Archiv Für Naturgeschichte

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Archiv Für Naturgeschichte © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in der Natur- geschichte der Protozoen in den Jahren 1884 u. 1885. Von Dr. Ludwig Will Privatdocent für Zoologie (Rostock). I. Allgemeines. A. Weismann wendet sich in seiner Arbeit lieber Leben und Tod (Jena 1884), in der er der Theorie Goette's über den Ursprung des Todes entgegentritt, auch gegen jene Ansicht des letzteren Autors, nach der man in dem Encystirungsprozess der Einzelligen das Analogon des Todes der Metazoen zu sehen habe. Da man einen wirklichen Tod, der Fäulniss und Zersetzung im Gefolge habe, bei den Protozoen künstlich hervor- rufen könne, könne man den gleichen Namen Tod nicht auf die Zustände während der Encystirung anwenden. Verfasser bleibt bei seiner früheren Ansicht, dass bei den einzelligen Organismen ein Tod aus inneren Ursachen, ein natürlicher Tod, nicht vorkomme. Anknüpfend an die Arbeiten Bütschli's, Goette's und Weismann's tritt Moehius der Weismann 'sehen Lehre von der Unsterblichkeit der Protozoen gegenüber. „Nach der bisher allgemein gebräuchlichen Definition versteht man unter Unsterblichkeit eines lebenden indi- viduellen Wesens die ihm innewohnende und durch äussere Ursachen nicht zerstörbare Eigenschaft, als Individuum ewig fortzudauern." Die Unsterblichkeit ist daher kein © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 298 I^i'- Ludwig Will : Ber. über die wissensch. Leistungen Gegenstand der Erfahrung, sondern ein transzendentaler Begriff. Lässt sich derselbe nun auf die Lebensdauer der sich durch Theilung vermehrenden Protozoen an- wenden? — Zwar lassen alte Protozoenindividuen bei ihrer Theilung nichts zurück, was stirbt, unsterblich sind sie aber darum doch nicht zu nennen, weil während der Theilung allmählich das individuelle Dasein erlischt. — Dass auch die Fortdauer der Leibessubstanz des gealterten Individuums in den Theilstücken nicht die ihr von Weis- mann zugeschriebene Bedeutung haben kann, sucht Verf. damit zu erweisen, dass nach der ersten Theilung jeder Sprössling nur V2J hei weiteren Theilungen aber nur V4, Vs^ Vi 6 u. s. w. vom Leibe der ürmutter enthalten kann, also die späteren Generationen der Protozoen immer reichlicher aus „selbst erarbeiteter Leibessubstanz" be- stehen müssen. Mit den ersten Spuren der Theilung des Mutterindividuums hebt die Individualisirung der Tochter- individuen an. „Die Protozoen sind ebenso wie die Metazoen psychisch centrirte Individuen. In den ge- sonderten psychischen Centren der Theilungssprösslinge kann das frühere psychische Centrum der Mutter nicht fortbestehen, weil deren individuelles leibliches und geistiges Leben bei der Theilung erlischt. Die Protozoen sind daher auch vom physiologischen Standpunkte aus nicht unsterblich zu nennen." {Das Sterben der ein- zelligen und der vielzelligen Thiere. Biolog. Centralhl. IV. Bd. 1885. No. 13. pag. 389—392.) Dem gegenüber versucht Weismann zu zeigen, dass die Vorstellung, Mutter- und Tochterthiere seien ver- schiedene Individuen, nicht zutrifft, dass sie ein wesent- liches Moment des Theilungsvorganges übersieht, nämlich die Identität der lebenden Substanz bei „Mutter" und „Töchtern". Sie hebt willkürlich das eine Moment hervor, dass statt eines Individuums nun zwei da sind, und bezeichnet diese als neue, vergisst aber, dass jede der Theilhälften nichts anderes ist, als eine Fortsetzung des Mutterindividuums. Er giebt jedoch zu, dass auch die entgegengesetzte Ausdrucksweise in voller Schroffheit © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at i. d Naturgesch. der Protozoen i, d. Jahren 1884 ii. 1885. 299 hingestellt, den Thatbestand zu erschöpfen nicht genügen könnte, weil sie leicht zu dem Absurdum führen könnte, dass alle Bionten einer Infusorienart nur ein Individuum wären! Er meint, dass unsere Begriffe vom „Individuum" und der „Generation", von „Mutter" und „Tochter" hier nicht ausreichen zur Bezeichnung der Sache. „Es giebt keine Individuen bei den Protozoen im Sinne der Metazoen, und von diesen letzteren stammen die genannten Abstractionen her. Bezüglich des von Moebius behaupteten „Alterns" der Protozoen meint Verf., dass diese Ansicht unhaltbar sei. Die Einzelligen reiben sich durch das Leben nicht selbst auf, ihre Körper sind un- sterblich. Auch die Conjugation bei den Einzelligen, wie auch bei den Mehrzelligen, ist nichts als ein „Ver- jüngungsvorgang" im Sinne der Vermeidung eines physio- logischen Todes aufzufassen. (Zur Frage nach der Unsterblichkeit der EinzelligeJi. Biolog. Centrbl, IV, pag. 650—665, 677—691.) C. S. Minot's Artikel „Growth and Death" sei nur erwähnt, da er die Protozoen nicht so direkt berührt {Science Vol. IV, Proc. Americ. Assoc. Advancern. Sc. Vol. 33, Philadelph. Meeting. Sept. 1884). J. Künstler 's Artikel Les or ig in es de la vie be- schäftigt sich mit der Ableitung der Organismen von nicht individualisirten Protaplasmassen (Journ. Micr. Paris Tome 8. 1884. pag. 200—211 m. Fig.). A. Oruber zeigt, dass es Protozoen (besonders unter den Ciliaten) giebt, bei denen die Kernsubstanz in zahl- reichen Körnern durch das Protoplasma vertheilt sein kann, manchmal in so winzigen Bestandtheilen (Choenia teres, Trachelocerca phoenicopterus), dass sie nach der Tinktion nur bei starken Vergrösserungen gleichsam als ein Niederschlag sichtbar wird. Bei anderen (Oxytricha scutellum u. flava) sind solche Nucleinbrocken, obschon noch sehr zahlreich, doch schon grösser und theilweise auch regelmässiger, sodass solche Formen zu den viel- kernigen hinüberleiten. Verf. glaubt, dass bei den kern- losen Protisten die Kernsubstanz in der Zellsubstanz ' © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 300 ^^- Ludwig Will: Ber. über die wissensch. Leistungen gelöst enthalten ist und dass man sich phyletisch das erste Auftreten geformter Kernsubstanz nicht gleich in Gestalt eines Kernes, sondern in Form feinster Nuclein- körnchen zu denken hat. Die Bildung eines eigentlichen Kernes ermöglicht sicherer und rascher eine gleichmässige Vertheilung der Kernsubstanz bei der Theilung. Bei den Protozoen sind 2 Typen von Kernen die häufigsten, der bläschenförmige (die meisten Rhizopoden, Heliozoen, Sporozoen, Flagellaten s. str., vereinzelte Radiolarien und Ciliaten) und der massive (Ciliaten, Suctorien). Die Nebenkerne, die wohl auf die Ciliaten beschränkt bleiben, sind nach letzterem Typus gebaut. Die Kerntheilungs- vorgänge beruhen meist darauf, dass die im Ruhezustand in Körnchen angeordnete Chromatinsubstanz in eine Form gebracht wird, die eine genaue Halbirung ermöglicht (lieber Kern und Kerntheilung bei Protozoen. Zeitscli. f. wiss. Zool Bd. 40. 1884. pag. 121—153 m. 2 Tßn.). Derselbe zählt in einem zusammenfassenden Artikel diejenigen Protozoen auf, die sich bis jetzt als vielkernig erwiesen haben und vermuthet, dass die Vielkernigkeit in Beziehung zur Fortpflanzung steht. Zur Begründung verweist er auf die Radiolarien, bei denen aus einkernigen vielkernige Individuen entstehen, welche dann den Schwärmsprösslingen Entstehung geben; dass die bei Infusorien häufig eintretende Zersplitterung des Körpers kein pathalogischer Vorgang ist, beweisen die Beob- achtungen Zell er' s an Opalina, bei der sich die einzelnen Splitter encystiren, um später wieder zu normalen Thieren heranzuwachsen (Ueber vielkernige Protozoen. Biol. Centralbl. 4. Bd. 1885. pag.llO—TlG). 0. Zacharias hat die Bewegungserscheinungen studirt, welche die Spermatozoen von Polyphemus sowie die amöboiden Darmzellen von Stenostomum leucops unter dem Einfluss von 3 — 5% iger Lösung von phosphor- saurem Natron zeigen und glaubt aus denselben mit ziemlich grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit schliessen zu dürfen, dass sich die Flagellaten aus den Amöben entwickelt haben {Diol. Centralbl. V. 1885. pag. 259—262). © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at i. d. Naturgesch. der Protozoen i. d. Jahren 1884 ii. 1885. 301 Biologisch interessant sind die Resultate, welche W. Pfeffer bei seinen Versuchen über locomotorische Richtnngsbewegungen durch chemische Reize {ünte^^s. Bot. Inst. Tübingen. Bd. 1. 1881—85. pag. 363—4:82) ge- wonnen hat. Soweit dieselben thierische Organismen betreiFen, lassen sie sich in folgender Weise zusammen- fassen: Manche mit freier Ortsbewegung begabte Orga- nismen werden durch gewisse Stoffe zu locomotorischen Richtungsbewegungen veranlasst, sofern das Reizmittel in ungleicher Vertheilung in der umgebenden Flüssigkeit geboten ist. Die Organismen steuern nach der con- centrirten Lösung hin (entgegengesetzt dem Diifusions- strom), so lange nicht durch zu weit gehende Concen- tration eine abstossende Wirkung veranlasst wird. Für die schwärmenden Gameten von Chlamydomonas wurde kein Reizmittel gefunden (Apfelsäure, das Reizmittel für die Samenfäden der Farne, blieb wirkungslos). Trepo- monas agilis Dj. wurde massenhaft in eine Capillare mit Fleischextract gelockt, während Euglena viridis sich hier- gegen wie auch gegen Grasdecoct indifferent zeigte. Chilomonas und Cyrtostomum wurde von Fleischextract schwach angezogen, sammelten sich dagegen mehr oder weniger entschieden um Fliegeubeine. Der Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Be- ivegung Chlamydomonas und Euglena wird von F. Schwarz in einer Serie von Versuchen geprüft. Die Versuche ergaben, dass das Aufsteigen der betreffenden Flagellaten an die Oberfläche auf Einwirkung der Schwer- kraft zurückzuführen ist, die demnach als Reiz wirkt. Analog wie man die Orientirung der Schwärmer durch
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