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Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S574

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Document heading doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60292-3 Traditional use of the and Renealmia (Rottb.) Maas ()-a review in the treatment of snakebites

Isabel Gómez-Betancur*, Dora Benjumea Ophidism/Scorpionism Program, University Research Center, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: R. alpinia ( ) typically occurs in the tropical rainforests of Mexico to Peru, Brazil Received 10 Feb 2014 through the Antilles, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia and Venezuela. It has traditionally been used R 9 M 2014 R. alpinia eceived in revised form ar against snakebite in Colombia. In addition to the common local use for pain, has been Accepted 3 Jun 2014 Available online 2 Sep 2014 used as an antipyretic and antiemetic to treat wounds, malignant ulcers, epilepsy and fungal infections. The of the Zingiberaceae family are famous for their use as spices and herbs. RenealmiaThis review provides information onR. thealpinia traditional use of in the Zingiberaceae family, Keywords: genus, and specifically . We conducted a narrative review in English and Zingiberaceae Spanish in electronic databases, such as ScienceDirect, Napralert, PubMed, ScFinder, SciElo, Renealmia alpinia during August 2011 to March 2013. We were interested in their applications in ethnomedicine and 120 Biological activity their chemical components, providing a major and methodical revision. We found sources, 98 Ethnopharmacology of which were selected as they contained essential information. This study has stimulatedR. alpinia Snakebite the development of a new work, which aims to isolate and evaluate metabolites from Traditional use leads toward the development of a phytotherapeuticR. alpinia product, which might be accessible to the population. Studies on the toxicity and safety of are insufficient to provide information R.on alpiniathe ethnomedical use of this species. Thus, the present review summarizes information about and proposes possible scope of future research to fill gaps identified in this narrative review.

1. Introduction problem, which has been reflected in various activities at the national, regional and global level. Renealmia alpinia R. alpinia “ ” (R ) M ( ) ( T “ ” ottb. aas matandrea he snakebite is a public health problem around the ) 5 4 5 5 or achira monte has traditionallyí been used against world with between . and . million people annually snakebite by indigenous Embera-Kat os tribes belonging to bitten, producing around 40 000 amputations and between ó the regions of Antioquia and Choc , Colombia[1]. Poisoning 20 000 and 125 000 deaths[2,5]. In 2010, Colombia recorded by snakebite is a serious public health problem in large 4 526 cases of snakebite accidents with an incidence of parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America[2-4]. Snakebites 0.82 cases per 1 million population, and a mortality rate of mainly affect the population living in rural areas[5]. 0.84%[7]. Traditionally, it has been neglected by health authorities, The province of Antioquia is the area of the country research agendas, and large pharmaceutical companies in where the majority of snakebites occurs with an incidence T W H O 9 2 0 14 100 the world. hus,‘ the orld ealth’ rganization has added and a mortality of snakebites which is . and . per it to the list for neglected diseases [6]. In recent years, there thousand inhabitants, respectively[8]. These incidents are Bothrops á has been a renewed interest in the study and care of this usually caused by species[9], especially in Urab , Cauca, Magdalena and the eastern regions of the province. ó *Corresponding author: Isabel G mez-Betancur, Ophidism/ Scorpionism Program, í The only effective treatment for snakebite is antivenom, University Research Center, University of Antioquia, Medell n, Colombia. Tel: 57 4 2196635 but in most accidents, medical intervention does not start Fax: 57 4 2631914 quickly enough, mainly due to geographical factors, the E-mail: [email protected] Foundation project: Supported by the Committee for the Development of Research limited availability of antivenoms in remote areas, and (CODI) of the University of Antioquia, with the project No. (CIQF-139). limited effectiveness of specific treatment to neutralize Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S575 “ ” “ ” some local effects, such as hemorrhage, edema and “depending” on the language“ are frog” eggs , sarandango“ ”, myonecrosis, caused by the poison of vipers[10,11]. Abebe (Spanish), haimonor (huitoto), conoba ñ “ “ ” ” Therefore, the Ophidism/ Scorpionism Program of (Mira a), Mubai-kurugameku (muiname), Huitillo [18,19]. ’ R. alpinia Antioquia s University is interested in undertaking a Table 1 lists the common names of as used in the R. alpinia thorough study of to find an alternative treatment Neotropics. R. alpinia against snakebite. In 2001, it was confirmed that 2.2. Geographical and altitudinal had anti-edema, anti-hemorrhagic and neutralizing Bothrops asper B. asper effects on the venom of the snake ( ) á in vitro in vivo R. alpinia (mapan X), both and , constituting a source of is typically found in tropical moist lowland molecules with potential pharmaceutical use[1,12-14]. In order rainforests[22,25]. It is distributed from Mexico to Peru to improve the productivity and uniformity of the extracts and Brazil through the Antilles, French Guiana, Guyana, R. alpinia in vitro of , our research group carried out the Suriname and Venezuela. Its distribution can reach up 1 500 [19] I C propagation of this species to have enough material, to m altitudeó . n olombia, it is located in the which through traditional cultivation could not have been Antioquia and Choc departments. Specifically in Antioquia, achieved[15]. Subsequently, different extracts obtained it has been found in the Eastern region, especially in the S L I with solvents of increasing polarity were studied through town of an uis. t hasá also been reported to the south of chromatographic fractionation in order to find the fraction the country in Caquet , Putumayo, Guaviare and Amazon, responsible for the antiophidic activity. In addition, it was and on the Eastern plains. R. alpinia possible to prove in experimental animals, that 2.3. and botanical description possesses analgesic activity, which may contribute to relief of pain that occurs after a bite[16]. At present, it is intended to isolate and purify some Herbaceous plant of between 2 m and 6 m high, gregarious, R. alpinia secondary metabolites leaves from the extracts simple leaves, alternating, without stipules, long-lanceolate obtained by micropropagation and wild method, making a leaves up to 110 cm long and 11 cm wide, parallel rib, open comparison of the chemical content and its analgesic and leaf sheath with ligule. In addition, racemose antiophidic properties. In order to guide these studies, we with basal 20-50 cm long; reddish-pink inflorescence conducted a through review of this botanical species from , reddish-brown rachis; tubular flower, yellow or red. the chemical and pharmacological viewpoint or perspective, Fruit in capsule, red when it is immature, black when it that has been poorly studied in, for instance the genus ripe, ovoid, 3-4 cm long and 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, with Renealmia , and the results are described below. numerous seeds embedded in a yellow pulp[18]. 2.4. Popular uses 2. R. alpinia (Rottb.) Maas, 1975 R. alpinia ó has traditionally been used by the Choc R. alpinia Bothrops belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, indigenous tribe as an agent against the bite of á R. alpinia characterized by having species of great pharmacological (mapan X)[1]. Likewise, in traditional medicine, and nutritional importance, such as the has been extensively used as a febrifuge (anti-fever, officinale Z. officinale Elettaria Roscoe ( ), the cardamom antipyretic) and antiemetic to treat wounds and malignant cardamomum (L.) Maton, and its many ornamental purposes. ulcers[23]. In addition, in Suriname, it is also used to treat epilepsy[30]. 2.1. Common names and synonyms R. alpinia Furthermore is traditionally effective against fungal infections and for the preparation of oils from seeds. alpinia Synonyms: Rottb[17]. Furthermore, it is used as edible (aryl seed), against nausea R. alpinia Common names: In Colombia is popularly and vomiting[30,31]. Even some parts, such as pieces of leaf “ é” “ ” known“ by the” names: guaipor , matandrea and sheaths, are added to the planting holes of some crops, achira bush . Other common names in different latitudes, such as corn, to avoid being eaten by rodents and birds[19]. Table 1 R. alpinia Common names of according to languages used in the Neotropics and its popular uses in different countries[19]. Common name (Language) Country Part used Method and application Reference é Guaipor , Naiku (Curripaco) Pintura negra Colombia Leaves and stems dried Infusion for stomachache, Oral decoction used for snakebites [1,20,21] Ixquihit (nahua) X'quijit-totonaco Puebla (Mexico) Leaves Repel ectoparasites from chickens and ducks [22,23] Mardigra Trinidad, Tobago Leaves Information not found [24] í Jazm n de monte Guatemala Leaves Information not found [25] Mususi Venezuela Leaves Information not found [26] Information not found Honduras Leaves and stems Decoction used to clean the skin. [27,28] Masusa Suriname Dried leaves Used as food, oral infusion used as a febrifuge, Epilepsy [29,30] Naiku Brazil Leaves and stems Infusion for headaches [21] Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S576 2.7. Chemical composition Moreover, a decoction of the stems, the whole plant, and its roots are used to treat vaginal infections and to relieve R. alpinia digestive ailments such as indigestion (carminative action), (Rottb.) Maas is characterized by its rich heartburn and stomach pain[32]. content of flavonoids (flavanones, chalcones) derived from It is a valuable ornamental species due to its yellowish the shikimic acid pathway, which have proven to be highly red and its very bright scarlet red fruits. active biologically[39]. In a study to assess the effect of the R. alpinia The macerated plant mixed with water is rubbed on the ethanol extract and fractions obtained from on B. asper body of dogs to improve their skill in hunting[33]. Likewise, snake venom , the fractions show a predominant R. alpinia in ethno-veterinary uses, is used in Trinidad presence of coumarins [15]. Steroids, carotenoids, and Tobago to treat parasites coming from chickens and monoterpenes, diterpenes (labdane diterpenes), and R. alpinia ducks[24], and against snakebites in dogs[34]. sesquiterpenes have been found in the leaves of , many of which are yet to be elucidated or characterized[40,41]. 2.5. Pharmacological activities Regarding essential oils, a large number of components in R. alpinia leaves, stems and fruits of have been identified. R. alpinia has been poorly studied from the pharmacological standpoint. It has been shown that it 3. Genus Renealmia L.f., 1781 has antiedematous, antihemorrhagic, and neutralizing Bothrops atrox-asper á properties of the (mapan X) 3.1. Geographical distribution poison[35]. Likewise, it has antimalarial and leishmanicidal activities[36]. It has been shown through citotoxity studies R. alpinia Renealmia that rhizomes has a substantial and strong L.f. is one of the tropical plant genera antiproliferative effect on tumor cells[37]. belonging to Zingiberaceae. It is distributed throughout regions of Africa and [42]. It comprises about 2.6. R. alpinia micropropagation 85 species, of which 62 are in the American tropics[43]. This is the only genus native to the geotropic[44]. in vitro Plant propagation by medium is important 3.2. Botanical description because it is possible to have a control over the processes concerning morphogenetic, physiological and biochemical Renealmia plant tissues. In addition, cultivating an explant with Plants of are characterized by perennial and potential differentiation in an aseptic environment, in aromatic herbs. They grow up to 6 m high. The stems are presence of nutrients in balanced amount, favors its numerous, clustered simple, alternate, elongated and development and the production of plant metabolites. distichous, leaves with ribbed sheaths and short or absent The snakebite and scorpion program at the University petiole. The inflorescence is usually a thyrsus, cluster in vitro of Antioquia was a pioneer in the study and or a pin, a terminal on a leafy stem or basal at the apex R. alpinia propagation of . Through this research group, of a scape, bracts and bracteoles present in the plant. In Renealmia it has been possible to develop some work to evaluate addition, the plants show flowers with colors and compare the inhibitory capacity of ethanol extracts ranging from whitish to yellow or reddish, tubular, turbinate of leaves, rootlets, and fractions obtained by column or urceolate calyx, corolla with a labellum of 3 lobes, lateral R. alpinia in vitro chromatography of cultivated by involute lobes, reduced lateral . The fruits are propagation on the indirect hemolytic, proteolytic and in a capsule, irregularly ellipsoid, few to numerous bright coagulant impacts and effects induced by the venom of the brown seeds with a big, red, yellow or white aryl[44]. B. asper snake . 3.3. Popular uses The results obtained, show that the vemom indirect hemolytic activity is inhibited most by the fraction 7-8 [(47.30依2.20)%], followed by rootlets extracts [(32.60依6.90)%], According to their chemical composition, different species in vitro Renealmia and leaves [(24.20依4.43)%] cultured by propagation of are widely used for the treatment of various R. alpinia and leaves of cultivated in the wild [(16.20依 diseases. In Table 2 some species of this genus, the common 3.88)%]. The proteolytic activity is inhibited largely by name of the plant part used and the chemical components leaf extracts of the plant grown and micropropagated are described or related. in the wild without significant differences. Against the The leaves of plants in this species have various uses, coagulant activity, it has registered a greater neutralization such as to treat fevers resulting from snakebites. Fruits R. alpina Renealmia by rootlets [(81.73依9.94) seconds]. Potential proteolytic (contain the aryl of the seeds) of and R. alpinia B. asper thyrsoidea action mechanism of on the venom of is produce a blue-black ink that once boiled, [54] S unlikely since no change in the electrophoretic patterns of and add an oil color and flavor to rice . everal species’ venom is produced[38]. are widely used as ornamentals, since their rhizomes Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S577 Table 2 Renealmia Some uses and chemical composition of species of . Species Common name Country Traditional use Part used Chemical components identified Reference R. alpinia Renealmia Matandrea Colombia, Snakebites The whole dried Pinene, beta: monoterpene, oleorresine 22.3%. diterpen. Felandreno, beta: [29,39,40] Suriname Food plant; dried monoterpene oleorresine 38.0% Labda-8 (17)-trans-12-dien-15-16-dial-11-15- leaves hemiacetal, 11-hidroxiditerpen Labda-8-(17)-trans-12-dien-15-oico,16-oxo caroten, beta: carotenoids oleorresine, Labda-8-(17)-trans-12-dien-15-16. Manool: diterpen oleorresina, nerolidol: sesquiterpene oleorresine, Labda-8 (17)-trans-12-dien-15-16- diterpene oleorresina, Limonene Renealmia B D A C L 45 chrysotricha razil ried leaves romadendrene: sesquiterpene alamenene, cis: sesquiterpeno. edol: sesquiterpene. [ ] Palustrol: sesquiterpene Renealmia C N E 1 4 7 1 (10) 5 4 46 cincinnata ameroon uts udesma- - - -triol sesquiterpene, germacra-trans- -trans- -dien- -beta- [ ] ol: sesquiterpene, germacra-trans-5-10 (14)-dien-1-beta-4-beta-diol: sesquiterpene, Oplodiol: sesquiterpeno, Oplopanone: sesquiterpene, Reneilmolsesquiterpene. Renealmia M T H D K P R A B 47 48 exaltata asusa, rinidad ealing, digestive, ried leaf and aempferol flavonol. acovatinin diterpene: flavonol quercetin, enealtin and : [ , ] mardigrass, stomach seed; bencenoide misquipanga, á pacov -catinga Renealmia Brazil Used for vaginal baths Essential oil Ethyl monoterpenes Burbonene, beta: sesquiterpene, Carveol, trans: Carnova [49] floribunda í Surinam from the leaf monoterpene: monoterpene, 1,8-cineole, Myrtenal, Perilla: aldeh do, Linalool, Cimeno, Limonene, Pinene, alfa y beta, Tuyona alfa. Renealmia F D L 8 (17) 12 15 16 50 guianensis rench ried rhizome abda- - -dien- - : diterpene [ ] Guiana Renealmia í M P D C 2 4 6 F 2 5 51 nicolaioides atandrea eru ried root halcona, '-hidroxi- '- '-dimetoxi: flavonoids, uran- -carbox lico, -estirilo, [ ] Nicolaioidesin: benzenoid nicolaioidesin: benzenoid nicolaioides: benzenoid, Panduratin: flavonoid, Tsugafolin, flavanone, Pinostrobin: flavanone Renealmia I U D I 52 53 thyrsoidea ndia, sed as an antidote in ried leaves nformation not found [ , ] Equator oral infusion to treat Bothrops snakebites ( atrox ) Renealmia C H U D I 28 aromatica hucho onduras sed to clean skin ried leaves nformation not found [ ] and inflammation propagation can be cultivated easily. large number of biologically active compounds have been identified in species of the Zingiberaceae. F 4. Family Zingiberaceae rom the taxonomic point of view, the family Zingiberaceae is unclear and unknown, with various genres and many species[55,58-62], which is evidence that Zingiberaceae is the largest family in the order identification and description have been carrying out for with 53 genera and over 1 200 species and less than 20 years, making it an important object of study. is one of the leading families of tropical plants. The first The circumscription of several genera of this family has family classification was proposed in 1889 and since then, been debated[58,63], and consensus has not been reached it has been refined. Currently, there are four recognized on the actual number of genera in the family. Almost a tribes (Globbeae, Hedychieae, Alpinieae and Zingibereae) quarter of the genera are monospecific, but there are no based on morphological characteristics, such as the criteria for the recognition of these species; these have number of cores and placentation in the ovary, staminodes only been established to genus level. An important issue in development, changes in fertile anther, and the orientation the classification of the family is the way to determine the of rhizome. The new phylogenetic analyzes based on DNA taxonomic status of these monospecific genera, which are sequences suggest that some of these morphological traits often morphologically very different[55]. are homoplasious and three tribes are paraphyletic[55]. 4.1. Botanical description Zingiberaceae is distributed in the Neotropics with Renealmia Afromomum, the genus. Four other genera ( Aulotandra, Siphonochilus Renealmia and ) have been The botanical species belonging to the Zingiberacea identified in Africa and the rest of the genera are distributed family are mainly grasses or herbaceous plants, provided in East Asia and the Pacific Islands. The species of the of rhizomes with large sessile leaves having a sheath that Zingiberaceae family are famous for curing ailments[56,57], surrounds the stem. The flowers, mostly zygomorphic also for their uses as spices and herbs. The rhizomes of hermaphrodites, gather around in inflorescences of various several species are used as insect repellents and against types and possess a perianth with distinct calyx and corolla, snakebite[1]. Many compounds with novel structures and a which consist of three elements: the androecium, originally Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S578 4.4. Taxonomy formed by two whorls of three parts, comprising a single fertile and the other stem elements are partially fused and transformed into structures of corolline aspect, In the Zingiberaceae, 46-52 genera and 1 075-1 300 the labellum and petaloidous staminodes. The species have been classified. The most representative Alpinia Amomum consists of 1-3 carpels soldiers in an inferior ovary. genera are (150 species), (120 species), Zingiber Renealmia Inflorescences in the Zingiberaceae are capitated, eared, (90 species), (85 species), (70 racemose or paniculate, terminal on foliar stems or basal species), (60 species), (60 species) and leaf on scapes, bracteate flowers, bracts holding one or more (50 species)[43]. irregular flowers, tubular turbinated calyx, usually lobed 4.5. Chemical composition of Zingiberaceae and commonly with a lateral slit or gap, tubular corolla, lobed, anther introrsa, bilocular, normally trilocular ovary. The fruit is in a capsule, the exocarp is fleshy, and the seeds Vegetal extracts are a rich source of pharmacologically are arylated, ranging from few to many, very variable in active molecules, whose application in traditional medicine shape[64]. allows an insight into potential biological activities. The structure of the flowers and their nectar favor the Chemical composition of Zingiberaceae is: terpenoids, despite of being ephemeral (lasting one day). diarylheptanoids, arylalkaloides, phenylpropanoids, The arylated seeds have ornitocora, mastozoocora, and phenylbutanoids, flavonoids and related compounds[68]. mirmecocora spreading. Flowers have highly specialized 4.6. Popular uses and economic importance mechanisms (such as the established relationship between style and stamen) in relation to pollinators for instance, Hornstedtia insects, , lepidoptera and birds such as The Zingiberaceae contains many important species as hot Nicolaia Zingiber Z. officinale and [65]. The fleshy and indehiscent fruits of some spices, including ( , ginger)[69], Curcuma Amomum/ Elettaria Elettaria African species are dispersed by primates and elephants (as domestic ), and (as Z. officinale cardamomum Curcuma (endozoochory). (ginger), like many other , cardamom). The rhizomes of many Alpinia Curcuma species, rarely produces seed, so the vegetative propagation species are used as a source of starch. , , Hedychium Globba Nicolaia Zingiber is more efficient and frequently used. The most notable (butterfly flower), , , Z. officinale Renealmia species among Zingiberaceae are: ginger ( ), and are ornamental species[43]. Other species herbaceous plant from tropical Asia with the rhizome rich have antiparasitic activities[70]. Many plants belonging to with aromatic substances, especially sesquiterpenes, used this family contain aromatic oils. In addition, species, such Elettaria cardamomum Z. officinale as spices, and the cardamom ( ) also as ginger root ( ), which is used as a flavoring from Asian, whose fruits are prized[64]. for wines, beers, soft drinks, and cakes, are of economic importance. Others are used in the dairy industry[71], also 4.2. Distribution/ habitat in the perfume industry, as medicinal or ornamental. Other uses are related to insecticides, molluscicide, The species are highly distributed throughout India, nematicide and larvicide activities, which have also been tropical Asia and spread to northern Australia. In America reported as important properties of a series of compounds the family is found in the central and southern parts of isolated from plants of this family[68]. Likewise, plants the continent. It is especially abundant and prolific in the from the Zingiberaceae have been traditionally used Amazon in countries like Colombia, Peru and Brazil[59,66]. against snakebites, a serious public health in tropical and subtropical areas[72]. It has been estimated that 5.5 million 4.3. Ecology snakebite cases take place worldwide per year, some of which end in amputation of the affected limb (~8%) or The Zingiberaceae is a family of tropical plants, present loss of lives (~0.3% to ~2.3%)[3]. These events exceed the in many of the equatorial regions of the world. The greatest number of deaths from other tropical diseases such as concentration and diversity is in Southeast Asia, especially hemorrhagic fever, dengue, cholera, leishmaniasis, and the Indomalesia. It is mainly found in habitats below the forest Chagas disease[5]. Over 4 000 accidents per year take place canopy, shaded to semi-shaded, occasionally in wetlands in Colombia with a mortality that can reach 5% and with or humid places[67]. The flowers of the Zingiberaceae have serious long-term effects in 6% of the survivors[73]. various colors and shapes, and are mainly pollinated by Table 3 lists plants from the Zingiberaceae used against insects (bees, moths, butterflies) and birds. Many species snakebites in Eastern Antioquia[74]. One of the genera are cross-pollinated, but also occurs self-pollination and most relevant from the economic point of view is the genus Globba Alpinia vegetative reproduction. Some species of the genus . The rhizomes of are commonly reproduce asexually. Birds are the most common dispersant, used for flavouring foods in Asia. Hot water extract from the Alpinia galanga fleshy capsules are usually colored and often, these contrast rhizomes of is drunk for bronchitis and for Curcuma with the brightly colored arylated seeds[65]. diabetes in India[75,76]. The rhizomes boiled with Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S579 Table 3

Plant species used to treat snakebites in Eastern Antioquia[74]. Species Common name in the study area Origin No. informants Part used Administration form Preparation form (Vieill.) K. Schum Matandrea Native 1 Leaves Poultice Maceration R. alpinia (Rottb.) Maas Matandrea blanca Native 1 Leaves Poultice Maceration Stem Chupadera Direct heating Renealmia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. Matandrea blanca Native 1 Leaves Beverage Maceration Stem Chupadera Direct heating Renealmia cernua ñ (Sw. ex Roem. & Schult.) J. F. Macbr. Matandrea de mo o rojo Native 1 Leaves Beverage Maceration Renealmia nicolaioides Loes. Matandrea roja Native 1 Leaves Poultice Maceration Stem Chupadera Direct heating tubers in dilute vinegar and the vinegar extract is drunk for knowledge become real and helpful possibilities. postpartum purification in Indonesia[77]. In Saudi Arabia The plants from the Zingiberaceae have been traditionally a hot water extract of the rhizomes is used for dyspepsia, used in the treatment of various diseases, including gasteralgia, chronic enteritis and anti-nausea and is also poisoning caused by snakes. These plants are an excellent used for kidney stones[78,79]. The rhizome macerated in source of pharmacologically active metabolites, capable vinegar (acetic acid 2%) is used externally as an anti- of neutralizing or partially/totally antagonize the effects inflammatory agent by applying to inflamed areas[80]. caused by various factors. During a snakebite accident, Additional biological activities have been reported, for these plants can neutralize the effects caused by the venom example, an ethanolic extract of the rhizomes had anti- of snakes, constituting this family of plants in a set of ascariasis, antibacterial, hypotensive and hypothermic promising alternative therapies to improve the prognosis and anti-fungal activity[81-84]. A methanolic extract of the and progression of various diseases. However it is important rhizomes had anti-tumor activity[85]. Anti-ulcer activity to direct the studies toward the chemical composition and gastric secretory inhibition were found in the ethanolic of plants and correlate this composition with potential extract of the rhizomes[86]. pharmacological activity. In a word, phytochemical and R. alpinia pharmacological studies of have received much 4.7. Pharmacological activities interest, extracts are been isolated and proved to have the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-snakebite effects. R. alpinia The compounds isolated from a number of plants of The studies available on toxicity and safety of this family possess a broad spectrum of biological and are inadequate for providing information on ethnomedical pharmacological activities. Therefore, various studies utilization. Thus, the present review summarizes R. alpinia have demonstrated cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, comprehensive information on and possible scope antimalarial, antihelminthic, anti-hepatotoxic, antioxidant, for future research to fill the existing lacunae on its different anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and hypothermia, aspects of the study. hypolipimedic, hypotensive, antitumor, spasmolytic and Finally, this review provides important information for the antinociceptive activities[68,87-98]. traditional use of plants in the Zingiberaceae family, the Renealmia R. alpinia The Ophidism/ Scorpionism Program of the University of genus , and especially . Furthermore, it Antioquia held an evaluation about snakebite inhibitory stimulates the development of new work aimed to the study B. asper á effect of (mapan ) for the extracts obtained from and production of metabolites with pharmaceutical interest R. alpinia leaves of Rottb. Maas (Zingiberaceae)[14,16]. using different technical support for the development of phytotherapeutic products, which can be inexpensive and T 5. Future perspectives and conclusion accessible to the population. here are many areas to work in this plant for its full recognition; the present review R. alpinia summarizes complete information about and R. alpinia has been used for indigenous in traditional possible scope of future research to fill gaps in the study of In vitro in vivo medicine in South America. and various aspects of this plant species. pharmacological studies have increasingly confirmed its traditional use, especially on snakebite and pain. It is R. alpinia Conflict of interest statement necessary to deepen studies of as a source of compounds that are active against the effects of snakebite. Furthermore, to correlate its pharmacological activity with We declare that we have no conflict of interest. its chemical components, and incidentally, to join forces in the search for new natural substances of pharmacological Acknowledgements interest allow to improve life quality of patients, who can suffer an ophidian accident or a type of pain (acute or chronic), eventually finding that validated traditional The authors express their gratitude to the Committee for Isabel Gómez-Betancur and Dora Benjumea/Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7(Suppl 1): S574-S582 S580

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