The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information The Insects Structure and Function FIFTH EDITION The Insects has been the standard textbook in the field since the first edition was published over 40 years ago. Building on the strengths of Chapman’s original text, this long-awaited new edition has been revised and expanded by a team of eminent insect physiologists, bringing it fully up to date for the molecular era. The chapters retain the successful structure of the earlier editions, focusing on particular functional systems rather than on taxonomic groups and making it easy for students to delve into topics without extensive knowledge of taxonomy. The focus is on form and function, bringing together basic anatomy and physiology and examining how these relate to behavior. This, combined with nearly 600 clear illustrations, provides a comprehensive understanding of how insects work. Now also featuring a richly illustrated prologue by George McGavin, this is an essential text for students, researchers and applied entomologists alike. R. F. Chapman (1930–2003) was an eminent insect physiologist and Professor in the Division of Neurobiology at the University of Arizona. His first four editions of The Insects have formed the standard text in the field for more than 40 years. Stephen J. Simpson is ARC Laureate Fellow in the School of Biological Sciences and Academic Director of the Perkins Centre for the study of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease at the University of Sydney. His core research aims are to understand swarming in locusts and to develop and implement an integrative framework for studying nutrition. In 2012 he was awarded the Wigglesworth Medal from the Royal Entomological Society of London. Angela E. Douglas is Daljit S. and Elaine Sarkaria Professor of Insect Physiology and Toxicology at Cornell University, New York. Her research and teaching is motivated by the mechanisms underlying insect function, and her core research interests are the overlapping topics of insect nutrition and interactions between insects and beneficial microorganisms. She is a Fellow of The Royal Entomological Society and The Entomological Society of America. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information The Insects Structure and Function FIFTH EDITION R. F. CHAPMAN Formerly of the University of Arizona, USA Edited by STEPHEN J. SIMPSON The University of Sydney, Australia ANGELA E. DOUGLAS Cornell University, New York, USA © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521113892 © Cambridge University Press 1998, 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published by Edward Arnold 1969 Second edition 1971, 6th printing 1980 Third edition 1982, 5th printing 1991 Fourth edition published by Cambridge University Press 1998, 7th printing 2011 Fifth edition 2013 Printed in the United States of America A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Chapman, R. F. (Reginald Frederick) The insects : structure and function / R. F. Chapman. – 5th edition / edited by Stephen J. Simpson, Angela E. Douglas. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-0-521-11389-2 1. Insects. I. Simpson, Stephen J. II. Douglas, A. E. (Angela Elizabeth), 1956– III. Title. QL463.C48 2013 595.7–dc23 2012018826 ISBN 978-0-521-11389-2 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information CONTENTS List of contributors ix 4 Nutrition 81 Preface xi Introduction 81 Acknowledgments xii 4.1 Required nutrients 82 Prologue xiii 4.2 Balance of nutrients 87 4.3 Nutritional effects on growth, development, Part I The head, ingestion, utilization reproduction and lifespan 95 and distribution of food 4.4 Contribution of symbiotic microorganisms to insect nutrition 99 1 Head 3 Summary 104 Introduction 3 1.1 Head 4 5 Circulatory system, blood and the 1.2 Neck 9 immune system 107 1.3 Antennae 10 Introduction 107 Summary 13 5.1 The circulatory system 108 5.2 Circulation 113 2 Mouthparts and feeding 15 5.3 Hemolymph 117 Introduction 15 5.4 Hemocytes 124 2.1 Ectognathous mouthparts 16 Summary 129 2.2 Mechanics and control of feeding 22 2.3 Regulation of feeding 34 6 Fat body 132 2.4 Other consequences of Introduction 132 feeding 37 6.1 Fat body structure and development 133 2.5 Head glands 37 6.2 Storage and utilization of energy Summary 43 and nutrients 137 6.3 Function as an endocrine organ and 3 Alimentary canal, digestion and nutritional sensor 142 absorption 46 Summary 144 Introduction 46 3.1 The alimentary canal 47 Part II The thorax and locomotion 3.2 Digestion 59 3.3 Absorption 72 7 Thorax 149 3.4 The alimentary tract as an immunological Introduction 149 organ 77 7.1 Segmentation of the thorax 150 Summary 78 7.2 Morphology of the thorax 151 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information vi Contents 7.3 Muscles of the thorax 155 12 Reproductive system: male 282 Summary 155 Introduction 282 12.1 Anatomy of the internal reproductive 8 Legs and locomotion 157 organs 283 Introduction 157 12.2 Spermatozoa 286 8.1 Structure of the legs 158 12.3 Transfer of sperm to 8.2 Walking and running 166 the female 292 8.3 Other mechanisms of terrestrial 12.4 Other effects of mating 306 locomotion 173 Summary 310 8.4 Aquatic locomotion 180 8.5 Other uses of legs 185 13 Reproductive system: female 313 Summary 189 Introduction 313 13.1 Anatomy of the internal reproductive 9 Wings and flight 193 organs 314 Introduction 193 13.2 Oogenesis 317 9.1 Structure of the wings 194 13.3 Ovulation 332 9.2 Form of the wings 204 13.4 Fertilization of the egg 333 9.3 Movement of the wings 207 13.5 Oviposition 334 9.4 Wing kinematics 214 Summary 343 9.5 Aerodynamic mechanisms 221 9.6 Power for flight 223 14 The egg and embryology 347 9.7 Sensory systems for flight control 225 Introduction 347 Summary 230 14.1 The egg 348 14.2 Embryogenesis 357 10 Muscles 233 14.3 Alternative strategies of acquiring nutrients Introduction 233 by embryos 380 10.1 Structure 234 14.4 Sex determination 388 10.2 Muscle contraction 242 14.5 Parthenogenesis 390 10.3 Regulation of muscle contraction 244 14.6 Pedogenesis 392 10.4 Energetics of muscle contraction 252 Summary 393 10.5 Muscular control in the intact insect 254 10.6 Changes during development 257 15 Postembryonic development 398 Summary 263 Introduction 398 15.1 Hatching 399 Part III The abdomen, reproduction 15.2 Larval development 403 and development 15.3 Metamorphosis 417 15.4 Control of postembryonic 11 Abdomen 269 development 436 Introduction 269 15.5 Polyphenism 443 11.1 Segmentation 270 15.6 Diapause 448 11.2 Abdominal appendages and outgrowths 273 Summary 454 Summary 280 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11389-2 - The Insects: Structure and Function: Fifth Edition R. F. Chapman Edited by Stephen J. Simpson and Angela E. Douglas Frontmatter More information Contents vii Part IV The integument, gas exchange 19 Thermal relations 588 and homeostasis Introduction 588 19.1 Body temperature 589 16 Integument 463 19.2 Thermoregulation 595 Introduction 463 19.3 Performance curves 598 16.1 Epidermis 464 19.4 Behavior and survival at low 16.2 The cuticle 469 temperatures 600 16.3 Chemical composition of the cuticle 473 19.5 Activity and survival at high 16.4 Types of cuticles 483 temperatures 607 16.5 Molting 488 19.6 Acclimation 609 16.6 Cuticle formation 493 19.7 Cryptobiosis 611 16.7 Functions of the integument 497 19.8 Temperature and humidity receptors 611 Summary 498 19.9 Temperature-related
Recommended publications
  • Volume 2, Chapter 12-5: Terrestrial Insects: Hemimetabola-Notoptera
    Glime, J. M. 2017. Terrestrial Insects: Hemimetabola – Notoptera and Psocoptera. Chapter 12-5. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. 12-5-1 Volume 2. Interactions. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. eBook last updated 19 July 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 12-5 TERRESTRIAL INSECTS: HEMIMETABOLA – NOTOPTERA AND PSOCOPTERA TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTOPTERA .................................................................................................................................................. 12-5-2 Grylloblattodea – Ice Crawlers ................................................................................................................. 12-5-3 Grylloblattidae – Ice Crawlers ........................................................................................................... 12-5-3 Galloisiana ................................................................................................................................. 12-5-3 Grylloblatta ................................................................................................................................ 12-5-3 Grylloblattella ............................................................................................................................ 12-5-4 PSOCOPTERA – Booklice, Barklice, Barkflies .............................................................................................. 12-5-4 Summary .........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Classification Standards 2020
    RECOMMENDED INSECT CLASSIFICATION FOR UGA ENTOMOLOGY CLASSES (2020) In an effort to standardize the hexapod classification systems being taught to our students by our faculty in multiple courses across three UGA campuses, I recommend that the Entomology Department adopts the basic system presented in the following textbook: Triplehorn, C.A. and N.F. Johnson. 2005. Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, 864 pp. This book was chosen for a variety of reasons. It is widely used in the U.S. as the textbook for Insect Taxonomy classes, including our class at UGA. It focuses on North American taxa. The authors were cautious, presenting changes only after they have been widely accepted by the taxonomic community. Below is an annotated summary of the T&J (2005) classification. Some of the more familiar taxa above the ordinal level are given in caps. Some of the more important and familiar suborders and families are indented and listed beneath each order. Note that this is neither an exhaustive nor representative list of suborders and families. It was provided simply to clarify which taxa are impacted by some of more important classification changes. Please consult T&J (2005) for information about taxa that are not listed below. Unfortunately, T&J (2005) is now badly outdated with respect to some significant classification changes. Therefore, in the classification standard provided below, some well corroborated and broadly accepted updates have been made to their classification scheme. Feel free to contact me if you have any questions about this classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryophyte Ecology Table of Contents
    Glime, J. M. 2020. Table of Contents. Bryophyte Ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University 1 and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 15 July 2020 and available at <https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. This file will contain all the volumes, chapters, and headings within chapters to help you find what you want in the book. Once you enter a chapter, there will be a table of contents with clickable page numbers. To search the list, check the upper screen of your pdf reader for a search window or magnifying glass. If there is none, try Ctrl G to open one. TABLE OF CONTENTS BRYOPHYTE ECOLOGY VOLUME 1: PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY Chapter in Volume 1 1 INTRODUCTION Thinking on a New Scale Adaptations to Land Minimum Size Do Bryophytes Lack Diversity? The "Moss" What's in a Name? Phyla/Divisions Role of Bryology 2 LIFE CYCLES AND MORPHOLOGY 2-1: Meet the Bryophytes Definition of Bryophyte Nomenclature What Makes Bryophytes Unique Who are the Relatives? Two Branches Limitations of Scale Limited by Scale – and No Lignin Limited by Scale – Forced to Be Simple Limited by Scale – Needing to Swim Limited by Scale – and Housing an Embryo Higher Classifications and New Meanings New Meanings for the Term Bryophyte Differences within Bryobiotina 2-2: Life Cycles: Surviving Change The General Bryobiotina Life Cycle Dominant Generation The Life Cycle Life Cycle Controls Generation Time Importance Longevity and Totipotency 2-3: Marchantiophyta Distinguishing Marchantiophyta Elaters Leafy or Thallose? Class
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis (PDF, 13.51MB)
    Insects and their endosymbionts: phylogenetics and evolutionary rates Daej A Kh A M Arab The University of Sydney Faculty of Science 2021 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Authorship contribution statement During my doctoral candidature I published as first-author or co-author three stand-alone papers in peer-reviewed, internationally recognised journals. These publications form the three research chapters of this thesis in accordance with The University of Sydney’s policy for doctoral theses. These chapters are linked by the use of the latest phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary techniques for analysing obligate mutualistic endosymbionts and their host mitochondrial genomes to shed light on the evolutionary history of the two partners. Therefore, there is inevitably some repetition between chapters, as they share common themes. In the general introduction and discussion, I use the singular “I” as I am the sole author of these chapters. All other chapters are co-authored and therefore the plural “we” is used, including appendices belonging to these chapters. Part of chapter 2 has been published as: Bourguignon, T., Tang, Q., Ho, S.Y., Juna, F., Wang, Z., Arab, D.A., Cameron, S.L., Walker, J., Rentz, D., Evans, T.A. and Lo, N., 2018. Transoceanic dispersal and plate tectonics shaped global cockroach distributions: evidence from mitochondrial phylogenomics. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(4), pp.970-983. The chapter was reformatted to include additional data and analyses that I undertook towards this paper. My role was in the paper was to sequence samples, assemble mitochondrial genomes, perform phylogenetic analyses, and contribute to the writing of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Grylloblattodea
    The remaining “Polyorthoptera” Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Plecoptera PLECOPTERIDA Embioptera Zoraptera Dermaptera POLYORTHOPTERA Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Phasmatodea ORTHOPTERIDA Orthoptera Blattodea Perhaps similar Isoptera development of the gonoplac over 2nd DICTYOPTERA valvulae Mantodea DERMAPTERA, Earwigs DERMAPTERA, Earwigs SYNAPOMORPHIES • Head prognathus, but lacking a gula • Ocelli absent • 3-segmented tarsi • Male without "gonostyli" on segment 9 • Female with subgenital plate formed by enlarged sternum 7 • Ovipositor vestigial (when retained), with only 2 valve pairs. DERMAPTERA, Earwigs SYNAPOMORPHIES • Forewings (when retained) short tegmina, with venation at most faintly indicated • Hind wings (when retained) with remigium very reduced, melanized; expanded vannus complexly folded under forewings at rest. • Cerci of adults forcepslike, without discernable segmentation DERMAPTERA, Earwigs Habitat & Habits: • Found in leaf litter, under bark, riparian areas • Mostly omnivorous, some tropical species ectoparasitic on certain rats, others occur in bat roosts; some are predaceous; few herbivorous. • Nocturnal • Forceps used to capture prey, in mating, and in folding hind wings under forewings • Some females guard eggs and young in small nests, repel intruders; lick eggs perhaps to prevent fungal growth. After a few molts, nymphs are on their own. • Forficula auricularia may be a pest of gardens and crops. • Several species invade homes and may be nuisances. • Labidura riparia is a predator of lepidopterous
    [Show full text]
  • Using Mitochondrial Genomes to Infer Phylogenetic Relationships
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/164459; this version posted August 22, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Using mitochondrial genomes to infer phylogenetic relationships 2 among the oldest extant winged insects (Palaeoptera) 3 Sereina Rutschmanna,b,c*, Ping Chend, Changfa Zhoud, Michael T. Monaghana,b 4 Addresses: 5 aLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 6 Berlin, Germany 7 bBerlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, 8 Germany 9 cDepartment of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain 10 dThe Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing 11 Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China 12 13 *Correspondence: Sereina Rutschmann, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, 14 University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, E-mail: [email protected] 15 16 17 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/164459; this version posted August 22, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 19 Abstract 20 Phylogenetic relationships among the basal orders of winged insects remain unclear, in particular the 21 relationship of the Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and the Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) with the 22 Neoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • Grylloblatta Campodeiformis (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) Uses Saproxylic Habitats in Subalpine Forests of Western Alberta, Canada: Implications for Conservation
    120 Grylloblatta campodeiformis (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) uses saproxylic habitats in subalpine forests of western Alberta, Canada: implications for conservation Evan D. Esch, John R. Spence, David W. Langor1 Abstract—Grylloblatta campodeiformis campodeiformis Walker (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) was commonly collected during summer from trees killed by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in subalpine forests of Alberta, Canada. Gut content analysis revealed that the grylloblattids fed on subcortical invertebrates. This newly reported habitat association shows that this species is not limited to strictly alpine habitats and glacial margins, and thus may be more widespread and common than suggested by earlier reports. Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker (Gryllo- Hearle 1927; Kamp 1973; Mann et al. 1980). blattodea: Grylloblattidae), the northern rock Rock crawlers are nocturnal predators and crawler, is an elusive and poorly studied species scavengers that actively search for small, inver- that is the emblem of the Entomological Society tebrate prey in the hypolithion (Pritchard and of Canada. The species has a disjunct distribution. Scholefield 1978). They also venture onto snow- The nominate subspecies is known from a fields, foraging for “insect-fallout” carried and few localities from the Cascades to the Rocky deposited there by wind (Mann et al. 1980). Mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, The distribution and activity of G. campodeiformis Canada and Montana, United States of America, are determined by unusual but highly specific but two other subspecies, G. campodeiformis requirements for temperature (optimal: 0–3 °C; athapaska Kamp and G. campodeiformis nahanni tolerable extremes: −6 °C to 20 °C) and humidity Kamp are known only from northern British (70–90%) (Mills and Pepper 1937; Kamp 1973).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Diversification of Cryophilic Grylloblatta Species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in Alpine Habitats of California
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Evolutionary diversification of cryophilic Grylloblatta species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in alpine habitats of California. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93d2s652 Journal BMC evolutionary biology, 10(1) ISSN 1471-2148 Authors Schoville, Sean D Roderick, George K Publication Date 2010-06-02 DOI 10.1186/1471-2148-10-163 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Schoville and Roderick BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:163 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/163 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access EvolutionaryResearch article diversification of cryophilic Grylloblatta species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in alpine habitats of California Sean D Schoville* and George K Roderick Abstract Background: Climate in alpine habitats has undergone extreme variation during Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, resulting in repeated expansion and contraction of alpine glaciers. Many cold-adapted alpine species have responded to these climatic changes with long-distance range shifts. These species typically exhibit shallow genetic differentiation over a large geographical area. In contrast, poorly dispersing organisms often form species complexes within mountain ranges, such as the California endemic ice-crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae: Grylloblatta). The diversification pattern of poorly dispersing species might provide more information on the localized effects of historical climate change, the importance of particular climatic events, as well as the history of dispersal. Here we use multi-locus genetic data to examine the phylogenetic relationships and geographic pattern of diversification in California Grylloblatta. Results: Our analysis reveals a pattern of deep genetic subdivision among geographically isolated populations of Grylloblatta in California. Alpine populations diverged from low elevation populations and subsequently diversified.
    [Show full text]
  • New Details of Santanmantis Axelrodi and the Evolution of the Mantodean Morphotype
    Palaeodiversity 6: 157–168; Stuttgart, 30 December 2013. 157 New details of Santanmantis axelrodi and the evolution of the mantodean morphotype MARIE K. HÖRNIG, JOACHIM T. HAUG & CAROLIN HAUG Abstract Mantodea is a group of predatory insects that is an ingroup of Dictyoptera, as are roaches and termites. Dictyop- terans possess a long-ranging fossil record, the majority being ‘roachoid’ dictyopterans; yet specimens of Mantodea are very rare. Santanmantis axelrodi GRIMALDI, 2003, is the only formally described mantodean species from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation in Brazil. The original description was based on eight specimens, but on all the raptorial appendages are incompletely preserved or lacking. We present a ninth specimen, showing new details of this species, especially of the raptorial appendages, which let us complement the description of S. axelrodi. The raptorial appendages are more specialized than assumed before, but the spinose appearance of the meso- and metathoracic legs appears to be more ancestral. The phylogenetic relationship within the dictyopterans and the evolution of the man- todean morphotype is currently not conclusively resolved. We discuss possible new implications and the relevance of oothecae for reconstructing early mantodean and dictyopteran evolution. The scarce fossil record of oothecae is supplemented by two additional specimens from the Crato Formation. K e y w o r d s : Dictyoptera; Mantodea; Cretaceous; Raptorial appendages; Ootheca; Morphotype evolution 1. Introduction Presumably, the early dictyopteran morphotype was roach-like (e.g., SELLARDS 1904; GARWOOD & SUTTON 2010; Mantodeans are predatory representatives of Neoptera. HAUG J. T. et al. 2013 a), thus the specialized characteris- The group includes about 2,300 species worldwide, with tics of Mantodea are highly derived.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Perspectives on the Evolution of Insect Diversity
    FOSSIL PERSPECTIVES ON THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT DIVERSITY Thesis submitted by David B Nicholson For examination for the degree of PhD University of York Department of Biology November 2012 1 Abstract A key contribution of palaeontology has been the elucidation of macroevolutionary patterns and processes through deep time, with fossils providing the only direct temporal evidence of how life has responded to a variety of forces. Thus, palaeontology may provide important information on the extinction crisis facing the biosphere today, and its likely consequences. Hexapods (insects and close relatives) comprise over 50% of described species. Explaining why this group dominates terrestrial biodiversity is a major challenge. In this thesis, I present a new dataset of hexapod fossil family ranges compiled from published literature up to the end of 2009. Between four and five hundred families have been added to the hexapod fossil record since previous compilations were published in the early 1990s. Despite this, the broad pattern of described richness through time depicted remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter term patterns. Corrections for rock record and sampling effort change some of the patterns seen. The time series produced identify several features of the fossil record of insects as likely artefacts, such as high Carboniferous richness, a Cretaceous plateau, and a late Eocene jump in richness. Other features seem more robust, such as a Permian rise and peak, high turnover at the end of the Permian, and a late-Jurassic rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) of North America, with Notes on Their Natural History, Biogeography and Conservation
    Zootaxa 3737 (4): 351–378 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.4.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AC67382-AFA9-4B39-AD14-34186F74B829 Updated checklist of the ice-crawlers (Insecta: Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) of North America, with notes on their natural history, biogeography and conservation SEAN D. SCHOVILLE1,3 & G. O. GRAENING2 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Dr., 637 Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.; E- mail: [email protected],Phone: 1-608-262-2956, Fax:1-608-262-3322 2Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819. E-mail: [email protected] 3Corresponding author Abstract We provide an updated checklist and comprehensive distributional record of Grylloblatta (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblatti- dae) in North America. These distribution records are based upon a thorough review of the literature, as well as unpub- lished data of the authors and colleagues. Thirteen species of Grylloblatta are currently described, with up to 16 additional taxa awaiting formal description. Distributional data shows that endemism of Grylloblatta is high and geographic range size is typically small: the median geographical area of 13 species and six putative species is 179 km2. It is clear that there is a general lack of knowledge of species range limits and local population sizes; for example, three Grylloblatta species are known from just a single locality and less than 15 specimens each. Conservation status ranks are suggested in order to update the IUCN Red List and national Natural Heritage Network Database.
    [Show full text]
  • Grylloblattodea of Canada 271 Doi: 10.3897/Zookeys.819.24289 REVIEW ARTICLE Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 819: 271–276 (2019) Grylloblattodea of Canada 271 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.819.24289 REVIEW ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Grylloblattodea of Canada Sean D. Schoville1 1 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, 637 Russell Labs, Ma- dison, Wisconsin 53706, USA Corresponding author: Sean D. Schoville ([email protected]) Academic editor: D. Langor | Received 6 February 2018 | Accepted 16 March 2018 | Published 24 January 2019 http://zoobank.org/73C8DC3D-D9BB-4732-A36C-C4C6C021ED22 Citation: Schoville SD (2019) Grylloblattodea of Canada. In: Langor DW, Sheffield CS (Eds) The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 271–276.https://doi.org/10.3897/ zookeys.819.24289 Abstract The enigmatic insect order Grylloblattodea comprises two described species in Canada, which are limited to the Montane Cordillera and Pacific Maritime ecozones. One of the described species has three Canadian subspecies of uncertain taxonomic ranking, and there are two additional undescribed or unreported species known in close proximity to the Canadian border in western Alberta and British Columbia that likely also occur in Canada. Thus, as much as 50% of the total taxonomic diversity of Grylloblattodea in Canada is still undocumented. Targeted surveys and taxonomic work, as well as studies that describe the ecology and conservation status of Grylloblattodea are important goals for future research. Keywords biodiversity assessment, Biota of Canada, Grylloblattodea, ice crawler, Notoptera In June of 1913, on Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park, Canada, the ento- mologists Edmund M.
    [Show full text]