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Academic Communications – Promise for the Future 1 Donald G Perrin
International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND DISTANCE LEARNING July – August - September 2018 Volume 15 Number 7–8-9 Editorial Board Donald G. Perrin Ph.D. Executive Editor Brent Muirhead Ph.D. Senior Editor Muhammad Betz, Ph.D. Editor ISSN 1550-6908 July – September 2018 i Vol. 15 No.7 - 9. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning PUBLISHER'S DECLARATION Research and innovation in teaching and learning are prime topics for the Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning (ISSN 1550-6908). The Journal was initiated in January 2004 to facilitate communication and collaboration among researchers, innovators, practitioners, and administrators of education and training involving innovative technologies and/or distance learning. The Journal is monthly, refereed, and global. Intellectual property rights are retained by the author(s) and a Creative Commons Copyright permits replication of articles and eBooks for education related purposes. Publication is managed by DonEl Learning Inc. supported by a host of volunteer editors, referees and production staff that cross national boundaries. IJITDL is committed to publish significant writings of high academic stature for worldwide distribution to stakeholders in distance learning and technology. In fourteen years, the Journal logged over fifteen million page views and more than two and one half million downloads of Acrobat files of monthly journals and eBooks. Donald G. Perrin, Executive Editor Brent Muirhead, Senior Editor Muhammad Betz, Editor July – September 2018 ii Vol. 15 No.7 - 9. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning Vol. 15. No. 7 - 9 ISSN 1550-6908 Table of Contents – July - September 2018 Editorial: Academic communications – promise for the future 1 Donald G Perrin An instructor’s experience in using a flipped classroom with deaf 3 students: a self-study Millicent M. -
Magazines: 15 On-Line Magazines: 27
Clippings summary Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, 30. April 2009 To date coverage received: 42 Print magazines: 15 On-line magazines: 27 Print magazines 1. Digital! Magazine, Serbia About magazine: • Monthly IT magazine • Circulation: 11.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 16- 40 Date: 01.04.2009 1. English title: Cebit 2009 reportage 4. Mobilni Magazine, Serbia About magazine: • Monthly Lifestyle-Gadget magazine • Circulation: 10.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 14- 55, Woman 17-35 Date: 01.04.2009 1. English title: Postcard Cebit 2009.reportage 2. English title: Win Great Prizes- Verbatim sound isolating earphones…- Quiz 2. English title: Verbatim presented new USB memories News section 6. MIKRO (PC World), Serbia About magazine: • Monthly IT magazine • Circulation: 10.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 20-55 Date: 01.04.2009 English title: Communicative device Review- Positive 7. VIDI Magazine, Croatia About magazine: • Monthly IT magazine • Circulation: 25.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 14- 55 Date: 01.04.2009 English title: SSD wining market Reportage- Cebit 2009- Neutral 10.BUG, Croatia About magaziBUGne: • Monthly IT magazine • Circulation: 43.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 14- 55 Date: 01.04.2009 English title: Verbatim Store’n’Go Micro 8GB, SDHC Pro 32GB, Portable Hard Drive 500GB, USB Executive 32GB; Page: 28 Review-HARDVARE- Four short reviews- Neutraly to Positively written 12. Moj Mikro Magazine, Slovenia About magazine: • Monthly IT magazine • Circulation: 10.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 16-60 Date: 01.04.2009 English title: Verbatim Rapier V2 Review- Neutral to Positive 6/10 13. Men’s Health Magazine, Croatia About magazine: • Monthly lifestyle magazine • Circulation: 20.000 • Readership: • Readers: Man 25-55 Date: 01.04.2009 English title: Five colors: Hard Coverage: Verbatim 2.5” external HDD 320GB; Page: 36 13. -
Tehniška Založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1969. Bajt Dr. Aleksand
korišćena literatura 833 KORIŠĆENA LITERATURA Avčin France Človek protiv naravi - Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana 1969. Bajt Dr. Aleksandar Produktivnost rada - Nolit, Beograd, 1960. Bakunjin Mihail Država i sloboda - Globus, Zagreb Bleicher prof. Dr.K. Organisation als Sistem - Betriebwirtschaftlicher Verlag Dr.Th.Gabler, Wiesbaden 1972. Chamberlain Neil W. Preduzeće: mikro-ekonomsko planiranje i akcija, Savremena administracija, Beograd 1968. Čavoški Kosta Revolucionarni makijavelizam - Rad, Beograd 1989. Černe Dr. France Tržište i cijene - Informator, Zagreb 1966. Dimitrijević Mladen Ni kapitalizam ni komunizam - Dosije, Beograd 1990. Dobžanski Teodosijus Evolucija čovečanstva - Nolit, Beograd 1982. Dragičević Dr. Adolf destruktivno društvo i njegovi prijatelji korišćena literatura 834 Teorija i praksa socijalizma - Naprijed, Zagreb 1966. Sutom socijalizma - Avgust Cesarec, Zagreb 1989. Drucker Peter F. Praksa rukovođenja - Privreda, Zagreb 1961. Državni kapitalizam - Zbornik radova, Kultura, Beograd 1959. Dujšin Uroš Teorija novog socijalizma J.K.Galbraitha - Globus, Zagreb 1989. Đilas Milovan Nesavršeno društvo - Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1990. Nova klasa - Narodna knjiga, Beograd 1990. Engels Fridrih Porijeklo porodice, privatnog vlasništva i države - Naprijed, Zagreb 1945. Anti - Duehring, Naprijed, Zagreb Socijalizam - istorije, teorija, praksa - BIGZ Beograd Etiambl Poznajelo li Kinu - Vuk Karadžić, Beograd 1968 Fajol H. Administracija i organizacija industriskih i drugih tehničkih preduzeća - Narod, Beograd 1920. Fetscher Iring Uvjeti preživljavanja čovječanstva - Je li još moguće spasiti napredak? -Globus, Zagreb 1989. Ford Henri Moj život i rad - S.B.Cvijanović, Beograd 1924. Galbraith John destruktivno društvo i njegovi prijatelji korišćena literatura 835 Menadžeri gutaju kapitaliste - Izbor, Zagreb 1968. Grahovac Tripo Inlacija - Izdavački centar Rijeka 1989. Grossmann Henryk Zakon akumulacije i sloma kapitalističkog sistema - Prosveta, Beograd 1983. Guerin Daniel Anarhizam - od doktrine do akcije - Naprijed, Zagreb 1980. -
Die Situation Der Medien in Serbien
7Christova-Förger:Layout 1 25.03.09 15:38 Seite 95 95 DIE SITUATION DER MEDIEN IN SERBIEN Christiana Christova / Dirk Förger Dr. Christiana Christova ist Assis - tentin des Medien- „Medien haben die Möglichkeit, programms Südost- europa der Konrad- sich an der Suche nach der Wahrheit zu beteiligen Adenauer-Stiftung und einen Teil am Versöhnungsprozess in Sofia/Bulgarien. der Menschen zu übernehmen.”1 EINLEITUNG Die Auflösung des ehemaligen Jugoslawien führte über eine Reihe von Kriegen und Abspaltungen. Eckdaten dabei waren die Konflikte um Slowenien (1991), Kroatien (1991–1995) und Bosnien-Herzegowina (1992–1995). 1993 wurde die Un- abhängigkeit Mazedoniens anerkannt, 2006 erhielt Montene- gro seine Eigenständigkeit. Im Februar 2008 erklärte schließ- Dr. Dirk Förger ist lich der Kosovo seine Unabhängigkeit. Der Zerfallsprozess Journalist und Lei- ter des Medienpro- war von politischen Systemänderungen begleitet: Während gramms Südosteu- Jugoslawien bis zur Absetzung Miloševićs 2000 ein autoritär ropa der Konrad- geführtes Regime hatte, setzte mit den Wahlen von Vojislav Adenauer-Stiftung mit Sitz in Sofia/ Kostunica zum Präsidenten und insbesondere von Zoran Đin- Bulgarien. dić zum Ministerpräsidenten eine liberal-demokratische Ent- wicklung ein. Diese verläuft mal positiv, mal erleidet sie schwere Rückschläge wie durch die Ermordung Đindićs 2003. Immerhin steuert der im Mai 2008 wieder gewählte Präsident Serbiens, Boris Tadic, das Land auf einen proeuro- päischen Kurs und hat den EU-Beitritt zum obersten Ziel er- klärt. 1 | Veran Matic, Direktor von B92, im der Sendung „kulturplatz”, 27.08.08 7Christova-Förger:Layout 1 25.03.09 15:38 Seite 96 96 Die Lage der Medien in Die Veränderungen auf politischer Ebene wirkten sich natür- Serbien ist trotz positi- lich auch stark auf die Medienlandschaft aus. -
Stavovi Građana Srbije Prema Medijima MART 2017
POLICY BRIEF NO 5 STAV GRAĐANA SRBIJE PREMA MEDIJIMA ISTRAŽIVANJE JAVNOG MNJENJA MART 2017. POLICY BRIEF NO 5 uvodMART 2017. Ciljevi istraživanja: stavovi građana Srbije prema medijima. Metoda sakupljanja podataka je bila CATI - kompjuterski podržano anketiranje putem telefo- na (Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing) je istraživački postupak u kom računar asistira anketarima prilikom anketiranja, birajući brojeve telefonskog imenika Republike Srbije sluča- jnim putem. Softver za unos podataka: WARP IT, profesionalni licencirani program za istraživanje tržišta sa velikim opsegom mogućnosti prilikom postavljanja projekta. Softver za analizu podataka: SPSS Uzorački okvir: populacija punoletnih građana republike Srbije (bez Kosova i Metohije) Veličina uzorka: 1204 ispitanika Vreme realizacije: 10.03 - 17.03.2017. godine Kontrola: ponovljenim intervjuom na 20% anketiranih lica vršena kontrola verodostojnosti odgovora Poststratifikacija: rađena radi eliminacije neodgovora usled odbijanja intervjua Uzoračka greška: 1,23% za incidencu 5% Objašnjenje čitanja tabela: Primer tabele ukrštanja pola sa odgovorom na pitanje koji kao ponuđene modalitete ima “da” I “ne”. Muški Ženski Da 24,0% 26,3% Ne 76,0% 73,7% Total 100,0% 100,0% U redu se nalazi naziv odgovarajućeg modaliteta koji predstavlja demografsko obeležje. U koloni se nalaze modaliteti odgovora na pitanje iz istraživanja. Tabela se čita po koloni, zbir je 100%, što predstavlja rezultat za subpopulaciju muškaraca (zbir 100% odgovora “da” i “ne” za muškarce). 1 POLICY BRIEF NO 5 SOCIOdemografske i socioekonomske karakteristike ispitanika Veličina uzorka: 1204 % Muški 48.2 Pol Ženski 51.8 18-29 18.5 30-44 24.6 Godine starosti 45-59 27.0 60+ 29.9 Bez škole, nezavršena osnovna škola i osnovna škola, srednja II i III godine 52.1 Obrazovni status* Srednja četvorogodišnja škola, gimnazija i specijalizacija 31.0 Viša škola, fakultet + 16.9 Beograd 21.8 Vojvodina 28.3 Region Zapadna Srbija sa Šumadijom 28.6 Istočna Srbija 21.3 Tabela 1. -
THE WARP of the SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-Westernism, Russophilia, Traditionalism
HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA studies17 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism... BELGRADE, 2016 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism… Edition: Studies No. 17 Publisher: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia www.helsinki.org.rs For the publisher: Sonja Biserko Reviewed by: Prof. Dr. Dubravka Stojanović Prof. Dr. Momir Samardžić Dr Hrvoje Klasić Layout and design: Ivan Hrašovec Printed by: Grafiprof, Belgrade Circulation: 200 ISBN 978-86-7208-203-6 This publication is a part of the project “Serbian Identity in the 21st Century” implemented with the assistance from the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. CONTENTS Publisher’s Note . 5 TRANSITION AND IDENTITIES JOVAN KOMŠIĆ Democratic Transition And Identities . 11 LATINKA PEROVIĆ Serbian-Russian Historical Analogies . 57 MILAN SUBOTIĆ, A Different Russia: From Serbia’s Perspective . 83 SRĐAN BARIŠIĆ The Role of the Serbian and Russian Orthodox Churches in Shaping Governmental Policies . 105 RUSSIA’S SOFT POWER DR. JELICA KURJAK “Soft Power” in the Service of Foreign Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation . 129 DR MILIVOJ BEŠLIN A “New” History For A New Identity . 139 SONJA BISERKO, SEŠKA STANOJLOVIĆ Russia’s Soft Power Expands . 157 SERBIA, EU, EAST DR BORIS VARGA Belgrade And Kiev Between Brussels And Moscow . 169 DIMITRIJE BOAROV More Politics Than Business . 215 PETAR POPOVIĆ Serbian-Russian Joint Military Exercise . 235 SONJA BISERKO Russia and NATO: A Test of Strength over Montenegro . -
Serbia Guidebook 2013
SERBIA PREFACE A visit to Serbia places one in the center of the Balkans, the 20th century's tinderbox of Europe, where two wars were fought as prelude to World War I and where the last decade of the century witnessed Europe's bloodiest conflict since World War II. Serbia chose democracy in the waning days before the 21st century formally dawned and is steadily transforming an open, democratic, free-market society. Serbia offers a countryside that is beautiful and diverse. The country's infrastructure, though over-burdened, is European. The general reaction of the local population is genuinely one of welcome. The local population is warm and focused on the future; assuming their rightful place in Europe. AREA, GEOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE Serbia is located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and occupies 77,474square kilometers, an area slightly smaller than South Carolina. It borders Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to the west, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, and Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo to the south. Serbia's many waterway, road, rail, and telecommunications networks link Europe with Asia at a strategic intersection in southeastern Europe. Endowed with natural beauty, Serbia is rich in varied topography and climate. Three navigable rivers pass through Serbia: the Danube, Sava, and Tisa. The longest is the Danube, which flows for 588 of its 2,857-kilometer course through Serbia and meanders around the capital, Belgrade, on its way to Romania and the Black Sea. The fertile flatlands of the Panonian Plain distinguish Serbia's northern countryside, while the east flaunts dramatic limestone ranges and basins. -
Slučaj Savamala
SLUČAJ SAVAMALA 2018 Impresum Izdavač Civil Rights Defenders Za izdavača Goran Miletić Direktor za Evropu Autorka Prof. dr Snježana Milivojević Koordinatori istraživanja Bojana Barlovac Miloš Stanković Istraživački tim Ana Paraušić Anja Šušak Gala Đurđević Emina Muminović Snežana Bajčeta Snežana Đapić Lektura Anica Milenković Dizajn Marko Kovačevski Štampa Zeppelin Pro Tiraž 400 SLUČAJ SAVAMALA SADRŽAJ 1. KLJUČNI NALAZI 06 2. O ISTRAŽIVANJU 08 2.1. Značaj dnevnih novina 08 2.2. Ciljevi istraživanja 09 3. REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA 11 3.1. Obim izveštavanja 12 Medijski ambijent: tiraži i vrste novina 12 Učestalost izveštavanja: ukupni broj tekstova 13 Obim izveštavanja: ukupna veličina tekstova 14 3.2. Forma izveštavanja 15 Najava na naslovnoj strani 15 Veličina pojedinačnih priloga 16 Vrsta priloga 17 Ukupan broj ilustracija 18 Vrsta ilustracije 19 Povod za izveštavanje 20 3.3. Sadržina izveštavanja 21 Tema 21 Značaj teme 22 Okvir / pristup temi 23 Izvor 24 Akteri 25 Tretman aktera 26 Uloga aktera u prilogu 27 4. ZAKLJUČCI 29 |2018 5 KLJUČNI NALAZI Mediji su tokom čitave godine izveštavali o ‘slučaju Savamala’ prilično neujednačeno i sa očigledno opadajućim interesovanjem iako počinioci rušenja objekata u Hercegovačkoj nisu otkriveni, a odgovornost nije utvrđena. Događaji koji su sastavni deo ‘slučaja Savamala’ bili su tema u ukupno 706 priloga u svih šest novina, a u još 527 tekstova slučaj je samo uzgred pomenut. Način izveštavanja je u direktnoj vezi sa (1) tiražom, (2) vrstom i (3) uređivačkom politikom dnevnih novina. Što je tiraž veći to je obim izveštavanja manji. Što je tiraž veći to je pristrasnost u izveštavanju veća, objektivnost manja, a kritičnost prema vlasti najmanja. -
The Image of Turkey in the Public Discourse of Interwar Yugoslavia During the Reign of King Aleksandar Karađorđević (1921–1934) According to the Newspaper “Politika”
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UJ NAUKI S , NR 24 (1/2019), S. 143–166 E-ISSN 2082-9213 | P-ISSN 2299-2383 POŁECZNE WWW. .UJ.EDU.PL/ZESZYTY/NAUKI- DOI: 10.26361/ZNTDSP.10.2019.24.8 DOKTORANCI SPOLECZNE HTTPS:// .ORG/0000-0002-3183-0512 ORCID P M ADAM M AWEŁUNIVERSITYICHALAK IN P F HISTORY ICKIEWICZ OZNAŃ E-MAIL: PAWELMALDINI@ .ONET.PL ACULTY OF POCZTA SUBMISSION: 14.05.2019 A : 29.08.2019 ______________________________________________________________________________________CCEPTANCE The Image of Turkey in the Public Discourse of Interwar Yugoslavia During the Reign of King Aleksandar Karađorđević (1921–1934) According to the Newspaper “Politika” A BSTRACT Bearing in mind the Ottoman burden in relations between Turkey and other Balkan states, it seems interesting to look at the process of creating the image of Turkey in the public discourse of inter-war Yugoslavia according to the newspaper “Politika,” the largest, and the most popular newspaper in the Kingdom of d Slovenes (since 1929 the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). It should be remembered that the modern Ser- bian state, on the basis of which Yugoslavia was founded, wasSerbs, born Croats in the an struggle to shed Turkish yoke. The narrative about dropping this yoke has become one of the On the one hand, the government narrative did not forget about the Ottoman yoke; oncornerstones the other, therefor building were made the prestige attempts and to thepresent position Kemalist of the Turkey Karađorđević as a potentially dynasty. important partner, almost an ally in the Balkans, -
Kosta P. Manojlović (1890–1949) and the Idea of Slavic and Balkan Cultural Unification
KOSTA P. MANOJLOVIĆ (1890–1949) AND THE IDEA OF SLAVIC AND BALKAN CULTURAL UNIFICATION edited by Vesna Peno, Ivana Vesić, Aleksandar Vasić SLAVIC AND BALKANSLAVIC CULTURAL UNIFICATION KOSTA P. MANOJLOVIĆ (1890–1949) AND THE IDEA OF P. KOSTA Institute of Musicology SASA Institute of Musicology SASA This collective monograph has been published owing to the financial support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia KOSTA P. MANOJLOVIĆ (1890–1949) AND THE IDEA OF SLAVIC AND BALKAN CULTURAL UNIFICATION edited by Vesna Peno, Ivana Vesić, Aleksandar Vasić Institute of Musicology SASA Belgrade, 2017 CONTENTS Preface 9 INTRODUCTION 13 Ivana Vesić and Vesna Peno Kosta P. Manojlović: A Portrait of the Artist and Intellectual in Turbulent Times 13 BALKAN AND SLAVIC PEOPLES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: INTERCULTURAL CONTACTS 27 Olga Pashina From the History of Cultural Relations between the Slavic Peoples: Tours of the Russian Story Teller, I. T. Ryabinin, of Serbia and Bulgaria (1902) 27 Stefanka Georgieva The Idea of South Slavic Unity among Bulgarian Musicians and Intellectuals in the Interwar Period 37 Ivan Ristić Between Idealism and Political Reality: Kosta P. Manojlović, South Slavic Unity and Yugoslav-Bulgarian Relations in the 1920s 57 THE KINGDOM OF SERBS, CROATS AND SLOVENES/YUGOSLAVIA BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND REALITY 65 Biljana Milanović The Contribution of Kosta P. Manojlović to the Foundation and Functioning of the Južnoslovenski pevački savez [South-Slav Choral Union] 65 Nada Bezić The Hrvatski pjevački savez [Croatian Choral Union] in its Breakthrough Decade of 1924–1934 and its Relation to the Južnoslovenski pevački savez [South-Slav Choral Union] 91 Srđan Atanasovski Kosta P. -
GSA-Report-2009.Pdf
www.gsa.org.rs REPORT ON HUMAN RIGHTS STATUS OF GLBT PERSONS IN SERBIA 2009 CONTENTS PREFACE BY BORIS DITTRICH 09 OPENING WORD BY ULRIKE LUNACEK 11 I SUMMARY 13 II INTRODUCTION 15 III RIGHT TO LIFE 17 IV RIGHT TO PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL INTEGRITY 21 V RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL AND EQUAL PROTECTION 33 UNDER THE LAW VI FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY 39 VII HEALTH PROTECTION 57 VIII RIGHT TO EDUCATION 63 IX ATTITUDE OF THE STATE TOWARDS GLBT POPULATION 67 AUTHORS Boris Milićević, Nenad Sarić, Lazar Pavlović, Mirjana Bogdanović, Veroljub Đukić, Nemanja Ćirilović X THE ATTITUDE OF POLITICAL PARTIES TOWARDS 77 GLBT POPULATION TRANSLATION Ljiljana Madžarević, Vesna Gajišin, Vladimir Lazić XI THE ATTITUDE OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 93 DIZAJN & LAYOUT ORGANIZATIONS TOWARDS GLBT POPULATION Dragan Lončar OTHER CONTRIBUTORS XII MEDIA VIEW ON GLBT POPULATION IN SERBIA 97 Miroslav Janković, Monika Lajhner, Jelena Đorđević, Dragan Popović, Zdravko Janković, Marina Marković, Jovana Zlatković, Darko Kenig, Jelisaveta Belić, Ivan Knežević, Nebojša Muljava COVER ILLUSTRATION XIII GLBT MOVEMENT IN SERBIA 99 Stylized photo of a school desk of one gay secondary school student on which are drawn swastikas, messages “death to fagots”, etc.. However, on the desk someone also wrote: “I’m glad there is someone like me. N. :)” XIV RECOMMENDATIONS 101 THANKS! Members of the Gay Straight Alliance Victims of the violence and discrimination who courageously spoke publicly and reported the incidents Civil Rights Defenders and Fund for an Open Society for financial support to create -
Study: Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western
STUDY Requested by the AFET committee Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western Balkans and Identifying Ways to Effectively Counter Them Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union EN PE 653.621 - February 2021 DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western Balkans and Identifying Ways to Effectively Counter Them ABSTRACT Disinformation is an endemic and ubiquitous part of politics throughout the Western Balkans, without exception. A mapping of the disinformation and counter-disinformation landscapes in the region in the period from 2018 through 2020 reveals three key disinformation challenges: external challenges to EU credibility; disinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic; and the impact of disinformation on elections and referenda. While foreign actors feature prominently – chiefly Russia, but also China, Turkey, and other countries in and near the region – the bulk of disinformation in the Western Balkans is produced and disseminated by domestic actors for domestic purposes. Further, disinformation (and information disorder more broadly) is a symptom of social and political disorder, rather than the cause. As a result, the European Union should focus on the role that it can play in bolstering the quality of democracy and governance in the Western Balkans, as the most powerful potential bulwark against disinformation. EP/EXPO/AFET/FWC/2019-01/Lot1/R/01 EN February 2021 - PE 653.621 © European Union,