 64 3 CHAPTER 2: SECTION B: MARINE HABITAT MAPS..................................... 65 CHAPTER 2: SECTION C: COASTAL AND MARINE HABITAT ASSESSMENTS 71 A rapid assessment of the coral reef community structure and health of the Corn Islands using the AGRRA protocol.................................................... 71 ABSTRACT 71 1. INTRODUCTION 72 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 2.1. SITE DESCRIPTION 72 2.2. SURVEY TRAINING 73 2.3. SAMPLE SITE SELECTION 73 2.4. DATA COLLECTION 74 2.5. STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP 75 2.6. DATA ANALYSIS 75 3. RESULTS 75 3.1. CORAL COVER 75 3.2. CORAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 76 3.3. CORAL SIZE-FREQUENCY 77 3.4. PARTIAL MORTALITY 77 3.5. TOTAL MORTALITY 78 3.6. CORAL DISEASE 78 3.7. OTHER MORTALITY 78 3.8. CORAL BLEACHING 78 3.9. REEF RELIEF 79 3.10. ALGAL COVER 79 3.11. ALGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 79 3.12. DIADEMA ABUNDANCE 80 4. DISCUSSION 80 5. CONCLUSIONS 82 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 82 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS ................................ 83 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS 83 1.1. SHORELINE PROTECTION 83 1.2. ECO-TOURISM 83 1.3. LOBSTER HABITAT 83 1.4. FISH HABITAT 84 1.5. WASTE TREATMENT 84 2. POTENTIAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ REEF HABITATS 84 2.1. HAWKSBILL TURTLE HABITAT 84 2.2. THE CURIO TRADE 84 2.3. AQUARIA: LIVE FISH / LIVE ROCK TRADE 84 2.4. COLLECTION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 84 2.5. CORAL MINING 85 3. THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS 85 3.1. NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT 85 3.2. CLIMATE CHANGE & SEA-LEVEL RISE 85 3.3. OVER-FISHING 85 4 3.4. SEDIMENTATION 86 3.5. DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES 86 3.6. AQUARIA: LIVE FISH / ROCK TRADE 86 3.7. CURIO TRADE 86 3.8. OIL / CHEMICAL POLLUTION 86 3.9. MARINE DEBRIS 86 3.10. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 86 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT & POLICY 87 4.1. RESEARCH 87 4.2. EDUCATION AND AWARENESS 87 4.3. MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 88 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ ALGAL HABITATS .......................... 89 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ ALGAL HABITATS 89 1.1. LOBSTER HABITAT 89 1.2. COASTAL PROTECTION 89 2. THREATS TO THE ALGAL HABITATS AROUND THE CORN ISLANDS 89 2.1. SEDIMENTATION 89 2.2. MECHANICAL DAMAGE 89 2.3. POLLUTION 90 3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT 90 3.1. LOBSTER RECRUITMENT DESK STUDY 90 3.2. FIELD RESEARCH 90 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS........................ 90 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 90 1.1. LOBSTER & FISH HABITAT 90 1.2. DIVE TOURISM 91 2. POTENTIAL LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 2.1. AQUARIUM AND CURIO TRADE 91 2.2. COLLECTION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 91 3. THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 3.1. MECHANICAL DAMAGE 91 3.2. POLLUTION 91 3.3. DISEASE 91 4. POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 4.1. INTENSIVE COLLECTION 91 4.2. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 91 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 91 5.1. DESK BASED RESEARCH 91 5.2. FIELD RESEARCH 92 5.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 92 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SAND HABITATS ........................... 92 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ OF SAND HABITATS 92 1.1. LOBSTER FISHING AREAS 92 2. POTENTIAL USES OF SAND HABITATS AROUND THE CORN ISLANDS 92 2.1. ARTIFICIAL REEFS 92 5 2.2. SEAWEED FARMING 93 3. THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL USES OF SAND HABITATS 93 3.1. ARTIFICIAL REEFS: PRODUCTION VS. AGGREGATION DEBATE 93 3.2. SEAWEED FARMING: INVASIVE SPECIES 93 3.3. SEAWEED FARMING: DAMAGE TO EXISTING BENTHOS 93 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 93 4.1. ARTIFICIAL REEF STUDY 93 4.1.1. FIELD RESEARCH 93 4.1.2. CONSTRUCTION PLAN 94 4.1.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 94 4.2. SEAWEED FARMING STUDY 94 4.2.1. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 94 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAGRASS HABITATS.................... 94 1. LOCAL VALUE OF CORN ISLANDS SEAGRASS HABITATS 94 1.1. LOBSTER HABITAT 94 1.2.
Recommended publications
  • Peru Itinerary

    Peru Itinerary

    Classic Nicaragua 16-days / 15-nights Itinerary Summary No. Date Location Details Meals Hotel Nts 1 Day 01 MANAGUA Arrive in Managua - Hotel Europeo 1 2 Day 02 LEÓN Managua city tour followed by a transfer to León B Hotel Austria 2 Day 03 Morning walking tour of the city & afternoon visit B 3 Day 04 SELVA NEGRA Transfer to Selva Negra B Selva Negra Lodge 1 Transfer to Golden Triangle 4 Day 05 GOLDEN TRIANGLE B Finca La Cumpilda 1 Time at leisure, transfer to Pacific Coast 5 Day 06 SAN JUAN DEL SUR B Hotel Casa Blanca 1 6 Day 07 PLAYA SANTO DOMINGO Transfer to Playa Santo Domingo, excursion en-route B Hotel Villa Paraiso 2 Day 08 Day at leisure B 7 Day 09 GRANADA Transfer to Granada, excursion en-route B Patio del Malinche 3 Day 10 City Tour and excursion to Laguna de Apoyo B Day 11 Full day excursion to Masaya Volcano National Park B 8 Day 12 CORN ISLANDS Air & road transfer to Corn Islands B Arenas Beach 2 Day 13 Day at leisure B 1 Day 14 MANAGUA Air & road transfer to Managua B Camio Real 1 Meet the return flights to the UK Day 15 DEPART B - Day 16 HEATHROW Arrive back in the UK - 2 Detailed Itinerary Day 01 DEPART - MANAGUA Depart Heathrow flying with United Airlines. UA984 Economy Dep: Heathrow 11:40 Arr: Houston George Bush 16:25 UA1421 Economy Dep: Houston George Bush 18:10 Arr: Managua 20:37 Private transfer on arrival to your hotel. Hotel Europeo 1 x Standard Room on a Room Only basis for 1-nights This spacious, friendly hotel accommodates up to 70 guests, divided into twin rooms and triples.
  • TERRITORIAL and MARITIME DISPUTE (NICARAGUA V. COLOMBIA)

    TERRITORIAL and MARITIME DISPUTE (NICARAGUA V. COLOMBIA)

    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA) JUDGMENT OF 19 NOVEMBER 2012 2012 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE) ARRÊT DU 19 NOVEMBRE 2012 6 CIJ1034.indb 1 7/01/14 12:43 Official citation : Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 624 Mode officiel de citation : Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012, p. 624 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 1034 ISBN 978-92-1-071148-7 6 CIJ1034.indb 2 7/01/14 12:43 19 NOVEMBER 2012 JUDGMENT TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (NICARAGUA v. COLOMBIA) DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (NICARAGUA c. COLOMBIE) 19 NOVEMBRE 2012 ARRÊT 6 CIJ1034.indb 3 7/01/14 12:43 624 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs Chronology of the Procedure 1-17 I. Geography 18-24 II. Sovereignty 25-103 1. Whether the maritime features in dispute are capable of appropriation 25-38 2. Sovereignty over the maritime features in dispute 39-102 A. The 1928 Treaty 40-56 B. Uti possidetis juris 57-65 C. Effectivités 66-84 (a) Critical date 67-71 (b) Consideration of effectivités 72-84 D. Alleged recognition by Nicaragua 85-90 E. Position taken by third States 91-95 F. Evidentiary value of maps 96-102 3. Conclusion as to sovereignty over the islands 103 III. Admissibility of Nicaragua’s Claim for Delimitation of a Continental Shelf Extending beyond 200 Nautical Miles 104-112 IV.
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (Eu)

    Commission Implementing Regulation (Eu)

    L 334/2 EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 13.10.2020 COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2020/1470 of 12 October 2020 on the nomenclature of countries and territories for the European statistics on international trade in goods and on the geographical breakdown for other business statistics (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1), and in particular point (d) of Article 7(1) thereof, Whereas: (1) For the detailed topics listed in Annex I to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152, Member States shall compile data relevant to each detailed topic. The Commission should further specify the classifications (including the product, countries and territories as well as nature of transaction lists) and breakdowns. (2) The alphabetical coding of countries and territories should be based on the current version of standard ISO 3166 alpha 2, insofar as that standard is compatible with the requirements of Union legislation and the Union’s statistical requirements. (3) The geographical breakdown of European business statistics other than European statistics on international trade in goods may be less detailed and contain small differences from the nomenclature of countries and territories for the European statistics on international trade in goods. (4) As Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 repeals Regulation (EC) No 471/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2), this Regulation should replace Commission Regulation (EU) No 1106/2012 (3). (5) The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the European Statistical System Committee, HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: Article 1 The nomenclature of countries and territories for the European statistics on international trade in goods that shall be valid as from 1 January 2021 is set out in Annex I.
  • Political and Judicial Strategies for the Care of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. the Case of the Creole People in San Andrés

    Political and Judicial Strategies for the Care of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. the Case of the Creole People in San Andrés

    Miguel Ángel Núñez Riaño Political and judicial strategies for the care of marine and coastal ecosystems The case of Creole People in San Andrés Island, Colombia. Master’s thesis in Global Environmental History 1 Black woman’s keen sight. Street Art in San Andrés Island. Photo taken by the author in february 2016. 2 Abstract Núñez Riaño, Miguel A. 2016. Political and judicial strategies for the care of maritime and coastal ecosystems: The case of Creole People in San Andrés Island, Colombia. Uppsala, Dept. of Ar- chaeology and Ancient History This thesis illustrates how native populations exert a crucial ecological role through deliberate strategies in order to conserve and preserve marine and coastal ecosystems. The investigation iden- tifies political and judicial practices of the Creole people that have contributed to care of ecosys- tems placed in the Caribbean Archipelago of San Andrés. To this regard, this study considers how the agency of Creole people has influenced the environmental structuring of islands and seas dur- ing 20th and 21st centuries. The result is an improved comprehension, through critical analysis of cultural and judicial discourses, of the current ecological state of the Archipelago. Keywords: Archipelago of San Andrés Old Providence and Santa Catalina, caring principle (con- servation, preservation and recovering), coastal and marine ecosystems, Creole people, environ- mental governmentality. Master’s thesis in Global Environmental History (60 credits), supervisor: Anneli Ekblom, Defended and approved spring term 2016-06-12 © Miguel Ángel Núñez Riaño Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden 3 Acknowledgements To the people from the Archipelago of San Andrés, specially to Corpus Sanzo family.
  • GENERAL AGREEMENT on Ïl^If^N TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution

    GENERAL AGREEMENT on Ïl^If^N TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution

    RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON ïl^if^n TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution Ori ginal: English GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES Notification by Norway Addendum The following communication has been received from the delegation of Norway. I have the honour to notify you that my Government has decided to include the following countries in the list of beneficiaries under Norway's Generalized System of Preferences, with effect from 1 May 1977: Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Sao Tome and Principe. An up-dated list of beneficiaries under the Norwegian System of Preferences is attached. LA2l*2/Add.7 Page 2 GSP Scheme of Norway List of Beneficiary Countries or Territories Note; An asterisk denotes the twenty-eight least developed countries which are accorded full duty-free treatment for all products. Afars and Issas Brunei Afghanistan* Burma Algeria Burundi* Angola Cameroon Argentina Cape Verde Australian Islands (including Cayman Islands and Dependencies Heard Island, McDonald Islands and Norfolk Island) Central African Empire* Bahamas Chad* Bahrain Chile Bangladesh* Colombia Barbados Comoros Belize Congo Benin* Corn Islands and Swan Islands Bermuda Costa Rica Bhutan* Cuba Bolivia Cyprus Botswana* Dominican Republic Brazil Ecuador British Antarctic Territory Egypt British Indian Ocean Territory (Aldabra., El Salvador Farquhar, Chagos Archipelago, Desroches) Equatorial Guinea British Pacific Ocean (Gilbert Islands, Ethiopia* Tuvalu, British Solomon Islands, New Hebrides Condominium and 1J1 Pitcairn Islands) Falkland Islands and Dependencies
  • Ethnobotany of the Miskitu of Eastern Nicaragua

    Ethnobotany of the Miskitu of Eastern Nicaragua

    Journal of Ethnobiology 17(2):171-214 Winter 1997 ETHNOBOTANY OF THE MISKITU OF EASTERN NICARAGUA FELIXG.COE Department of Biology Tennessee Technological University P.O. Box5063, Cookeville, TN 38505 GREGORY J. ANDERSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut, Box U-43, Storrs, CT 06269-3043 ABSTRACT.-The Miskitu are one of the three indigenous groups of eastern Nicaragua. Their uses of 353 species of plants in 262 genera and 89 families were documented in two years of fieldwork. Included are 310 species of medicinals, 95 species of food plants, and 127 species used for construction and crafts, dyes and tannins, firewood, and forage. Only 14 of 50 domesticated food species are native to the New World tropics, and only three to Mesoamerica. A majority of plant species used for purposes other than food or medicine are wild species native to eastern Nicaragua. Miskitu medicinal plants are used to treat more than 50 human ailments. Most (80%) of the medicinal plants are native to eastern Nicaragua, and two thirds have some bioactive principle. Many medicinal plants are herbs (40%) or trees (30%), and leaves are the most frequently used plant part. Herbal remedies are most often prepared as decoctions that are administered orally. The Miskitu people are undergoing rapid acculturation caused by immigration of outsiders. This study is important not only for documenting uses of plants for science in general, but also because it provides a written record in particular of the oral tradition of medicinal uses of plants of and for the Miskitu. RESUMEN.-Los Miskitus son uno de los tres grupos indigenas del oriente de Nicaragua.
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara the Dynamic

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara the Dynamic

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Dynamic Interrelationships between Ethnicity and Agrobiodiversity in the Pearl Lagoon Basin, Atlantic Nicaragua A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Nicholas Enyart Williams Committee in charge: Professor Susan C. Stonich, Chair Professor David López-Carr Professor Casey Walsh Dr. Andrea M. Allen, Michigan State University September 2015 The dissertation of Nicholas E. Williams is approved. ____________________________________________ Andrea M. Allen ____________________________________________ David López-Carr ____________________________________________ Casey Walsh ____________________________________________ Susan C. Stonich, Committee Chair June 2015 The Dynamic Interrelationships between Ethnicity and Agrobiodiversity in the Pearl Lagoon Basin, Atlantic Nicaragua Copyright © 2015 by Nicholas Enyart Williams iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research would have not been possible without the help and support of many generous people. I wish to thank Drs. Susan Stonich, Casey Walsh, David López-Carr, and Andrea Allen for their time and commitment throughout the development of my research project and their invaluable feedback during the writing process. I also extend my appreciation to the Fulbright Program and John Fer at the U.S. Embassy in Managua for supporting me during my fieldwork in Nicaragua. I attribute so many of my achievements to the unwavering support of my family. In particular, thank you to my wife, Seeta,
  • Amphibians of the Corn Islands, Caribbean Nicaragua

    Amphibians of the Corn Islands, Caribbean Nicaragua

    AMPHIBIANS OF THE CORN ISLANDS, CARIBBEAN NICARAGUA Instituto Oceanografico Universidad de Oriente Cumana. Venezuela A BSTRACT: The following amphibians are known from the Corn Islands, Nicaragua: Bufo valliceps, Hyla loquax, H. phlebodes, H. staufferi staufferi, Agalychnis callidryas and Rana pipiens. One is known only from Little Corn Island: Rana pipiens. A key to the adults is presented. HE only paper dealing with the entire the amphibians insofar as they are known T herpetofauna of Corn Islands is that of to me. The reptiles will be dealt with Barbour and Loveridge (1929), who studied separately and a final paper is intented to the material obtained by James Lee Peters cover the zoogeography and important and Edward Bangs in December 1927 and aspects of the ecology of the islands, January 1928. After Peters and Bangs’ pending the availability of certain data. four visits by members of the University The Corn Islands (or Islas del Maiz) lie of Kansas in 1964, the University of Utah in the Caribbean Sea approximately 77.5 km in 1964, the American Museum of Natural east-north-east of Bluefields, Nicaragua. History in 1966 and by the author in 1969 Great Corn Island is about 4 km long and have yielded a wealth of herpetological 3 km wide; Little Corn Island is rougly less material that has notably increased our than half the size of Great Corn Island. knowledge of the island’s herpetofauna. Presently the ecological situation is basical- Several papers subsequent to Barbour ly the same as described by Peters (1929) and Loveridge (1929) have dealt with Corn but there is now much less arboreal vegeta- Island specimens: Dowling ( 1952) Duellman tion due to clearing done by the growing (1970), Duellman and Fouquette (1968), human population.
  • Technical Vocational Education and Training Strengthening for At-Risk

    Technical Vocational Education and Training Strengthening for At-Risk

    Technical Vocational Education and Training Strengthening for At-Risk Youth Agencia de los EstadosTVET Unidos para el SAYDesarrollo Internacional (USAID) Proyecto Aprendo y Emprendo Public Opinion Survey On Technical Education in the Southern Caribbean Municipalities of Bluefields, Laguna de Perlas, Nueva Guinea, and La Desembocadura del Río Grande Southern Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) Final Report Principal Findings March 2020 Acronyms ACNUR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees AERHNIC Association of Human Resources Executives in Nicaragua APEN Association of Producers and Exporters in Nicaragua BCN Nicaraguan Central Bank BICU Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University CADIN Nicaraguan Chamber of Industry CANATUR Nicaraguan National Chamber of Tourism CCJ Youth Advisory Council CEDEHCA Center for Autonomous Citizens and Human Rights CEFODI Centro de Formación y Desarrollo Integral CETAA Centro de Educación Técnica Ambiental y Agroforestal CIDH Inter-American Human Rights Commission CNU National University Council COSUDE Swiss Agency for Cooperation and Development in Central America COSEP Superior Business Council EDUÉXITO Education for Success Project EMNV National Standard of Living Survey FADCANIC Foundation for the Autonomy and Development of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua FUNIDES Nicaraguan Foundation for Economic and Social Development IDB Inter-American Development Bank ILO International Labour Organization INIDE National Institute for Development Information INATEC National Technological Institute MINED
  • 발행국명 코드 지시 Abu Dhabi → United Arab Emirates [Ts] Abu Zaby

    발행국명 코드 지시 Abu Dhabi → United Arab Emirates [Ts] Abu Zaby

    발행국명 코드 지시 Abu Dhabi → United Arab Emirates [ts] Abu Zaby → United Arab Emirates [ts] Aden → Yemen [ye] Aden (Protectorate) → Yemen [ye] Admiralty Islands → Papua New Guinea [pp] Aegean Islands → Greece [gr] Afars → Djibouti [ft] Afghanistan af Agalega Islands → Mauritius [mf] Agrihan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Aguijan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Ahvenanmaa → Finland [fi] Ailinglapalap Atoll → Marshall Islands [xe] Ajman → United Arab Emirates [ts] Alamagan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Aland Islands → Finland [fi] Albania aa Aldabra Islands → Seychelles [se] Algeria ae Alofi → Wallis and Futuna [wf] Alphonse Island → Seychelles [se] American Samoa as Amindivi Islands → India [ii] Amirante Isles → Seychelles [se] Amsterdam Island → Terres australes et antarctiques francaises [fs] Anatahan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Andaman Islands → India [ii] Andorra an Anegada → British Virgin Islands [vb] Angaur Island → Palau [pw] Angola ao Anguilla am Code changed from [ai] to [am] Anjouan Island → Comoros [cq] Annobon → Equatorial Guinea [eg] Antarctica ay Antigua → Antigua and Barbuda [aq] Antigua and Barbuda aq Arab Republic of Egypt → Egypt [ua] Arab Republic of Yemen → Yemen [ye] Archipielago de Colon → Ecuador [ec] Argentina ag Armenia (Republic) ai Arno (Atoll) → Marshall Islands [xe] Arquipelago dos Bijagos → Guinea-Bissau [pg] 발행국명 코드 지시 Aruba aw Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean) → Saint Helena [xj] Ascension Island (Micronesia) → Micronesia (Federated States) [fm] Ashanti → Ghana [gh] Ashmore and Cartier Islands ⓧ ac → Australia [at] Asuncion Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Atafu Atoll → Tokelau [tl] Atauro, Ilha de → Indonesia [io] Austral Islands → French Polynesia [fp] Australia at Austria au Azerbaijan aj Azores → Portugal [po] Babelthuap Island → Palau [pw] Bahamas bf Bahrain ba Bahrein → Bahrain [ba] Baker Island → United States Misc.
  • Guideline for Implementation of Ansi Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty

    Guideline for Implementation of Ansi Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty

    FIPS PUB 104 NBS RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION 1983 SEPTEMBER 19 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards GUIDELINE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ANSI CODES 104 FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF NAMES PUB OF COUNTRIES, DEPENDENCIES, AND AREAS OF SPECIAL SOVEREIGNTY FIPS ««jEGORY: DATA STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 468 ^CATEGORY: REPRESENTATIONS AND CODES • A8A3 #104 1983 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Foreword The Federal Information Processing Standards Publication Series of the National Bureau of Standards is the official publication relating to standards adopted and promulgated under the provisions of Public Law 89-306 (Brooks Act) and under Part 6 of Title 15, Code of Federal Regulations. These legislative and executive mandates have given the Secretary of Commerce important responsibilities for inproving the utilization and management of computers and automatic data processing in the Federal Government. To carry out the Secretary's responsibilities, the NBS, through its Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, provides leadership, technical guidance, and coordination of Government efforts in the development of guidelines and standards in these areas. Comments concerning Federal Information Processing Standards Publications are welcomed and should be addressed to the Director, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234. James H. Burrows, Director Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology Abstract This Guideline implements ANSI Z39.27, Structure for the Representation of Names of Countries of the World for Information Interchange, of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI Z39.27 adepts, with qualifications, the entities, names, and cpdes prescribed by ISO 3166, Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, a standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
  • 1989: a Census for All Seasons--Planning for The

    1989: a Census for All Seasons--Planning for The

    A CENSUS FOR ALL SEASONS--PLANNING FOR THE NON-STATESIDE 1990 HOUSING CENSUSES Carmina F. Young, U.S. Bureau of the Census Rm. 302- Iverson Mall, Washington, D.C. 20233 KEY WORDS: Decennial Census, Outlying Inclusion of other areas over Areas which the United States exercises jurisdiction or Introduction control shall be subject to the The largest statistical project of concurrence of the Secretary of the United States is the decennial State. 4 census. The 1990 Census will account This expanded scope reflects the for every person and every housing Nation's recognition of its responsi- unit in the 50 States and the District bilities towards the peoples of the non- of Columbia as of April i, 1990. state areas over which the United States Included as part of the Decennial exercises some type of control. In Census, at least 5 more censuses also order to establish efficient policies are taken in exotic, lush, tropical and programs aimed to the specific areas located on the oceans flanking areas, lawmakers recognized the need for the continent -- the Pacific and the knowledge of the size of the population, Atlantic Oceans. their socio-economic characteristics, The following paragraphs discuss their housing, and their living condi- the planning for the censuses of those tions. areas, particularly for the census of The Bureau of the Census' mandate was housing, and some of the issues clear; how to best comply with it, was addressed during the planning. Data not. A mere count of the population and users involved in statistical analysis of their living quarters and their may find it useful to know some of geographical distribution was not the decisions taken during this enough.