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Reefmap Report

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Reefmap Report 2003 CORN ISLANDS AND PEARL CAYS PROJECT REPORT HONORARY PRESIDENT Prof. David Bellamy PROJECT PATRONS Sir Bruce MacPhail (Man. Dir. P&O Ferries), Peter Raines (Founder Coral Cay Conservation), Dr. Martha Holmes (Producer BBC Nature – ‘The Blue Planet’) PROJECT TEAM: Duncan Hume, Ulrika Gunnartz, Tim Daw, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Alex Hunt, Randolph Velterop, Philip Broadhurst, Yamil Zapata, Alvaro Segura, Clare Drakeford, Marcos Clowes, Eduadro Siu, Karen Joseph, Marlon Alfaro Dublón, Jessenia Bello, Ivette Wilson, Dwayne Montealban, Gary Archibald, Adalia White, Ebony García, Ernie Atily, Clarence Gonzales, Melvin Archibold, Nora Figueroa, Elizabeth Pena, Carton Moses, Leard Thomas, Noel Cash, Bismarck Granados AdPesca Movement for the Defence and Dignity of Corn Islands Municipal Government of Corn Islands CONTENTS FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. 15 1. OVERVIEW 15 2. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 15 2.1. FISHERIES SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND PERCEPTIONS STUDY 15 2.2. FISHERIES SPATIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY 16 2.3. MARINE HABITAT MAPPING 16 2.4. CORAL REEF SURVEYS 16 2.5. WETLAND WATER QUALITY STUDY 16 2.6. MARINE SEDIMENTATION STUDY 16 3. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF 17 3.1. FISHERIES 17 3.2. ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH AND MONITORING NEEDS 17 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ............................................................................... 18 1. DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL 18 2. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES 17 2.1. ESTRUCTURAS SOCIALES EN AL COMUNIDAD PRESQUERO 17 2.2. ESTUDIO ECONOMICO/ESPACIAL DE LA PESCA 18 2.3. MAPEO DE LOS HABITATS 18 2.4. EVALUACION DE LOS ARRECIFES CORRALINOS 18 2.5. CALIDAD DE AGUA DE LOS SUAMPOS 18 2.6. SEDIMENTACION MARINA 19 3. RECOMMENDACIONES PARA EL MANEJO EN BREVE 19 3.1. LA PESCA 19 3.2. INVESTIGACION Y MONITOREO DE ECOSISTEMAS 20 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 22 1. THE REEFMAP PROJECT 22 2. THE PROJECT SITE 22 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................ 24 1. IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL INVOLVEMENT 24 2. COLLABORATION WITH THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 24 3. INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL UNIVERSITIES AND EXPERTISE 24 4. STUDENT PARTICIPATION - URACCAN 24 5. STUDENT PARTICIPATION - BICU 25 6. COLLABORATION WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND NGOS 26 7. LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT 26 7.1. INTRODUCING THE PROJECT TO THE COMMUNITY 26 8. DISSEMINATION AND DISCUSSION OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS 27 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 27 9.1. PROJECT PATRONS 27 9.2. FINANCIAL SUPPORT 27 9.3. ADVICE, LOGISTICAL AND INKIND SUPPORT 28 1 CHAPTER 1: FISHERIES STUDIES ............................................................. 29 CHAPTER 1, SECTION A: FISHERIES SOCIAL STUDY ................................. 30 Social structures and perceptions of artisanal fishers on the Corn Islands: Implications for co-management ............................................................. 30 ABSTRACT 30 1. INTRODUCTION 30 2. METHODOLOGY 32 2.1. QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT 32 2.2. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT 32 3. RESULTS 33 3.1. FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL GROUPINGS IN THE FISHER COMMUNITY 34 3.2. SURVEY OF FISHERS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE RESOURCE & MANAGEMENT 35 3.2.1. REGULATIONS 35 3.2.2. REASONS FOR DECLINE 35 3.2.3. PARTIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RECUPERATION OF THE LOBSTER STOCK 35 3.3.1. FISHING TYPES 35 3.3.2. ETHNICITY 35 4. DISCUSSION 36 4.1. IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC GROUPS IN CORN ISLANDS 36 4.2. DIVING: ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION? 36 4.3. CLOSED AREAS 37 4.4. “FOREIGN BOATS” AS A REASON FOR DECLINE 37 4.5. FISHERS AS PART OF MANAGEMENT? 37 4.6. LITTLE ISLAND AS A ROLE MODEL? 37 5. CONCLUSION 38 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 38 CHAPTER 1, SECTION B: FISHERIES SPATIAL STUDY ............................... 39 A spatial and economic analysis of the artisanal fisheries of the Corn Islands ..................................................................................................... 39 ABSTRACT 39 1. INTRODUCTION 39 2. STUDY AREA 39 3. METHODS 40 3.1. DATA COLLECTION 40 3.2. MAPPING FISHING LOCATIONS 41 3.3. TRENDS OF CATCHES WITH DISTANCE TRAVELLED 41 3.4. CHANGES IN TIME 42 3.5. MICROECONOMICS OF FISHERS 42 4. RESULTS 42 4.1. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES UTILISED 43 4.2. FACTORS AFFECTING SPATIAL EFFORT DISTRIBUTION 44 4.3. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DISTANCE AND CATCH 45 4.4. CHANGES IN TIME 45 4.5. MICROECONOMICS OF FUEL EXPENDITURE 45 2 5. DISCUSSION 46 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47 CHAPTER 2, MAPPING AND SURVEYING ................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2: Section A: MARINE HABITAT MAPPING................................. 49 Mapping the Marine Habitats of Nicaragua’s Corn Islands using a RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System and Landsat TM Imagery ........... 49 ABSTRACT 49 1. INTRODUCTION 49 1.1. THE CORN ISLANDS’ CLIMATE & MARINE ENVIRONMENT 49 1.2. THE CORN ISLANDS ACTION PLAN 50 2. AIMS 50 3. METHODS 50 3.1. REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES 50 3.2. RoxAnn AGDS 51 3.3. SATELLITE IMAGERY 51 4. FIELD SURVEY 52 4.1. LANDSAT IMAGE GEO-REFERENCING 52 4.2. LANDSAT GROUND TRUTH SURVEY 52 4.3. RoxAnn AGDS SURVEY 53 4.4. RoxAnn GROUND TRUTH SURVEY 53 5. HABITAT DEFINITION 53 6. DATA PROCESSING 56 6.1. RoxAnn DATA EDITING 56 6.2. RoxAnn DATA STANDARDISATION 56 6.3. RoxAnn DATA INTERPOLATION 56 6.4. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 57 7. IMAGE CLASSIFICATION 57 7.1. UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 58 7.2. SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 58 7.2.1. TRAINING 58 7.2.2. LANDSAT SIGNATURE EVALUATION 58 7.2.3. SIGNATURE RECTIFICATION / ONSCREEN DIGITISATION 59 7.2.4. RoxAnn SIGNATURE EVALUATION 59 7.2.5. DECISION MAKING 60 7.2.6. CONTEXTUAL EDITING & OVERLAY: GREAT CORN ISLAND 60 7.2.7. CONTEXTUAL EDITING AND OVERLAY: LITTLE CORN ISLAND 61 8. FINAL MAP PRODUCTION 61 9. DISCUSSION 61 9.1. LIMITATIONS OF ROXANN AGDS 61 9.2. LIMITATIONS OF THE POSITIONING SYSTEM 62 9.3. THE INFLUENCE OF INTERPOLATION 62 9.4. LIMITATIONS OF LANDSAT 62 9.5. LIMITATIONS OF THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 63 9.6. PROBLEMS WITH COMBINING ACOUSTIC AND OPTICAL METHODS 63 9.7. NEED FOR AN ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 63 10. CONCLUSION 64 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 64 3 CHAPTER 2: SECTION B: MARINE HABITAT MAPS..................................... 65 CHAPTER 2: SECTION C: COASTAL AND MARINE HABITAT ASSESSMENTS 71 A rapid assessment of the coral reef community structure and health of the Corn Islands using the AGRRA protocol.................................................... 71 ABSTRACT 71 1. INTRODUCTION 72 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 2.1. SITE DESCRIPTION 72 2.2. SURVEY TRAINING 73 2.3. SAMPLE SITE SELECTION 73 2.4. DATA COLLECTION 74 2.5. STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP 75 2.6. DATA ANALYSIS 75 3. RESULTS 75 3.1. CORAL COVER 75 3.2. CORAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 76 3.3. CORAL SIZE-FREQUENCY 77 3.4. PARTIAL MORTALITY 77 3.5. TOTAL MORTALITY 78 3.6. CORAL DISEASE 78 3.7. OTHER MORTALITY 78 3.8. CORAL BLEACHING 78 3.9. REEF RELIEF 79 3.10. ALGAL COVER 79 3.11. ALGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 79 3.12. DIADEMA ABUNDANCE 80 4. DISCUSSION 80 5. CONCLUSIONS 82 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 82 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS ................................ 83 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS 83 1.1. SHORELINE PROTECTION 83 1.2. ECO-TOURISM 83 1.3. LOBSTER HABITAT 83 1.4. FISH HABITAT 84 1.5. WASTE TREATMENT 84 2. POTENTIAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ REEF HABITATS 84 2.1. HAWKSBILL TURTLE HABITAT 84 2.2. THE CURIO TRADE 84 2.3. AQUARIA: LIVE FISH / LIVE ROCK TRADE 84 2.4. COLLECTION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 84 2.5. CORAL MINING 85 3. THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ CORAL REEFS 85 3.1. NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT 85 3.2. CLIMATE CHANGE & SEA-LEVEL RISE 85 3.3. OVER-FISHING 85 4 3.4. SEDIMENTATION 86 3.5. DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES 86 3.6. AQUARIA: LIVE FISH / ROCK TRADE 86 3.7. CURIO TRADE 86 3.8. OIL / CHEMICAL POLLUTION 86 3.9. MARINE DEBRIS 86 3.10. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 86 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT & POLICY 87 4.1. RESEARCH 87 4.2. EDUCATION AND AWARENESS 87 4.3. MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 88 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ ALGAL HABITATS .......................... 89 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ ALGAL HABITATS 89 1.1. LOBSTER HABITAT 89 1.2. COASTAL PROTECTION 89 2. THREATS TO THE ALGAL HABITATS AROUND THE CORN ISLANDS 89 2.1. SEDIMENTATION 89 2.2. MECHANICAL DAMAGE 89 2.3. POLLUTION 90 3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT 90 3.1. LOBSTER RECRUITMENT DESK STUDY 90 3.2. FIELD RESEARCH 90 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS........................ 90 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 90 1.1. LOBSTER & FISH HABITAT 90 1.2. DIVE TOURISM 91 2. POTENTIAL LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 2.1. AQUARIUM AND CURIO TRADE 91 2.2. COLLECTION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 91 3. THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 3.1. MECHANICAL DAMAGE 91 3.2. POLLUTION 91 3.3. DISEASE 91 4. POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAFAN HABITATS 91 4.1. INTENSIVE COLLECTION 91 4.2. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 91 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 91 5.1. DESK BASED RESEARCH 91 5.2. FIELD RESEARCH 92 5.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 92 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SAND HABITATS ........................... 92 1. LOCAL VALUE OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ OF SAND HABITATS 92 1.1. LOBSTER FISHING AREAS 92 2. POTENTIAL USES OF SAND HABITATS AROUND THE CORN ISLANDS 92 2.1. ARTIFICIAL REEFS 92 5 2.2. SEAWEED FARMING 93 3. THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL USES OF SAND HABITATS 93 3.1. ARTIFICIAL REEFS: PRODUCTION VS. AGGREGATION DEBATE 93 3.2. SEAWEED FARMING: INVASIVE SPECIES 93 3.3. SEAWEED FARMING: DAMAGE TO EXISTING BENTHOS 93 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND POLICY 93 4.1. ARTIFICIAL REEF STUDY 93 4.1.1. FIELD RESEARCH 93 4.1.2. CONSTRUCTION PLAN 94 4.1.3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 94 4.2. SEAWEED FARMING STUDY 94 4.2.1. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 94 ASSESSMENT OF THE CORN ISLANDS’ SEAGRASS HABITATS.................... 94 1. LOCAL VALUE OF CORN ISLANDS SEAGRASS HABITATS 94 1.1. LOBSTER HABITAT 94 1.2.
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