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Campo Image Bank.Pdf CAMPO MEDICAL IMAGING FOR THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER MEDICAL IMAGING FOR THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER MEDICAL IMAGING FOR THE HEALTH Image Bank PRACTICAL RADIOGRAPH INTERPRETATION THERESA M. CAMPO, DNP, FNP-C, ENP-BC, FAANP The only text to integrate the basics of radiology, characteristics and differences MEDICAL of testing modalities, and interpretation skills his unique book fi lls a void in radiology interpretation texts by encompassing the foundational T tools and concepts of the full range of medical imaging, including radiology, the basics of interpretation of plain radiographs, comparison with other testing modalities, the rationale for se- lecting the fi rst diagnostic step, and exploration and interpretation of chest, abdomen, extremity, and spinal radiographs. A concise, easy-to-use reference, it includes written descriptions enhanced IMAGING with fi gures, tables, and actual patient fi lms to demonstrate concepts, and discusses—in easily accessible language—differences in testing modalities. The text also features a step-by-step guide to the interpretation of radiographs. This resource describes and compares available diagnostic modalities, including plain radiograph, CT scan, nuclear imaging, MRI, and ultrasound. It discusses pediatric considerations and includes separate chapters for the chest, abdomen, upper and lower extremities, and the cervical, thoracic, FOR THE and lumbar spine. The book will be an asset to nurse practitioners and physician assistants working in all emergency, urgent, intensive, and primary care settings. It will also benefi t medical students and graduate students in acute care, family, adult/gerontology, and emergency nurse practitioner programs, as well as emergency/trauma clinical nurse specialists, and hospitalists and intensivist nurse practitioners. HEALTH CARE Key Features: • Integrates the basics of radiology, CT scans, nuclear imaging, MRIs, and ultrasound, their characteristics and differences among testing modalities, and basic step-by-step interpreta- tion skills • Relevant to a wide range of nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and other mid-level providers in multiple settings PROVIDER • Includes a step-by-step guide to the interpretation of the radiographs • Delivers an easy-to-understand approach to selecting diagnostic imaging tests • Presents actual images and fi gures to demonstrate concepts, which are also available digitally PRACTICAL RADIOGRAPH INTERPRETATION ISBN 978-0-8261-3126-3 11 W. 42nd Street 9 780826 131263 Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC New York, NY 10036-8002 THERESA M. CAMPO www.springerpub.com Published 2017 by Springer Publishing Company, LLC All rights reserved. This work is protected by U.S. copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and as an aid for student learning. No part of this publication may be sold, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Springer Publishing Company, LLC 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 www.springerpub.com Image Bank ISBN: 978-0-8261-3159-1 The author and the publisher of this Work have made every effort to use sources believed to be reliable to provide information that is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. The author and publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this book. The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Radiology Basics FIGURE 1.1 Dr. Wilhelm Röentgen. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 1.2 The first x-ray. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Screens Film (A) (B) FIGURE 1.3 Release of rays from a cathode tube forming an image (A). Note that the amount of attenuation causes either black, white, or shades of gray on the image (B). Drawing by Ocean City High School student; image courtesy of Theresa M. Campo. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Absorbed radiation Remnant radiation Scatter radiation FIGURE 1.4 Attenuation of x-rays. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 1.5 Four densities on x-ray. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter; diagramming, Theresa M. Campo. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC 1000 Metallic Bone 500 Tissue (15–60) 0 Fat (–520 to –100) –500 Air –1000 FIGURE 1.6 Hounsfield units. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) FIGURE 1.7 Small (A) versus large (B) person. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 1.8 Effect of motion causing a blurry image. Courtesy of Dr. Keith Lafferty. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Absorbed radiation Remnant radiation Scatter radiation FIGURE 1.9 Scatter of x-rays causing a foggy image. Drawing by Ocean City High School student; image courtesy of Dr. Keith Lafferty. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC X-ray source Object Object Recording plane FIGURE 1.10 Magnification effect on image. Note that the farther away an object is from the cassette the larger it becomes. The same is true as the beam travels through the body. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) FIGURE 1.11 Posterior–anterior (A) versus anterior–posterior view (B). Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 1.12 Contrasted study. Note the ability to visualize the small airways otherwise not seen with a plain radiograph. [email protected] Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Radiating Testing Modalities (A) (B) FIGURE 2.1 Plain versus contrasted study. Plain radiograph (A); contrast radiograph (B). Notice how the contrast highlights the airways that are normally not visualized on plain film. Courtesy of Associate Professor Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) (C) FIGURE 2.2 Normal chest posterior–anterior view (A); normal chest lateral view (B); and decubitus view (C). Note the air/fluid levels on the decubitus view. (A) and (B) courtesy of Theresa M. Campo; (c) courtesy of Dr. Keith Lafferty. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 2.3 Fluoroscopic procedure table. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Fluoroscope.jpg. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Beam Motorized table FIGURE 2.4 CT scanner showing 360° of circle detectors and beams. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) (C) FIGURE 2.5 Axial view CT scan (A); sagittal view CT scan (B); and coronal view CT scan (C). Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 2.6 Three-dimensional CT image. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) (C) (D) FIGURE 2.7 (A) through (D) demonstrate positron (positive electron) emission tomography scan images. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 2.8 Static image bone scans. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) FIGURE 2.9 Dynamic image; pre-exercise nuclear stress test (A); large antero apical and septal ischemia (B). Note loss of areas in all three views compared to a normal scan. Courtesy of Dr. Yatish B. Merchant. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Nonradiating Testing Modalities FIGURE 3.1 MR image. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Magnet (A) (B) FIGURE 3.2 Hydrogen atoms spinning in different directions (A) and hydrogen atoms lined up with magnet (B). Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Magnet Radio frequency coil Gradient coils Scanner Patient table FIGURE 3.3 MR scanner labeled by parts. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Small Amount of Hydrogen in Tissue FIGURE 3.4 Little amount of hydrogen in tissue. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter; diagramming, Theresa M. Campo. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Large Amount of Hydrogen in Tissue FIGURE 3.5 Large amount of hydrogen in tissue. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter; diagramming, Theresa M. Campo. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC To signal processor Source Detector Ultrasound gel Subject FIGURE 3.6 How ultrasonography works. Drawing by Ocean City High School student. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 3.7 Fluid-filled area—hypoechoic. Source: Theresa M. Campo/Aubrey Rybinski. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 3.8 Air or bone—hyperechoic. Source: Theresa M. Campo/Aubrey Rybinski. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Basic Interpretation of the Chest 1000 Metallic Bone 500 Tissue (15–60) 0 Fat (–520 to –100) –500 Air –1000 (A) (B) FIGURE 4.1 Radiographic density (A) and radiographic contrast of structures (B). Drawing by Ocean City High School student (A). Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter; diagramming, Theresa M. Campo (B). Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC (A) (B) FIGURE 4.2 NPosterior–anterior (A) versus anterior–posterior view (B). Note the hazy borders and markings, large heart, widened aorta, and white appearance of the film, overall. Courtesy of Dr. David Begleiter. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 4.3 Lateral view. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 4.4 Lateral decubitus view. Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC Published by Springer Publishing Company, LLC FIGURE 4.5 Posterior–anterior chest. Courtesy of Dr.
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