THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM  

PalacesontheEdgeoftheAtlantic

TheArchitecturalReformationandtheSpaceRitualizationofthePortuguese RoyalResidencesduringtheReignofPhilipIofHabsburg(1580–1598)

MiltonPedroDiasPachecoͳȋ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘‹„”ƒȀ Ȍ 





PortugalisminebecauseIinheritedit,boughtitandconqueredit!

D.PhilipIofPortugal



FourhundredyearsafterthedeathofD.PhilipIofPortugal(PhilipIIofSpain,1527|1580– 1598)wehavestillnotclearlyrecognizedallthemajorarchitecturalandartisticcampaignspromoted inthePortugueseroyalpalacesduringhisreign.DespitethefullͲscalebiographiesdedicatedtothe Habsburg king that portray him as deeply connected with imperial expansion and religious fanaticism, he must also be seen as a profoundly devoted patron of the arts, a dedicated Kunstfreund.2

D.PhilipI,thePrudent,wassonoftheHolyRomanEmperorCharlesV(1500–1558),fromthe AustrianHouseofHabsburg,andqueenElisabeth(1503–1539),princessofthePortugueseHouseof Avis.AfterseveralpoliticalmovementsheinheritedpartofthevastHabsburgEmpire.Ashereditary princehereceivedtheNetherlandsandalltheSpanishpossessions,whichincludedtheItalianstates ofNaples,Milan,SardiniaandSicily,andtheFrenchregionofBurgundy.Bymarriage,hewasbriefly kingͲconsort of England and in 1580, through de iure sanguinis but chosen by the divine will,3 he inheritedthethroneofthePortuguesekingdomandvastoverseasdomains,includingtheterritories of America, Africa and Asia, an empire on which the sun never set. Under his rule, the Habsburg EmpireintheWestreachedtheheightofitsinfluenceandpower.

In order to consolidate his political position, after the acclamation ceremony at Tomar Courts, on 16 April 1581, the monarch decided to observe and maintain all the vowed national sovereignprivilegesandtraditionalprerogatives.So,ashadbeenpredictedinTomar’schartersigned atthePalaceofAlmeirimon20March1580,thekingwouldkeepthesamelegislativerights,withthe exclusiverightofnationalnominationforadministrativepositions;economicrights,withacurrency of his own; religious rights, with the appointment of innate bishops; and cultural rights, with the nativelanguage.Despite hisdeepsuffering becauseofthe queen’sdeath,during theacclamation



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 55 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   ceremonyD.PhilipIworeawhiteandgildedbrocadesuittodemonstratetohisnewsubjectsthe continuityofthePortugueseprotocolroyalrites.4

AccordingtosomeSpanishandPortugueseGoldenAgeauthors,Lisbonwastheeyesofthe IberianPeninsulaandoneofthemosteclectic,economicandcrowdedcitiesofEuropeatthetime.It wasinanycasetheperfectcapitalfortheWesternHabsburgEmpire.Curiously,in1580oneofthe worstfearsofthedualmonarchyopponentswasthesuspicionthatthekingwantedtoestablishthe Empire’s capital at Europe’s tail and reinforce Lisbon as the utmost economic city of the world, combiningalltheAtlanticandIndiccommercialroutes.5Obviously,thekingwasnotgoingtoneglect thegeographicpotentialoftheLisbonportsforthemilitarycampaigns,sinceitwasfromthemthat hepreparednumerousarmedexpeditions,inparticularagainstEngland,ashissuccessorsdidtoo, themostfamousbutalsothemostdisastrousepisodebeingLaArmadaInvenciblein1588.

Raised with a deep religious faith but with an education firmly in the spirit of the Renaissance,themonarch,ashehaddoneinotherdomains,undertookanenormousarchitectural campaign in Portugal, erecting or renewing important public infrastructures such as bridges, aqueducts,fortresses,andmanyothers.Healsomadelargesumsofsilveravailabletoproceedwith therenovationofsomeemblematicconventsandmonasteries,especiallythosewhichwererelated with the foundation of the kingdom.6 In 1590 the marquis of Velada, Gómez Dávila (1541–1616), describedthethreemainpassionsoftheking,“hisownpersonaltrinity,”asarchitecture,gardens, and hunting.7 These were indeed passions that he could enjoy to the full in the Portuguese royal residences. Determined to restructure the Portuguese kingdom to his own image, the king would spendmorethantwoyearsasthepowerfulrulerofthevastWesternHabsburgEmpireinPortugalin order to reorganize it in accordance with the requirements for the administration of his global domainsandhisconcernforpoliticalcentralization.

InLisbonthemonarchshadtwoprincipalresidences:the13thͲcenturyAlcazarPalace(Paço daAlcáçova),ontheurbanhill,andasecond,early16thͲcenturyonelocatedalongthebanksofthe Tagusriverembankments,theRiverPalace(socalledPaçodaRibeira)[Fig.1].8Probablydazzledwith the epics of medieval knights that led him to his sad adventure in North Africa, D. Sebastian of Portugal(1554|1557–1578)hadshownpreferenceforthefortifiedresidence(moreforitssuitability than its exquisiteness9), which he reformed. For that reason he relegated the River Palace to the background, and it entered into a certain material decay, already having been affected by two earthquakesinthe16thcentury.ThemedievalappearanceoftheRiverPalace,stillinthePortuguese lateGothic,soͲcalledManuelinostyle,wasvisiblefromtheexteriorinitsdifferentbuildingmasses,a conditionthatdeterminedthecomplexityanddisorderofitsinteriorsandexteriors(liketheAlcazar ofMadrid),especiallyifcomparedwiththerigidframesofthemonasteryͲpalaceofSanLorenzodeEl Escorial.10

Although D. Philip I soon recognized the impossibility of living regularly in Portugal, after some personal observations about the material situation of the Portuguese Crown residences he promptly decided to promote an intensive program of architectural renovation and aesthetic enrichment,notonlyofthemajorroyalpalace,butalsooftheothercountrysideresidences.Aiming at a pomp and visibility combined with the sober and austere mood proper to the CounterͲ Reformation, he also established new court ceremonial protocols, both civil and religious, for the 

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 56 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   public and private palatine dependencies. Once more, art patronage would become vital to emphasizingthepoliticalprojectofrepraesentatiomajestatisandsotoreinforcingadherencetothe SpanishHabsburgmonarchyontheseregionsontheedgeoftheAtlantic.





Fig.1Lisbonin1572withtheRiverPalace(below)andtheAlcazarPalace(above)



The truth, however, is that the monarch started his embellishment campaigns on the Portugueseresidencesbeforeevenbeingacclaimedasasovereign.InNovember1580,thedukeof Alba, Fernando de Toledo y Pimentel (1507–1582), already in Lisbon after the invasion of the kingdom,senttothekingtheplansoftheroyalresidencestoprepareforhisarrivalatLisbon,which wasprobablycarriedoutbytheministerMigueldeMoura(1538–1600).11Afterthathesentalsothe building plans for the Salvaterra de Magos countryside palace made by the Italian Filippo Terzi (1520–1597),whowasalsotoberesponsibleforthelatedesignsofthePalaceofAlmeirim.Theplan for Lisbon alcazar was made by Giovanni Battista Antonelli (1527–1588), another Italian military engineerworkingonthismajorreformplan.12

Inhisletters,thedukeofAlba,whowastheprincipalchamberlainofRoyalHouseholdand the first Portuguese viceroy nominee, describes both Lisbon residences. Concerning the palace erected near the river, he mentioned that it was a gloomy house, "sad as a prison" and that the secondone, in the castle,wastoocoldtospend thewinter periods.13Therefore,bothresidences weredefinitelynotsuitableforoccupationbytheKing’sMajesty! 

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 57 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   Curiously, some years earlier, in 1571, the Portuguese humanist Francisco de Holanda (c.1518–1585)hadalreadydeclaredthatLisbonlackedonedecentroyalresidence,stressingfurther theabsenceofaresilientfortresstokeepthecitysafe.14Couldthisbethereasonfortheregular absenceofthekingD.SebastianfromthecapitaltenyearsbeforeD.PhilipIacclamation?15Besides, the cardinalͲking D. Henry of Portugal (1512|1578–1580) refused to live in the main royal palace after his acclamation, thus creating a situation that certainly did not contribute to the cause of buildingmaintenanceduringbothreigns.

So it was that as early as 14 January 1581 the monarch instructed Duarte Castelo Branco (c.1540–?), count of Sabugal, to undertake a survey of all Portuguese royal residences projects, mainlytheLisbonRiverPalaceandtheseasonalpalacesofAlmeirimandSalvaterradeMagos,with the aim of lodging him.16 In order to give the building greater comfort and better internal arrangements,themonarchcalleduponFilippoTerzitocoordinatetheproject’sexecution,aidedby thePortuguesemasterbuilderÁlvaroPires,bothundertheadministrativesupervisionofthecount ofSabugal.17

Despitetheopinionofseveralauthors,wecannottodaybesurewhowasthearchitectthat drewthearchitectural planofthe palace,whetheritwasthe ItalianFilippoTerzi,orwhetherthe Spanish Juan de Herrera (1530–1597) made a contribution of his own. Furthermore, the name of another Spanish architect, Francisco de Mora (1553–1610), appears to have been involved in a secondphaseatthebeginningsofthe17thcentury.18Actually,HerrerahadcomeuptoPortugalwith themissionofoverseeingtheinstallationoftheking’sembassyinTomar’sCourtsandpreparingthe officialentranceinLisbon,19buthereturnedimmediatelytoSpaintotakeoverthenumerousroyal architecturalprojects.20OurpositionisthatTerzi,aBolognesemilitaryengineerattheserviceofthe PortugueseCrownsince1577andlaternominatedmajorarchitectͲengineerofthereign,projected and directed himself the several campaigns under the close proximity of the king and his royal architect.21

Onthebasisoftheletterssenttohisyoungdaughters,IsabelClaraEugenia(1566–1633)and Catalina Micaela (1567–1597), during the Royal Journey of Portugal Succession, it appears that between1581and1583themonarchmadeseveralappointmentsrelatedtothepalatineresidences, suchasLisbon,Sintra,AlmeirimandXabregas.22ConcerningtheLisbonofficialresidence,whichhad been erected as the new economic and financial centre by the spices king D. Emmanuel I (1469|1495–1521),grandfatherofD.PhilipI,neartheshipbuildingharborcomplex(theRibeiradas Naus)andtheIndianandMineCommerceHouses(CasasdaMinaandIndia),D.PhilipIdescribedit asahugebuildingwithlargecorridors,anexoticanddelightfulinteriorgarden,andseveralbalconies withmagnificentviewsoverthecity.Nevertheless,despitethecuriositythatwasevident,hepoints outthatitwascarelesslyorganizedinternally.23

TheavailablesourcesleadustobelievethatTerzimetthemonarchinElvasinJanuary1581 todiscussthearchitecturalplanspersonally.Thekingspecifiedtherefurbishmentoftheresidential wings,includingtheroyalchapeldedicatedtotheapostleoftheOrient,SaintThomas,andelevated topatriarchalstatus24duringthereignofD.JohnV(1689|1706–1750).InthesubsequentAprilthe Italianarchitectinformedthekingthattheworkshadbeeninterruptedduetolackofmoney.25



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 58 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   Asthekinglaterwrotetohisdaughters,theworkswerealmostfinishedbeforetheofficial entryofD.PhilipIintotheLisbonPalace26on29June,precededbyamagnificentjoyeuseentréewith fifteentriumphalarchesplannedbyHerrera.27However,ontheoccasionoftheking’ssecretvisitto thepalacefourdaysbefore,inthepresenceofhisnephewandfutureviceroy,themonarchsawthe progress of the works and stressed that the building still revealed some internal spatial disorder, perhapsonaccountofthelargesizeoftheresidentialstructure,whichwasareasonfortheexcessive expensesthathehadnotanticipated.Upuntil27August1581,theCrownhadalreadyspent40,000 réis,thePortuguesecurrencyofthetime,withinthemaximumamountof200,000.28

After the elder resident members of the royal Avis court were evicted, the Habsburg king manifestedhisintentionofgivingalargerunittothepalatinemonument,reorganizingitsinterior and facades according to the classical and austere principles of Mannerism. But the major architecturalworkwastheturretconstructionattheextremeendofthepalacecomplexalongside theriverandovertheoldbulwark.Theescorialescopalatineturret[Fig.2],withdirectaccessfrom theriver,wascoveredbyanoctagonalleaddomeandhadonitsfirsttwofloorsanarmsroomand, asweknowfroma16thͲcenturydrawingandadescriptionwrittenin1619,theartillerywarehouse.29

Above these, between other rooms and stairs, was the royal library; on the last floor, occupyingtheentirearea,wasthethronechamber,alsoknownastheambassador’sroom.30The main connecting corridor between the palatine residential areas and the turret, a late medieval colonnadewithseveralarchesandbalconies,wasclosed.Thesefirstworkswerecompletedbefore 1598.31 



Fig.2TheRiverPalaceafterD.PhilipI’sintervention.DetailfromanengravingpublishedinJoão BaptistaLavanha,ViagemdacatholicarealmagestadedelReyD.FilipeII(Madrid,1622).



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 59 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   Precedingtheambassador’sroomwasanotherspacedevotedtothepublicstagingofroyal power,theTudescos’room,32whichaccommodatedtheGermanroyalguardofhalberdiersservingin closeproximitytothemonarch.Itwasamultifunctionalgreatchamberwherethemostimportant ceremoniestookplace,andwheretheking,andviceroysandgovernorslateron,gatheredthecourt, acclaimedtheirsovereigntyandmadetheiroaths,33ashappenedon30January1583,whenprince Philip,futureD.PhilipIIofPortugal(PhilipIIIofSpain,1578|1598–1621)wassworninasheirtothe Portuguesethrone.34Itisobviousthatallthesearchitecturalchangeswouldleavetheirmarkonthe adjacent urban environment, especially around Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio/Terreiro do Paço).

In a brilliant political move D. Philip I had the last two Portuguese kings reburied in the Monastery of Belem before abandoning the kingdom in February 1583, taking with him the PortugueseCouncil.AshisviceroythemonarchappointedhisnephewthearchdukeAlbertofAustria (1559–1621),whowasassistedingovernmentbyagroupofstatesmen.35HavingbeeninPortugal since the end of 1580, and after having assumed the reins of government two years later, the archduke would continue with the embellishment works desired by his uncle at the royal palaces until1593,theyearinwhichhewascalledtoMadrid.36

Even though out of the kingdom, the monarch followed closely the works on the Crown palacesthathadbeenhisprojectfromthebeginning,ashehadduringtheperiodhewasamongus, withtheconstructionofthegreatmonasteryͲpalaceofElEscorial.Fromthismomentonwards,the royal residence of Lisbon would be a public image of the king’s majestic power and the representationofhisauthority,butanemptypalacewithoutthepresenceofhislegalrepresentative …regisimagorexest.37Infact,asthetestimonyofInácioFerreira(16thcentury)suggests,withthe king’sdepartureLisbonbecamealmostawidowcity.38

The court established by the viceroy in Lisbon was a princely one but it was domestic in characterbecausethemostimportantnoblemenwentwiththekingtoMadridandtheotherswent totheircountrysidedomains,wheretheypromotedminorvillagercourts,astheworkofFrancisco RodriguesLobo(1580–1622)entitledCourtsintheVillagesuggests.InaccordancewithPortuguese royalceremonial,itwasalsointhisgreatchamberthattheking’sreceptionsandprivateandpublic banquetswereheld,ashappenedlaterduringthevisitofD.PhilipIIin1619.Althoughcommittedto respecting the Portuguese court rites, the monarch would change them, introducing a new set of ritualizedbutrigidgesturestosymbolicallyreinforcetheking’simageandperson.

In 1593, after the absence of the viceroy, D. Philip I issued the Kingdom Governors Regimentation.InthisroyalordinancetheKingestablishedanewcourtprotocol,whichstipulated rigid rules of procedure and planned the demand for a hieratical distribution of the royal power spaces,reducingtheuseofthepalatineareas,butemphasizingtherepresentationofthegovernorin public.39Afterall,thegovernorswerethemonarch’sagents,butwerenotthekinghimself.

FranciscoPorrasdelaCámara,whoparticipatedintheJourneyofLisbon,aSevillianembassy preparedbyJuanNúñezdeIllescasatthebeginningofthe1590s,givesusparticulardescriptionsof Lisbonpalaceinteriors,whichhedescribesasbeing“greatandworthyofthegreatnessandmajesty.” Itwasprobablyinthemainreceptionapartmentthatthechroniclerwatchedatheatricalcomedy,in 

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 60 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   thepresenceofaneccentriccourt.Inaccordancewiththeceremonial,thearchdukewasatoneend oftheroomseatedonthethroneunderthecanopy,surroundedbywealthyaristocrats,illustrious ambassadorsandexoticjesters.40

Regarding the organization of space, we are acquainted with the existence of two major intercommunicatingcourtyards.Oneofthemledtotheroyalaudienceandchancellerychambers, andtheotheronetothegovernmentaldepartmentsandalsototheroyalchapel.41Nearthemost privateareaswerelocatedthegardens–thealegretes–42whichweredescribedbythekinghimself in 1581 as a “very pleasant garden, embellished with colorful little tiles and perfumed by many differenttreesandflowers.”43Inthenorthand eastextremesofthe palatinecomplex,facing the greatNewStreet(RuaNova)andthemajorsquare(TerreirodoPaço),werethehousingareasforthe RoyalFamilyandthecourtiers.ThiswaswheretheempressMaryofAustria(1528–1603),motherof thearchdukeAlbertofAustria,stayedasherson’sguestwhenshevisitedLisbonin1582.44

Unfortunately, iconographic sources illustrating only the external facade of the palace are rare,thoughwhenconsideringtheinteriorsPorrasdelaCámaranotedthemagnificentmarbleand jasper architectural structures.45 The global vastness of the Habsburg Empire facilitated the acquisitionofthemostrefinedmaterials,whichweretransformedbythemostreputedartists:the marblebeingfromthePortugueseminesofEstremoz,thejasperfromtheSpanishminesofOsmaor Espeja,theexoticwoodsfromtheIndianorBrazilianforests,theworksingoldorlapislazulifrom Milan,andtheextravagantdamasktissuesfromGranada.46

Nevertheless,therestillexistsararedocumentarydescriptionoftheiconographicprogram oftheornamentationinthethronechamber.Itscompositionillustratedseveralqualitiesandvirtues oftheHabsburgmonarch:notonlygreatnessandmagnificence,butalsodevoutnessandprudence, whichwerealsoconsiderednecessarytoarulerofsuchagreatempire.47

Thedecorationprogramdisplayedaningeniousmythicalandhistoricalsuccessionofthemes, whichweredepictedinthirtyͲsevenpaintingsasatestimonytothevastnessanddiversityoftheking domains.OnthetopoftheroofweretheRoyalArmsoftheHabsburgmonarchandaboveitaglobe withthecityofLisbonintegratedwithinamapofHispaniaflankedbyseveralallegoricalsignsofthe zodiacandenrichedwithdistinguishedLatinmottos.Despitehisprofoundpiety,themonarchwas representedastheGreekheroHercules(ormightitbeUlysses,themythicfounderofLisboncity Ulissipone?)inthepresenceofthemajorOlympicgods,especiallythosewhowereassociatedwith theocean,inathemealsoexploredonthetriumphalarcheserectedinLisbonin1581.48

ThepaintingsattributedtotheItalianTiburcioSpannocchi(1541–c.1606),whoisgenerally consideredabetterpainterthanhewasanengineer,49weredirectedbyGonçaloPirezinLisbonin theyear1590.Startedduringthegovernmentoftheviceroy,thesedecorativeworksremainedthere until 1593. In fact, when Albert of Austria was already in Madrid, he received other architectural plansoftheroyalpalaceinLisbonthatprovethattheartisticcampaignwasbeingcontinued.50

Despite some improvement works during the next decades, we believe that the palatine structure, which acted as the symbolic presence of the House of Habsburg in Portugal, did not



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 61 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   changeinitsessenceuntilthemajorrenovationduringthereignofthePortuguesesunkingD.João Vinthe18thͲcentury.

Althoughwedonotknowindetailtheprogressoftheresidentialworks,wedoknowthat thechapelwasfinishedinthemiddleofOctober1581.Locatedneartheking’sprivateapartments– thehouseofthekingbeingnexttothehouseofGod51–thechapelwasrenovatedduringthisperiod butwithsomeancientstructuresbeingpreserved,suchastheprivategalleriesinwhichthemonarch couldattendMassandwhichwereenshrinedintheirfullintimacy.52

Renewingthebuildingandadorningitwithdevotionalimagesandpreciousrelicswasoneof theking’smajorreligiouspassions.Nowitwasnecessarytoupdatetheroyalchurchinstitution.In the absence of a proper, wellͲorganized ceremonial and musicians of quality, the king decided to intensifythereligiousobservances.PreservinginitiallytheBourgognetraditionalrites,53thekingfirst hiredabodyofmusiciansincludingsuchfiguresastheSpanishcourtorganistHernandodeCabezón (1541–1602)54, son of the famous Antonio de Cabezón (1510–1566), and then ordered the preparationofthefirstritualstatutesforthechapelroyal.

PrintedinJanuary1592underthesupervisionofthemajorchaplain,BishopJorgedeAtaíde (1535–1611),thenewceremonialwastwentychapterslongandestablishedacorpsofninetyͲtwo officials,bothreligiousandnonͲreligious.Inadditiontoabattalionofchaplainsandacolytes(thirty and twenty respectively), there were around thirty musicians: twentyͲfour singers, two organists, twobassoonistsandonecornetͲplayer.55WeshouldnotforgetthattheGoldenAgeofSpanishmusic occurred during the reign of D. Philip I, when the court music reached its highest splendor in Europe,56aCatholicEuropedefendedandrepresentedbyhisroyalperson.

Describedasalittlecathedral,theroyalchapelwasaprivilegedinstitutioninsideoftheroyal institution; and as such it was a highly hierarchical space in the framework of the king’s public appearance and ritualization.57 Among those who preached here in 1582 was one of the most eloquentpreachersofthetime,theSpanishDominicanLuisofGranada(1504–1588),thesamefriar whohadoriginallyconsideredD.PhilipI’sacclamationtothePortuguesethroneillegitimate!58

Butallthisbegsonequestioninparticular:Whatwasthereasonforthereorganizationofthe chapelritualprocedures?OnecluemaybefoundinalettersenttothecountofOlivaresEnriquede Guzmán y Ribera (1540–1607), in which Juan de Silva (1528–1601), the Spanish ambassador who became the 4th count of Portalegre by marriage, criticizes, after the detachment from the king’s Court,theroyalchapelforitspeculiarlyvainceremonials.Coulditbethatthekinghadwantedto piouslysubverttheDivineCulttohisroyalconditioninCourtatthattime?59

Before the threat from the English navy, especially from 1585, the military architects Giacomo Palearo (c.1520–1586) and Leonardo Torriani (c.1560–1628) were given the mission of renovatingtheentirePortuguesenetworkofcoastlinefortresses.TheecclesiasticalhistorianBaltasar Porreño (1569–1639), nephew of the architect Francisco de Mora, testifies that the king was also responsible for the renovation of the ancient Lisbon alcazar and all the Tagus river fortresses, providingthemwithnewmilitaryarchitecturalstructuresandartillerymechanisms.60



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 62 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   AsinSpain,theroyalcountrysideresidenceswerelocatednearthecapitalinfertileplains with pleasant forests amply stocked with game and were plentifully fitted with gardens and fountains.Theseprovidedthekingwiththemainreasonsforhisregularvisits:hecameinsearchof amusementandpleasureinhuntingandequestriansports.Curiously,theseleisureactivitieswerea littlebitdifferentfromthecityones,suchastheviolentbullfightingorthefrighteninginquisitorial autosdaFé.

We have found no documentation of work being done on the palatine residences of Santarém during Philip’s reign, despite the bad material condition of both buildings. According to some documents, in January 1531 the marquis of Tarifa revealed in one of his letters that both palaceswereruined,scatteredonthe ground.AnothersourcedatingfromFebruary1622tellsus thatthosebuildingsstillremainedinthesamematerialcondition, 61eventhoughIsidroVelazquez (16thcentury)reportshavingstayedathispalace!62ButwhyisthatD.PhilipIIofPortugal/IIIofSpain wasaccommodatedinthehouseofthecountofTaroucawhenhevisitedSantarémfewyearsbefore inOctober1619?63

When one considers the events of 1580, when the village of Santarém gave political and militarysupportforD.Antonio’sacclamationaskingofPortugal,onecanunderstandthekingnot promotinganypalacerestoration.On19June1580D.Antonio(1531–1595),priorofCratoandthe illegitimate son of the prince D. Louis (1506–1555), one of the most young descendants of D. Emmanuel I, was popularly acclaimed in Santarém, that is to say, in the same village where he established the resistance base until the defeat of his troops in the Battle of Alcântara, near the Portuguesecapital.64ItisalsonotablethatwhenthepriorofCratoreceivedtheking’sambassador GutiérrezdeValenciainMarch1580,hewaslodgedatthepalaceofD.AntoniodeCastro,aftera firststopatthelocalDominicanmonastery.Accordingtothediplomaticaccount,D.Antoniowasina residencesurroundedbyhisnoblesupporters,inapalatineenvironmentthatwasreminiscentofa king’scourt.65Andthen,whenD.PhilipI,duringhisexpeditionfromTomartoLisbon,stoppedfora fewdaysinSantarémbetween2and6June1581,hewaspoorlyreceivedbythepeople.66Theking couldcertainlynothavehadgoodmemoriesofthisvillage,asaresultofwhich,insteadoftryingto eradicatethesymbolicpresenceofD.Antonio,hepreferredtodespiseit.67

Consideredoneofthemostfavoritewinterresidencesof16thͲcenturyPortugueserulers,the countrysidePalaceofAlmeirim,nearSantarém,wasthescene,on12May1543,ofthemarriageby proxybetweenD.PhilipI–representedbyhisambassadorinLisbon,LuizSarmientodeMendoza (1492–1556)–andthePortugueseprincessD.MariaManuela(1527–1545),daughterofthekingD. John III (1502|1521–1557) and the Austrian D. Catarina of Habsburg (1507–1578), the prince’s aunt.68AnditwasalsowherethecardinalͲkingD.HenriquegatheredtheCourtstochooseD.PhilipI asthelegalsuccessortothethroneon11January1580,andalsowherehewasburied.69Infact,the palaceshouldhavebeenveryspecialtotheking,becauseithadbeenthesceneofseveralimportant momentsinhislife.

Thefirsttimethathevisitedtheresidencewas6June1581,withthepurposeofbecoming acquaintedwiththegoodqualityofthebuildingandthenearbygamereserves.70Oneyearlater,the kingreturnedtherewithhissister,theempressMaryofAustriaandhisson,theprinceAlbert.71



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 63 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   Oncemore,weknowneitherwhentheworks,whichweresupervisedbythearchitectÁlvaro Pires and the gardener Rodrigo Álvares, started, nor the dimensions of the construction work.72 CommissionedbytheprinceD.Louis,fatheroftherebelPriorofCrato,thePalaceofSalvaterrade Magos(Fig.3)wasalsopartofthecountrysideresidencesnetworkwheretheroyalfamilydedicated itselftothehuntandpleasuresofthegarden.LeavingfromAlmeirim,thekingarrivedatSalvaterra deMagosonThursday8April1581.73

In 1589, D. Philip I disposed of an annual budget of 80,000 for architectural building and gardening maintenance, which was later confirmed in 1595. In 1581 the choice fell on the palace gardener Rodrigo Álvares, the Portuguese disciple of the royal gardener the Italian Jerónimo de Algora,whoworkedatthepalatinegardensofAranjuez.74However,thecharacterofthemonarch’s interventionisnotknownbecausethebuildingwaslaterrebuiltaftertheearthquakeof1755.Now all that remains of the original building is the royal chapel, where we can be sure that the king prayed.





Fig.3ThePalaceofSalvaterradeMagosinthe1740s(detailfromanexvotopainting)



In 1581, D. Philip I ordered Giovanni Battista Antonelli to complete the Tagus river navigational course, already started in the Spanish river Manzanares by Juan Bautista de Toledo (c.1515–1567), with the purpose of connecting the two Iberian capitals: Lisbon and Madrid.75 However,theorderprovedimpossibletofulfillandtheprojectlinkedonlypopulationcenterswhere 

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 64 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   royalresidenceswerelocated,suchasToledoandAranjuezonSpanishterritory,orAlmeirimand SalvaterradeMagosonthePortugueseside.76Healsomadesomewonderfulobservationsaboutthe gardensandfountainsofthecountrysidePalaceofSintraandvisitedthePalaceofXabregaswhenhe arrivedinLisbon.77ButneitherinthecaseofthecountrypalaceofSintranorinthatofXabregasare weatpresentawarethathemadeanymaterialintervention.

WithaprivilegedviewovertheMondegoriver,theancientAlcazarofCoimbrawastheoldest seats and had been one of the main royal residences of the Portuguese kings for more than four centuries,fromthe12thtothe15thcentury.Sincethenithadfulfilledtheroleofasecondaryroyal residencethatwassubstantiallyrestoredtomakeitmorecomfortable;finally,itwasmadethehome oftheUniversityofCoimbraafteritsfinalaccommodationinthecity,in1537.

Goingonwithhispolicyofcreatingavigorousnetworkofroyalresidencesforitinerancyuse bytheroyalfamilythroughoutthePortuguesekingdom,onSeptember30,1583,D.PhilipI,already inSpain,sentManueldeQuadros(?–1593),thefutureBishopofGuarda,todemandthehanding overofthepalatinealcazartotheuniversityinstitutionandtheconstructionofnewbuildingsfor academicpurposes.78

Theofficialacademicvisitorcalledforthetemporaryhandingoverofthebuilding,reclaimed it, and suggested the construction of a new one nearby.79 Beyond this measure, there is also the questionoftheking’spunishmentofthescholarswhogaveideologicalsupporttoD.Catherineof Braganza (1540–1614) and then military support to D. António as legitimate heirs to Portuguese thronethreeyearsearlier.

Facedbythesubstantialcostsandinconvenienceofsuchanenterprise,theUniversitywrote tothekingpleadingfortheroyalbuildingtobeputatitsdisposition.Themonarchrepliedtothis petitionon30September1583,stressingthenecessityofrestoringthepalatineresidenceforthe reasonthathewishedtohavethereadecentdwellingforhimself,asheplannedtovisititsoon,as wellasaplacetostayforhissuccessors.Inreality,thekingalsohadaspecialconnectionwiththis fortifiedpalace,becauseitwaswherefirstwifeD.MariaManuelahadbeenborn.

ThatthisprocesslastedalmosttheentirereignofD.PhilipIisclearfromthefactthaton17 May 1597, through a royal decree, he eventually sold the building to the University for 30,000 cruzadosofsilver.80Knownfrom16OctoberofthatyearastheSchool’sPalace(PaçodasEscolas),as itisstillknowntoday,theacademicinstitutionkeptsomeoftheroyalbuildingprerogatives,suchas: thechapel’shonorableroyaltitlewithallceremonialritesandimmunityfromepiscopaljurisdiction; thealcazarprison,reservedonlyforscholars;andtheroyalguardofhalberdierswiththeirtraditional garmentsandweapons.81

ButeventhoughD.PhilipIandhissuccessorsdidnotbearagrudgeagainsttheUniversityof Coimbra, the academic institution, by contrast, was after 1640 to exclude the three Habsburg sovereignsfromtheschoolgalleryofroyalportraits...





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Fig.4TheAlcazarofCoimbrainthe16thcentury(detailofthenorthfaçade)



* * *

Inthissummarizedessaywehavemadeassertionsabouttheinvestmentmadeonthemainpalacein Lisbon,whichwasD.PhilipI’smajorpatronagecampaigninthecapitalifweexcludethemajestic construction of the Monastery of Saint Vincent also in Lisbon, about the renovation of the other countryside residences in Almeirim and Salvaterra de Magos, and about the requisitioning of the Coimbraalcazar.

Unfortunately we don’t know the accurate dimension or the direct results of the artistic campaignspreparedinthosemonumentswiththepurposeofmakingthemmorecomfortableand more acceptable to the taste and to the political image of a devout, determined and exquisite sovereign.Infact,notonlywerenewworkscarriedoutattheRiverPalaceattheendofthereignof his successor, in order for him to be received in Lisbon in 1619, but the works carried out in the followingdecadesinthereignofD.JohnVweredramaticallyerasedbytheearthquakeof1755.

Under the supervision of Italian architects based in Portugal, the ambitious refurbishment programwasallpartoftheking’sstrategyoflegitimizinghisrightstothethroneandenhancinghis powerful image in accordance with the Portuguese palaces, which were places of identity and politicalunityofrealostentationandroyalcelebration.These majesticp(a)laceswereinanycase politicalinstruments,intendedtoreflecttheextensionofthepoweroftheking.



©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 66 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM   Curiously, the main events of the Restoration of Independence, which put an end to the HabsburgDynastyinPortugal’sdomains,tookplaceintheLisbonRiverPalace.Thisroyalresidence on the edge of the Atlantic was where the duchess of Mantua, Margarida of Savoy (1589–1655), Portuguesevicereinebetween1634and1640,wasdetained;whereherfaithfulsecretaryMiguelde Vasconcelos(1590–1640)wasthrownfromapalacewindow;andwherefinallythedukeofBraganza wasacclaimedkingofPortugalasD.JohnIV(1604|1640–1656).

Finally,everythingendedwhereithadbegun…inthepalace!





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©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 68 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM    Pimentel, António Filipe, “Repercussões do tema do PalácioͲBloco na arquitectura portuguesa”, in ActasdelVIISimposioHispanoͲPortugués(Badajoz,1995),pp.81Ͳ94.  Pimentel,AntónioFilipe,“Asagraçãodoreinoemtornodo(s)projecto(s)daSéVelha”,Revistado InstitutodeHistóriadaArtedaFaculdadedeLetrasdeLisboa,3(Lisboa,2004),pp.87Ͳ122.  Polónia,Amélia,D.Henrique(Lisboa,2009).  Porreño,Baltasar,DichosyhechosdelseñordonFelipeII(Madrid,1723).   Ribot, Luis (coordinator), Felipe II. Un monarca y su época. Las tierras y los hombres del rey (Valladolid,1998).  Rodrigues,MartinhoVicente,SantarémnotempodosFilipes,2vs.(Santarém,2001).  Rossa,Walter,“LisboaQuinhentista,oterreirodopaço:prenúnciosdeumaafirmação dacapitalidade”,inActasD.JoãoIIIeoImpério(Lisboa,2004),pp.945Ͳ967.  Senos,Nuno,OPaçodaRibeira(Lisboa,2002).  Soromenho,Miguel,ArtePortuguesa.Aarquitecturadociclofilipino(Lisboa,2009).  Sousa,D.AntónioCaetanode,HistóriaGenealógicadaCasaRealPortuguesa,III(Lisboa,1947).  Vasconcelos,Antóniode,RealCapeladaUniversidade(Coimbra,1990).  Velazquez,Isidro,LaentradaqueenelReinodePortugalhizolaS.C.R.M.deDonPhilippe,invictissimo ReylelasEspañas,segundodestenombreprimerodePortugal,assiconsuRealpresencia,comocon elexercitodesufelicecampo(Madrid1583).  Viterbo, Sousa, Dicionário histórico e documental dos arquitectos, engenheiros e construtores portugueses,3vs(Lisboa,1988).      Illustrations  Fig.1GeorgBraunandFranzHogenberg,CivitatesOrbisTerrarum,1598.  Fig.2JoãoBaptistaLavanha,ViagemdaCatholicaRealMagestadedelReyD.FilipeIIN.S.aoReyno dePortugalErellaçãodosolenerecebimentoquenelleselhefezS.Magestadeamandouescrever porJoãoBaptistaLavanhasevcronistamayor,1622.  Fig.3JoaquimManueldaSilvaCorreia,OPaçoRealdeSalvaterradeMagos,1989.  Fig.4Photoauthor,2011.  

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 69 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM    1TheHumanitiesResearchNetworkingProgrammesfromtheEuropeanScienceFoundation,byconcedinga short visit grant, allowed us to make a public presentation of this essay at the international meeting The HabsburgandtheirCourtsinEurope(1400–1700).BetweenCosmopolitismandRegionalism,organizedatthe AustrianAcademyofSciences,Vienna,from7to10December2011.Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudefor alltheESFfinancialaidandthelogisticalsupportprovidedbythePALATIUMResearchNetworkingProgramme steeringcommitteeProfessorsHerbertKarner,IngridCiulisová,KristaDeJonge,BernardoGarcíaGarcía,Pieter MartensandNunoSenos. 2Bouza2005,p.275. 3Velazquez1583,f.19v. 4Bouza2005,p.19.D.FilipeI1999,p.22. 5BouzaÁlvarez1994,pp.75,80,82. 6LiketheConventofSãoVicentedeFora,inLisbon,ortheConventofChrist,inTomar,tonamebuttwo. 7Bouza2005,p.247. 8D.FilipeI1999,p.74,note40. 9Pimentel1991,p.238. 10FilipeI1999,p.63,note13.Senos2002,pp.8,70. 11Moura1840,pp.129Ͳ130. 12Correia1989,p.25. 13Senos2002,p.69.Kubler1988,p.120.Velasquez1583,f.65. 14BouzaÁlvarez1994,p.85. 15Butwecannotforgetthatthe1569plaguewasresponsiblefortheCourtretreat,forexample.Velazquez 1583,f.5v. 16D.FilipeI1999,p.22.Kubler1988,p.101. 17D.FilipeI1999,p.63,note13.Viterbo1988,3,pp.93Ͳ96.Pimentel2006,p.10. 18ChuecaGoitiaadvocatedthatJuanHerrerashouldbethemajorarchitectandTerzitheprojectpromoter. BouzaÁlvarez2000,p.83,note105.Ribot1998,p.278. 19Kubler1988,p.101. 20D.FilipeI1999,p.120,note120. 21Viterbo1988,3,p.93;Kubler1988,p.101. 22D.FilipeI1999,p.28. 23Whenthekingshowedtheintimateapartmentstohissistertheempress,heconfessedthathewishedhe possessedsuchstunningviewsinotherpalaces.Bouza2005,p.265.D.FilipeI1999,pp.15,150. 24Pimentel2002,p.114. 25D.FilipeI1999,p.75,note43. 26Bouza2005,p.265. 27BouzaÁlvarez2000,p.63. 28D.FilipeI1999,p.74,note41,75,103.TorredoTombo,liv.26.fol.47daChancelariadelͲReiD.Sebastião,e liv.45.fol.371quotedbySousa1947,pp.345Ͳ353.JoaquimCorreia,PaçodeSalvaterra,p.25.Velazquez1583, f.118. 29Butisittruethattheoldfortresswouldregainitsmilitaryfunction,integratingtheTagusestuarydefense network?Oliveira1991,pp.144,145.Moreira1983,pp.43Ͳ45. 30Moreira1983,p.43. 31Senos2002,pp.39,70,75.BouzaÁlvarez2000,p.83,note108.Kubler1988,p.104. 32Menses1679,pp.99,368,904.Lobo1703,pp.158,164,167,310. 33BouzaÁlvarez2000,p.83. 34ForabetterunderstandingoftheinteriorspacesseeSenos2002andMartinho2009.D.FilipeI1999,p.182. 35Bouza2005,p.196. 36D.FilipeI1999,p.61. 37BouzaÁlvarez2000,p.68. 38BouzaÁlvarez1994,pp.74Ͳ76. 39Martinho2011,pp.120,125. 40Bouza2005,pp.197,198. 41Bouza2005,p.197. 42D.FilipeI1999,p.67,note124. 

©ÖAW,KULeuvenandauthors 70 ISBN978Ͳ94Ͳ6018Ͳ483Ͳ3 THEHABSBURGSANDTHEIRCOURTSINEUROPE,1400–1700.BETWEENCOSMOPOLITISMANDREGIONALISM    43D.FilipeI1999,p.75,note42. 44D.FilipeI1999,p.161. 45Bouza2005,p.197. 46Porreño1723,pp.117Ͳ118v. 47BouzaÁlvarez2000,pp.83,89.Kubler1988,103. 48Actuallythekinghadalreadyusedthethemesofmythologicalheroestorepresenthimselfinthecollection orderedfromTitianthirtyyearsbefore.Bouza2005,p.265.BouzaÁlvarez2000,pp.83Ͳ89,101Ͳ104.Guerreiro 1581,cap.V,p.4;cap.XI,pp.1Ͳ5.Velazquez1583,f.121Ͳ141v. 49CámaraMuñoz1998,p.130. 50BouzaÁlvarez2000,pp.83Ͳ85.Moreira1983,p.45. 51Pimentel2002,p.205. 52BouzaÁlvarez2000,pp.83Ͳ85.Curto1991,p.228. 53WiththeagreementproposedbytheCardinalͲKingD.Henrique,inNovember10,1579,thefuturekingwas obliged to respect several official regulations, namely that the maintaining and administration of the royal chapelshouldbedonelocally,asthe23ºchapterprovided.Polónia2009,pp.277,278. 54D.FilipeI1999,p.84,note67. 55Curto1993,p.149.Nogueira1942,pp.226,227.Patentedasmerces,graças,eprivilegios,dequeelreiD Philippenossosenhor,1583,cap.XXI.Gabinetehistórico,1745Ͳ50,p.132 56ContrerasDomingo1998,p.179,185,186 57Curto1993,p.154. 58D.FilipeI1999,pp.115,131,note140. 59Curto1993,pp.151. 60Porreño1723,pp.92,93,109. 61Beirante,1980,p.61.Beirante,1981,pp.44,67. 62Velazquez1583,f.108v. 63Rodrigues2001,I,p.93. 64Rodrigues2001,I,pp.59,69. 65Butitisneverthelesspossiblethatthemeetingoccurredatonelocalreligioushouse,sincethechroniclers arenotveryclearinthismatter.Bouza2005,p.206.Velazquez1583,fs.27,36v,37. 66Guerreiro1581,cap.I,pp.2,3. 67Braz2000,p.71;D.FilipeI1999,p.71,note33. 68 The ceremony was celebrated by the future Portuguese CardinalͲKing, D. Henrique, who was largely responsibleforthepromotionoftheIberianUnionundertheSpanishHabsburgCrown.Polònia2009,p.28. 69ThecardinalͲkingwasburiedatthemainchapeloftheroyalpalaceofAlmeirimandlatertransferredbyD. FilipetotheMonasteryofBelém,theroyalmausoleumofthePortuguesekingssinceD.EmmanuelI.Velazquez 1583,f.110v. 70Guerreiro1581,cap.II,pp.1,2.Velazquez1583,f.110v. 71D.FilipeI1999,p.143;Rodrigues1997,I,pp.55,93. 72D.FilipeI1999,p.75,note43. 73Velazquez1583,f.111v. 74D.FilipeI1999,p.143.Guerreiro1581,cap.II,pp.2Ͳ5.Correia1989,p.25. 75IsidroVelazquezdescribedthepiernexttothepalaceandthegoldenbrigantineusedtotransporttheroyal family.Velazquez1583,f.112. 76Bouza2005,p.230.Porreño1723,p.93. 77Bouza2005,pp.207,230.D.FilipeI1999,pp.88,100.Velazquez1583,f.117v. 78FollowingtheroyalPortuguesetraditionthekingD.FilipeIwasdesignatedprotectoroftheUniversityMarch 9,1583. 79Vasconcelos1990,pp.19Ͳ20. 80Pimentel1991,p.249. 81Vasconcelos1990,pp.20Ͳ23.  



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