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Acceder a Recurso Edición Rosamaría Solar Robertson Diseño Andrea Barría Villarroel Fotografías Jaime Cárcamo Naiman Humberto Gómez Galindo Dibujos Jaime Cárcamo Naiman Registro de Propiedad Intelectual: Nº 192.054 ISBN: 978 - 956 - 332 - 635 - 2 Impresión La Prensa Austral Impresos 2 1era edición, Punta Arenas, junio 2010 PRÓLOGO El humedal Tres Puentes nos demuestra que es posible generar un cambio en nuestra manera de observar el medio ambiente. Es nuestra oportunidad para aprender y comprender la vida con sus complejas interacciones y con el hermoso legado que nos entrega cuando logramos identificar un ser, tan pequeño y frágil como un ave. Descubramos este maravilloso humedal a través de esta guía, útil para todos quienes se inician en la observación de aves. Los autores Punta Arenas, enero 2010 3 GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica Introducción Los humedales son ecosistemas que poseen una rica biodiversidad, albergando un sinfín de aves, mamíferos, insectos e incluso peces. Sus características los convierten en el hábitat favorito de las aves, las que habitualmente constituyen el principal atractivo de estos espacios. Muchas veces pensamos que todas las aves en la superficie de los cuerpos de agua son patos, algunos pequeños y otros, los grandes, los padres de estos más pequeños. No imaginamos que en esta simple observación estén incluidas otras especies como gansos, taguas, zambullidores, entre otras. Desconocemos la enorme diversidad que existe en un espacio tan reducido como el humedal de Tres Puentes, en plena ciudad de Punta Arenas. Esta breve guía de campo presenta una primera parte con información general y una segunda con fichas de identificación de aves, mostrando en una esquina una silueta de caiquén como referencia comparativa de tamaño, además de una barra de observación anual. Los meses en rojo muestran cuando la especie está presente y en gris cuando no. Además, al final de la guía, la lista total de especies de aves registradas en el sector. El lenguaje utilizado en esta guía es sencillo, abordándose sólo las especies principales para no desilusionar al futuro observador. Se entregan datos esenciales sin exceder la información, pues el objetivo central del manual es contribuir a la identificación eficaz y permanente. 4 GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica ¿Qué es un humedal? Definir qué es un hume- de Importancia Internacional dal no es tarea fácil, pues en o Convenio Ramsar, la cual se- él coexiste una gran variedad ñala que los humedales son: de ecosistemas, por lo que “Extensiones de marismas, difícilmente seremos exactos. turberas o aguas de régimen Por ejemplo, Costa Rica po- natural o artificial, permanen- see una definición propia y el tes o temporales, estancadas libro El beneficio de los hume- o corrientes, dulces, salobres dales en América Central ofre- o saladas, incluyendo las ex- ce otras seis declaraciones tensiones de agua marina distintas. La definición más cuya profundidad en marea usada es la propuesta por la baja no exceda los seis me- Convención de Humedales tros”. Tipos de humedales Como ya mencionamos, humedales. Patrick Dugan, los humedales involucran experto estadounidense sistemas de agua dulce y en humedales, propuso en salada, existiendo diversos 1992 la siguiente clasifica- tipos o clasificaciones de ción: Humedales marinos: asociados a corrientes marinas, playas y costas de rocas o bolones. Humedales ribereños: asociados a ríos, incluyendo canales o conductos naturales o artificiales, tanto de aguas temporales como permanentes. Humedales estuarinos o de estuario: en sectores costeros conectados con el mar. Se consideran aquí desembocaduras y marismas. Humedales lacustres: lagunas, lagos y orillas sujetas a inundaciones estacionales o temporales. Humedales palustres: cuerpos de aguas interiores, incluyendo pantanos, turberas, vegas y bosques inundados. 5 GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica COnvEnio RAmsar sObre humedales Este convenio fue firmado manera regular el 1% de los en 1971 durante una reunión individuos de una población en la ciudad iraní del mismo de una especie o subespecie nombre y considera varios de aves acuáticas. criterios para nombrar un sitio como Ramsar o de En Chile, son siete importancia internacional, los humedales que se entre los que se encuentran: encuentran en esta categoría. La región de Criterio 2: si sustenta especies Magallanes posee el vulnerables, en peligro o en humedal de bahía Lomas, peligro crítico, o comunidades ubicado en el norte de ecológicas amenazadas. la isla Tierra del Fuego. Criterio 5: si sustenta El humedal Tres Puentes de manera regular una no se encuentra en esta población de 20.000 o más categoría, pues no reúne aves acuáticas. los requisitos necesarios 6 Criterio 6: si sustenta de para su nombramiento. GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica humedal de bahía Lomas Declarado sitio Ramsar indican la presencia de en diciembre de 2004, 41.000 playeros árticos y este humedal abarca una 4.500 zarapitos de pico recto superficie de costa de unos cada temporada (Morrison 67 km. Su importancia radica & Ross, 1989). Debido a en la gran cantidad de aves esta abundancia de aves, el playeras que llega todos los humedal de bahía Lomas años desde el hemisferio fue incluido el año 2009 en la norte para alimentarse. Red Hemisférica de Reservas Existen registros que para Aves Playeras. Fotografías: James Quezada Ramírez Fotografías: 7 GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica humedal Tres Puentes Es un humedal de tipo parte de los terrenos perte- palustre ubicado en la en- nece a privados y sólo unas trada norte de Punta Are- 12 hectáreas son del Minis- nas y abarca una superfi- terio de Bienes Nacionales, cie de 49.5 hectáreas. Un el cual ha efectuado una 53.4% de sus aguas provie- autodestinación para favo- ne de hoyas hídricas y un recer la conservación del 47% de aguas lluvias. Gran sector. El humedal Tres Puentes está rodeado de edificaciones industriales y sociales, como el nuevo hospital regional, y ha sido fragmentado por calles como la avenida Frei y el pasaje Retiro. Pese a estas intervenciones, continúa siendo un lugar altamente significativo para la conservación de la biodiversidad en la región patagónica. 8 Fotografía: Patricio González Garay Patricio Fotografía: GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica biodiversidad Junto a las aves, en el hu- una comunidad con mayor medal Tres Puentes pode- presencia de humedad o mos observar una multitud temporalmente cubierta de de seres vivos, los cuales agua. Aquí, dominan especies constituyen un gran eco- como Acaena magellanica, sistema. Gunnera magellanica y otras En cuanto a la flora, la especies higrófitas (plantas vegetación del humedal tolerantes a la inundación). Tres Puentes puede clasifi- En sitios saturados de agua carse en praderas y vegas. y nutrientes aparecen espe- Las praderas correspon- cies como Hyppuris vulgaris, den a angostas franjas lige- Alopecurus geniculatus, Ra- ramente más altas que res- nunculus minutiflorus y guardan especies de plantas Caltha sagittata. En peque- menos tolerantes a las inun- ñas laderas, a modo de zo- daciones y que requieren nas de transición entre las hábitats más secos. Aquí se comunidades descritas, se asocian principalmente for- ubican Gunnera magellanica, bias (hierbas de hoja ancha) Leptinella scariosa, Ranunculus o formaciones herbáceas peduncularis y Carex gayana. (comunidades de hierbas, Los sitios que fueron no leñosas), entre las que rellenados con escom- destacan cadillo (Acaena bros y estabilizados alre- magellanica), Alopecurus dedor de 1995, frente a la magellanica, Carex gayana, ruta 9, no corresponden al Carex canencens, Cerastium paisaje original del lugar. fontanum, Hyochaeris pata- En ellos se han asentado gonica, los juncos Juncus bal- especies principalmente ticus, Juncus scheuchezeoides, introducidas y unas pocas trébol enano (Trifolium dubi- nativas, como la violeta de um) y trébol blanco (Trifolium monte, de ambientes de repens). estepa, y el calafate enano. Las vegas, por su parte, Aunque escasos, también son concavidades con un es posible distinguir cala- nivel inferior cercano a los fates y un pequeño parche 10 a 15 cm de profundidad, de bosque de ñirre (Notho- nivel suficiente para marcar fagus antarctica). 9 GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica CALAFATE ENANO Berberis empetrifolia CALTA 10 Caltha sagittata GUÍA DE CAMPO DEL HUMEDAL TRES PUENTES - Agrupación Ecológica Patagónica LIBÉLULA HEMBRA Artrópodos Respecto de los artrópo- odonatos (conocidos como dos, grupo que reúne a los matapiojos o libélulas) que insectos, crustáceos y arác- en la fase juvenil son acuáti- nidos, el área del humedal cos, pero en la adulta son Tres Puentes se distribuye voladores y cazan en todos en tres zonas principales: los sectores del humedal; al- cuerpos de agua, pastizales y gunas familias de coleópteros bosque de ñirre. (Apionidae, Curculionidae; Si bien los artrópodos conocidos como burritos o son móviles, lo que impide caballitos), hemípteros cono- su sectorización, existen algu- cidos como chinches (Lygaei- nos grupos restringidos a una dae, Acanthosomatidae) e de las divisiones señaladas; hymenopteros (Pteromalidae, éste es el caso de los insec- Cynipidae; microavispas), tos acuáticos (efemerópteros restringidos al sector del y plecópteros) asociados bosque por encontrarse ahí necesariamente a cuerpos
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