Cellulolytic Potential of Thermophilic Species from Four Fungal Orders Peter Kamp Busk* and Lene Lange
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Busk and Lange AMB Express 2013, 3:47 http://www.amb-express.com/content/3/1/47 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Cellulolytic potential of thermophilic species from four fungal orders Peter Kamp Busk* and Lene Lange Abstract Elucidation of fungal biomass degradation is important for understanding the turnover of biological materials in nature and has important implications for industrial biomass conversion. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in elucidating the biological role of thermophilic fungi and in characterization of their industrially useful enzymes. In the present study we investigated the cellulolytic potential of 16 thermophilic fungi from the three ascomycete orders Sordariales, Eurotiales and Onygenales and from the zygomycete order Mucorales thus covering all fungal orders that include thermophiles. Thermophilic fungi are the only described eukaryotes that can grow at temperatures above 45°C. All 16 fungi were able to grow on crystalline cellulose but their secreted enzymes showed widely different cellulolytic activities, pH optima and thermostabilities. Interestingly, in contrast to previous reports, we found that some fungi such as Melanocarpus albomyces readily grew on crystalline cellulose and produced cellulases. These results indicate that there are large differences in the cellulolytic potential of different isolates of the same species. Furthermore, all the selected species were able to degrade cellulose but the differences in cellulolytic potential and thermostability of the secretome did not correlate to the taxonomic position. PCR amplification and sequencing of 22 cellulase genes from the fungi showed that the level of thermostability of the cellulose-degrading activity could not be inferred from the phylogenetic relationship of the cellulases. Keywords: Thermophilic fungi; Endoglucanase; Cellobiohydrolase; Cellulolytic potential Introduction respectively from the reducing and from the non-reducing Fungi are important organisms for degradation of plant end of the polymer (Banerjee et al 2010). Additional material in nature. They achieve this by means of secreted industrially used cellulose-degrading enzymes are β- enzymes that are stable even under harsh environmental glucosidases, which degrade β-D-glucose oligomers to conditions. These same properties make the fungal glucose and the GH61 proteins, which boost cellulose enzymes suitable for industrial use. One example is decomposition by oxidative degradation of the glucose fungal cellulases that are deployed in biorefineries for polymer (Harris et al. 2010; Langston et al. 2011; Quinlan conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars and in the et al. 2011; Westereng et al. 2011). paper, textile and detergent industries (Karmakar and Biomass decomposition by mesophilic fungi has been Ray 2011; Kuhad et al. 2011). extensively studied (Dashtban et al. 2009). Whereas The cellulases are classified in the glycoside hydrolase enzymes from mesophilic fungi are typically effective (GH) families (www.cazy.org) (Henrissat and Davies at 50°C several thermophilic fungi produce more 1997). Several different strategies involving many enzyme thermostable enzymes that can be used at temperatures classes are used in natural degradation of recalcitrant up to 70°C (Murray et al. 2004; Parry et al. 2002; Venturi biomass (Dashtban et al. 2009). However, industrial use et al. 2002; Voutilainen et al. 2008; Wojtczak et al. 1987). of cellulases has mainly been focused on endo-1,4-β-D- This high temperature stability is an important asset glucanase and two types of cellobiohydrolases acting for industrial use. For example, it has been shown that a mixture of thermostable cellulases exhibits high * Correspondence: [email protected] lignocellulose degrading capacity with a temperature Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, optimum of 65°C (Viikari et al. 2007). Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, SV, Denmark © 2013 Busk and Lange; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Busk and Lange AMB Express 2013, 3:47 Page 2 of 10 http://www.amb-express.com/content/3/1/47 The known thermophilic fungi are either ascomycetes to amplify and sequence gene fragments of 22 new belonging to the orders Sordariales, Eurotiales, and cellulases from these fungi. The phylogenetic relationship Onygenales or zygomycetes of the order Mucorales (Berka of the enzymes showed a better correlation to the fungal et al. 2011; Morgenstern et al. 2012). These organisms are order than to the thermostability of the fungal cellulose- the only described eukaryotes that can grow at tempera- degrading activity. tures above 45°C. In nature, thermophilic fungi are typically found in compost, wood chip piles, stored grains, animal Materials and methods dung and other environments that are self-heating due to Fungi and growth conditions degradation of plant materials (Johri et al. 1999). Although Fungi were purchased from Centraalbureau voor Schim- such material often contains high concentrations of cellu- melcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands (Table 1). Unless lose some thermophilic fungi are poor cellulose-degraders otherwise indicated, growth experiments on different and seem to utilize sugars released by cellulolytic species carbon sources were done essentially as described (Herr in the biotope (Maheshwari et al. 2000). Therefore, 1979). Briefly, the fungi were grown on minimal medium thermophilic fungi can differ greatly in their cellulolytic with 1% glucose for 3 days. Next, 500 μl of this culture was potential. transferred to 5 ml of basal medium supplemented with The thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus of the indicated carbon source with or without 0.5% yeast order Eurotiales has been studied intensively. It grows extract. The cultures were incubated with shaking (250 readily on cellulose (Romanelli et al. 1975) and produces rpm) for the time indicated. The growth temperature was thermostable cellulases and other enzymes (Gomes et al. 45°C except for T. emersonii and Scytalidium thermo- 2000; Hong et al. 2003; Hong et al. 2007; Khandke et al. philum that were incubated at 37°C. 1989; Parry et al. 2001; Parry et al. 2002). One of the For DNA purification the fungi were grown on 6% interesting enzymes produced by T. aurantiacus is a wheat bran (Finax, Esbjerg, Denmark), 1.5 % agar (Sigma- copper-dependent monooxygenase of the GH61 family Aldrich, Cambridge, UK) plates at the recommended (Harris et al. 2010). Several GH61 proteins degrade temperature. cellulose by an oxidative mechanism thereby boosting the action of cellulases (Langston et al. 2011; Quinlan Endoglucanase assay et al. 2011; Westereng et al. 2011). The GH61 from T. Endoglucanase activity was measured with Azo-CM-Cellu- aurantiacus exhibits high activity in a boosting assay lose (cat. S-ACMC, Megazyme, Bray, Ireland) as substrate (Harris et al. 2010). The high cellulolytic potential of this in an assay modified from the manufacturer’s protocol. A fungus is underpinned by the report that extracellular culture broth sample of 20 μlwasmixedwith20μlof2% enzymes from T. aurantiacus release the same amount Azo-CM-Cellulose in 2× McIlvaine Buffer (McIlvaine of sugars from pretreated switchgrass as the commercial 1921) at the desired pH. The culture broth sample was cellulase blend Cellic Ctec2 (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, incubated at the indicated time and temperature before Denmark) at the same protein load (McClendon et al. mixing with 100 μl of precipitant (300 mM Na acetate, 18 2012). In addition to the high activity, the T. aurantiacus mM Zn acetate, 76% EtOH (pH 5)). The stopped reactions enzymes have higher thermostability than Cellic Ctec2, were centrifuged 16,000 g for 1 minute and 100 μlofthe which probably consists mostly of enzymes from mesophilic supernatant was dried down at 80°C and resuspended in fungi although the precise composition has not been 5 μl of water. Finally, the absorption at 600 nm was disclosed by the manufacturer. measured and enzyme activity was calculated as described Other thermophilic fungi that produce thermostable (Megazyme, Bray, Ireland). cellulases are Talaromyces emersonii (Murray et al. 2004; Voutilainen et al. 2010), Myceliophthora thermophila Filter paper assay (Roy et al. 1990), Chaetomium thermophilum and Degradation of filter paper was measured by first cutting Acremonium thermophilum (Voutilainen et al. 2008). a 5 × 5 mm piece of filter paper #1 (Whatman, Kent, UK) In the present study we investigated the cellulolytic with a pair of sharp scissors whereafter it was submerged potential of isolates of 16 thermophilic fungi. The fungi in 80 μl of 1.25x McIlvaine Buffer (McIlvaine 1921) at the were selected from the three ascomycete orders Sordariales, desired pH. Next, 20 μl of sample was added and the assay Eurotiales and Onygenales and from zygomycete order was incubated at the indicated time and temperature. The Mucorales thus covering all orders which harbor thermo- filter paper was removed and 0.3 μl of Novozym 188 philic fungal species. (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was added and the All 16 fungi were able to grow on crystalline cellulose sample incubated for 30 minutes at 50°C to convert any but their extracellular enzymes showed widely different cellobiose to glucose. The reactions were