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Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria Monographiae Biologicae Volume 82 BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF BULGARIA MONOGRAPHIAE BIOLOGICAE VOLUME 82 Series Editor H. J. Dumont Aims and Scope The Monographiae Biologicae provide a forum for top-level, rounded-off monographs dealing with the biogeography of continents or major parts of continents, and the ecology of well individualized ecosystems such as islands, island groups, mountains or mountain chains. Aquatic ecosystems may include marine environments such as coastal ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs) but also pelagic, abyssal and benthic ecosystems, and freshwater environments such as major river basins, lakes, and groups of lakes. In-depth, state-of-the- art taxonomic treatments of major groups of animals (including protists), plants and fungi are also elegible for publication, as well as studies on the comparative ecology of major biomes. Volumes in the series may include single-author monographs, but also multi-author, edited volumes. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria Edited by VICTOR FET Department of Biological Sciences Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia, USA and ALEXI POPOV National Museum of Natural History Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-4417-5 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5781-6 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper Captions to Cover Photos Front Cover: Central Balkan National Park. Northern Djendem Reserve near Botev Peak. Photo: Georgi Stoyanov. Rear Cover 1: Onconotus servillei (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). One of the most typical steppe animals from Northeastern Bulgaria. Included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as “Vulnerable”. Photo: Nikolay Simov and Dragan Chobanov. Rear Cover 2: Paralola buresi (Opiliones: Phalangodidae). This 1.4 mm-long harvestman is one of the most remarkable animals in Bulgaria. The sole species of the local endemic monotypic genus, this troglobite Tertiary relict is found only in four caves near Lakatnik (Iskar Gorge, Western Stara Planina). Photo: Plamen Mitov and Ivan Yanchev. Rear Cover 3: Zamenis situla, or Leopard Snake (Ophidia: Colubridae). Eastern Mediterranean species found in southern Bulgaria (Struma Valley, Black Sea Coast). Extinct in the Rhodopes. Photo: Boyan Petrov. All rights reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Ivan Buresch (1885–1980), Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the founder of Bulgarian biodiversity studies. Table of Contents Contributors ....................................................................................................... xiii Notes from the Editors...................................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1 Alexi Popov and Victor Fet......................................................................... References.......................................................................................... 6 2 Terrestrial Mammals in Bulgaria: Zoogeographical and Ecological Patterns of Distribution ................................................. 9 Vasil Popov.................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 9 2 Material and Methods ....................................................................... 10 3 Results ............................................................................................... 14 4 Discussion.......................................................................................... 25 5 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................ 34 References ......................................................................................... 35 3 Fauna, Zoogeography, and Ecology of Birds in Bulgaria ................................................................................................. 39 Zlatozar Boev, Boyan Milchev and Vasil Popov ........................................ 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 39 2 Material and Methods ....................................................................... 40 3 Exploration of the Bulgarian Avifauna ............................................ 63 4 Historical Formation of the Bulgarian Avifauna.............................. 64 5 Composition and Changes of the Recent Avifauna ......................... 66 6 Importance of the Bulgarian Territory for the Migration and Wintering of the European Birds............................................... 68 7 Important Bird Areas ........................................................................ 69 8 Spatial Differentiation of the Recent Avifauna: Characteristic Bird Communities of the Main Landscapes (Ordination–Correspondence Analysis)............................................ 69 9 Classification of Avian Assemblages: Two-way Indicator Species Analysis................................................................................ 74 10 Zoogeographical Types..................................................................... 78 References ......................................................................................... 78 4 Amphibians and Reptiles of Bulgaria: Fauna, Vertical Distribution, Zoogeography, and Conservation ........................................................... 85 Boyan P. Petrov........................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 85 2 Brief History of the Herpetological Research in Bulgaria............... 86 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Species Composition and Distribution ............................................. 87 4 Altitudinal Distribution ..................................................................... 90 5 Zoogeographical Analysis of the Herpetofauna of Bulgaria ........... 99 6 Conservation of the Bulgarian Herpetofauna ................................... 101 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 103 References ......................................................................................... 103 5 Fauna and Distribution of Fishes in Bulgaria....................................... 109 Tihomir Stefanov.......................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 109 2 Material and Methods ....................................................................... 110 3 Discussion.......................................................................................... 110 4 Conclusions ....................................................................................... 128 References ......................................................................................... 129 6 Fauna and Zoogeography of Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial Mollusks (Mollusca) in Bulgaria............................................................. 141 Zdravko Hubenov......................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 141 2 Material and Methods ....................................................................... 142 3 Black Sea Mollusks........................................................................... 162 4 Freshwater Mollusks ......................................................................... 170 5 Terrestrial Mollusks .......................................................................... 180 6 Mollusks in the Bulgarian Mountains .............................................. 187 References ......................................................................................... 187 7 Fauna, Ecology, and Zoogeography of Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Bulgaria................................................................................ 199 Venelin Beschovski and Milen Marinov...................................................... 1 Fauna ................................................................................................. 199 2 Ecology.............................................................................................. 199 3 Zoogeography.................................................................................... 209 4 Distribution Patterns in Bulgaria ...................................................... 212 5 Phenology.......................................................................................... 216 6 Habitat Classification ........................................................................ 221 References ........................................................................................
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