68 Chapter 06 Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards classification: Examples classification: Font invitations. wedding in used commonly very look reader are to the personal afestive give and and of strokes. These thickness changing and right to the slant a nibs, with of calligraphic feeling the lettersThe imitate Script: websites, mobile phone consoles etc. interfaces, gaming signages, logos symbols, packaging, in used is widely and fonts look amodern give and pen.by amarker Sans drawn if as thickness, strokes the look equal like all Almost fonts serif have blunt strokes.Sans to the endings Serif. Serif: Sans sizes. composed isto small be in text etc,books, where newspapers, amount of alarge magazines composition text in used for iswidely and readability their known for are by flatfonts brushes.Serif drawn those like letter these forms, in changes of strokes the also Thickness on stone, chisels. letters by using the carved is inspired This Serif: 3. 2. 1. groups. main three are There groups. into several fonts classified English, In are C T text comfortably.text the understand and ease of pages anewspaperseveral with which helpsdesign areaderto createthrough afinal to go different fonts different sizes with in experimenting in time considerable a spend designers newspaper For example, chosen to used achieve communication. good and results in Fonts need carefully to be and have unique characteristics context. the and aspects production audience, target medium, problem, design the chooses fonts understanding the after projects. designer design graphic to use in Adesigner carefully notes, posters, etc. tickets, SMS, email application forms, letters, notebooks, currency textbooks, newspapers, like media signages, various in life, our daily Serif Script Sans-Serif Times Roman Serif font: Times India lassifi A very large number of digital fonts for available number a are large of digital A very communication. We use letter in forms extensively science is the ypography of letter using forms for A serif is the pointed ending of or “I” pointed astroke “T”. isthe ending in as Aserif Script fonts recreate the visual styling of . styling fonts Script visual recreate the Sans means without. Sans serif means without without means serif without. Sans means Sans c ation India Sans serif font: font: serif Sans India Script font: Brushscript

Serifs Serif India Script India Serif Sans India A book has been set in. set been has book this that font the out find to try Also them. analyse and etc. newsletters brochures, magazines, newspapers, sources from like printed alignments and fonts ous vari of examples Find c tivity 1 - 69 Typography 70 Anatomy of a Font As human body has many parts for identification like head, neck, shoulder, arms, tail, foot etc., Type Forms or Font face are also divided into parts, which we study under ‘anatomy of fonts’. Some examples you will see below: • Shirorekha connotes headline • Skandharekha, is equivalent to shoulderline • Padarekha means Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards

In future you will come across words like tail, arm and swish etc. The size or formation of these anotamical parts of a font actually help create the typical charactertics and expressive qualities of any font family.

Uppercase and Lowercase ABC Capital letters are called “Uppercase” letters in typographical Uppercase terminology. During handcomposing, metal type of all capital letters were stored in the upper section of wooden boxes, kept in front of the person composing the text. Similarly, all small abc letters are called “Lowercase” letters, which were stored in Lowercase the lower part of the composing box.

Ascender Ascender is the portion of the alphabet that ‘ascends’ or exceeds above the ‘x’ height of an alphabet as in b, d, t, l.

Descender is that portion of an alphabet that goes below or extends downwards from the ‘x’ height of an alphabet as in g, j, q, p. Descender readability of fonts.readability considerably X-height . in contributes to the “x-height”.Height of lowercase iscalled “x” varies This X-height Counter used in creating logos. creating in used different fonts. creatively be shapes can These identifying in designerthe who font. creates the Counter space helps also a counter.called to Shape according of counter the varies empty spaceThe or negative space inside aletter form is Ax Times RomanTimes Descender Ascender Ax Century Schoolbook Century Bookman RomanTimes Helvetica Counter space Ax Brushscript x-height x-height Comparison of changes in various fonts various in changes proportion and Shape fonts: different in spaces of counter Comparison Descender line Descender line Base line Cap line Ascender 71 Typography eatures of a ont 72 F F When we look at a out of a newspaper or book, some features help us identify the publication. These are a group of elements of typography, which we call features of a font. They help increase the readability or legibility of a font. These could be the size of the letters, the space between alphabet or the spaces between words or lines and the thickness of the strokes along with the corresponding space. These are features that contribute to the optimum visibility of the printed words.

Point Sizes Point size is the space Size of fonts are generally specified in point size. In typography, measured from the the smallest unit of measure is a point, specified as “pt”. At bottom of the descender the time of letterpress, space for printing were specified in to the top of the ascender. “picas” or “ems”, which were subdivided into points. Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards Point Size

For additional information 1 inch = 72 points refer to your Class XI book 1 point = 0.353 mm chapter on Movable Metal 1 point = 0.0139 inch Type to Digital Imagery 1 = 12 points 1 inch = 6 picas

Leading “” is the space between lines of text. In digital Baseline typography, leading is the space between successive baselines. For text composition, leading is also specified in points. For example, if you need a space of two points between lines of text, you have to add that to the point size of the text and specify leading. So if you need 2pt leading for text with 10pt size, then leading = 10 + 2 = 12pt. This will be specified as “10pt on 12pt”. When composing text, it is very important to use the correct point size and leading. This helps the reader to read the text comfortably. When you use fonts with large x-height or use long lines of text (more than 10 words in a line), extra leading is useful.

The text you are reading is set in Bookman font in 11pt with 13pt leading. Baseline express the meaning of word. the meaning the express Black) Bold etc. (orBold, Extra Extra different “weights”, Regular, or in Light, available are Thin like fonts weight. amount Many ofThe boldness astroke iscalled in Weight Expressions Through Change of Weight Change Through Expressions Strong We and specifyleading. point size ofthetext have toaddthatthe tween linesoftext,you space oftwopointsbe- example, ifyouneeda specified inpoints. For tion, leadingisalso For textcomposi- baselines. between successive leading isthespace In digitaltypography, between linesoftext. Leading isthespace Text: 9pton9pt. Thin Univers Aa By changing the weight of font, the the empasise one or can changing By ak Regular Univers Aa and specifyleading. point size ofthetext have toaddthatthe tween linesoftext,you space oftwopointsbe- example, ifyouneeda specified inpoints. For tion, leadingisalso For textcomposi- baselines. between successive leading isthespace In digitaltypography, between linesoftext. Leading isthespace Text: 9pton10pt. he light Bold Univers Aa avy Black Univers Aa thick thin and specifyleading. point size ofthetext have toaddthatthe tween linesoftext,you space oftwopointsbe- example, ifyouneeda specified inpoints. For tion, leadingisalso For textcomposi- baselines. between successive leading isthespace In digitaltypography, between linesoftext. Leading isthespace Text: 9pton12pt. Extra Black Extra Univers Aa and specifyleading. point size ofthetext have toaddthatthe tween linesoftext,you space oftwopointsbe- example, ifyouneeda specified inpoints. For tion, leadingisalso For textcomposi- baselines. between successive leading isthespace In digitaltypography, between linesoftext. Leading isthespace Text: 9pton14pt. same font family font same ofthe weights Different 73 Typography 74 Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards

Width The amount of space taken by letter forms can change as per the design. In some occasions where more text has to be fitted in a limited amount of space, variations of fonts were designed to accomodate more characters per line. This was done by redesigning the original fonts in such a way as to occupy less width and by keeping the same height. This is called a “condensed” font. On the other side, when you have less text and more space, you can use the opposite of condensed, the elongated or “expanded” or “extended” font. Many fonts are available in different “widths”, like condensed or compressed, extended or expanded etc. By changing the width of the font, one can empasise or express the meaning of the word. Aa Aa Aa Univers Univers Univers Different width of Ultra Condensed Condensed Extended the same font family used creatively to provide creatively used expressions to text. be can outlines and Italics styles like Different typographical Style 1. Left aligned 2. Justified 3. Centralised 4. Right aligned Right 4. 2. Justified Centralised 3. 1. aligned Left one ways: in of following the is alligned Usually, composed different be allignments. text in can Text Alignment Text some of these. adocument readable.to make now easily look We at will itthat looks contribute comfortable to read. Various things adesirable or formatted in manner, so arranged typeset, matter ispresented. text the Thedepends anddisturbing. legibility on how look difficult apleasure somematter some to read and provide us with youWhen look of at publications different kinds or printed T Once asuitable font selected been has it to be has ext Slanting narrow wide

F ormatting incomplet empty e 75 Typography Justified setting forces all composed lines to start and end in 76 a specific area, which results in the final composition look like a box. Justified text is also called “box setting”. This setting is very popular in textbooks, newspapers and magazines and helps to fit more text in a given space. However, this can cause ugly white spaces between words and letters, called “River” and “Bubble”.

Left aligned Justified Centralised Right aligned

Leading is the space Leading is the space Leading is the space Leading is the space between lines of between lines of text. between lines of text. between lines of text. text. In digital typog- In digital typogra- In digital typography, In digital typography, raphy, leading is the phy, leading is the leading is the space leading is the space space between suc- space between suc- between successive between successive cessive baselines. cessive baselines. baselines. baselines. For text composi- For text composi- For text composi- For text composition, tion, leading is also tion, leading is also tion, leading is also leading is also speci- specified in points. specified in points. specified in points. For fied in points. For For example, if you For example, if you example, if you need a example, if you need need a space of two need a space of two space of two points be- a space of two points ge Graphic Design A ge a New Graphic owards points between lines points between lines tween lines of text, you between lines of text, Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards T of text, you have to of text, you have have to add that to the you have to add that add that to the point to add that to the point size of the text to the point size of size of the text and point size of the text and specify leading. the text and specify specify leading. and specify leading. leading.

Bubble Bubble An unwanted ugly white space which appears between words River is called a Bubble. Justified River Leading is the space be- tween lines of text. In A series of white spaces or Bubbles make an ugly white line digital typography, lead- in a , called a river. This too causes discomfort in ing is the space between reading. successive baselines. For text composition, leading is also specified in points. For example, if you need a space of two points between lines of text, you have to add that to the point size of the text and specify leading. at bottom reader. the causes to the of distraction a also distraction. often causes typographical orphan an Due position, to the paragraph. main the from separated are reader the because confuses they column. Orphan preceding the from of aparagraph last line the It isusually Orphan. A short isolatedat top the of line acolumn or apage iscalled Orphan reader. to the distracting typographically awidow. isconsidered iscalled end This to be of aparagraph word or last syllable the ofA small ahyphenated word, at the Widow words words.separate into single or to join words ordinarily single into parts, toused break syllablesword. to separate of mostly asingle are hyphenThe (-) to used isapunctuation join words mark and Hyphenation Text composition which leaves the first line of a paragraph compositionText line of a paragraph leaves which first the Hyphenation without Text composed words. words intosingle ordinarily separate into parts,ortojoin break singlewords are mostlyusedto single word.Hyphens separate syllablesofa to joinwordsand markused The (–)isa reader. the to distracting typographically be to considered is awidow. This called is of aparagraph end word, at the hyphenated a of the last syllable or word A small Widow: Widow

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77 TypographyTypography India has 22 official ultilingual ypography 78 languages. Scripts of M T these can been seen on In India, 13 scripts are used for 22 official languages. In our currency notes. some contexts like Signage systems and logotypes, text is composed in more than one language. Designers choose fonts from different langauges carefuly, so that they result in a harmonious visual. Visual comparison should be done before finalising fonts from different languages to be used in a single visual. Comparison of stroke width, x-height and counter space is an important activity in multilingual typography.

Fonts from different languages: Compare the x-height and counter ¥§© Hke;Devnagari Malayalam Towards a New AgeDesign a New Graphic Towards Abc కఖగTelugu English

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