Algeria E Tunisia: Due Eccezioni Agli Antipodi

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Algeria E Tunisia: Due Eccezioni Agli Antipodi Università di Pisa Scuola di dottorato in Scienze Politiche e sociali, programma: Geopolitica. XXVII ciclo (2012-2014) Algeria e Tunisia: due eccezioni agli antipodi. Uno studio comparato sull’evoluzione dei sistemi politico-istituzionali e costituzionali, all’interno della regione geopolitica euro-mediterranea. (Settore scientifico disciplinare: SPS/13 Storia e istituzioni dell’Africa) Tutor: Prof. Maurizio Vernassa Candidata: Dr.ssa Mariangela Barbarito Indice Introduzione e premesse metodologiche. 4 PARTE I Algeria e Tunisia: dalle indipendenze alle primavere arabe 13 Capitolo 1. Un breve excursus storico: Algeria e Tunisia, dalla costruzione dello Stato post-coloniale alla consacrazione dei regimi ibridi. 14 1.1) La nascita dell’Algeria indipendente e i suoi sviluppi politico-costituzionali negli anni Sessanta e Settanta. 14 1.2) Le aperture economiche e politiche degli anni Ottanta e la progressiva escalation di violenza. 25 1.3) Il lento ritorno alla normalità e la consacrazione del regime ibrido: la Costituzione del 1996, l’elezione di Bouteflika, la pacificazione nazionale e le modifiche del 2008. 35 1.4) La nascita della Tunisia indipendente e la I Repubblica tunisina: la Costituzione del 1959 e il Codice di Statuto Personale del 1956. 48 1.5) La seconda fase dell’era Bourghiba: dalla consacrazione della Presidenza a vita al declino degli Ottanta. 55 1.6) La II Repubblica tunisina: il coup d’état chirurgical, le speranze tradite e la riforma costituzionale del 2002. 60 1.7) Le caratteristiche dei regimi ibridi alla vigilia delle primavere arabe. 69 Capitolo 2. Algeria e Tunisia: tra primavere arabe e mantenimento dello status quo. Linee evolutive politico-istituzionali e costituzionali nel periodo 2011-2014. 75 2.1) Le Primavere Arabe: alcune considerazioni preliminari a proposito dello “tsunami” geopolitico che ha sconvolto il Nord Africa. 75 2.1.1) Rivolte, rivoluzioni, sommosse, thawra: quale identità per le primavere arabe? 78 2.1.2) Una breve analisi dei caratteri distintivi delle rivolte 82 2.2) Il difficile cammino della Tunisia: dalla rivoluzione dei gelsomini all’adozione della nuova Costituzione (2011-2014). 88 2.2.1) La prima fase della transizione democratica tunisina: i governi provvisori e l’elezione dell’Assemblea Nazionale Costituente. 94 2.2.2) Il lungo iter dell’Assemblea Nazionale Costituente: dall’impasse all’adozione della nuova Carta. 100 2.2.3) La nuova Costituzione tunisina. 107 2.2.4) Osservazioni conclusive: la Tunisia tra “twin tolerance” e sfide future 117 2.3) L’eccezione algerina e il mantenimento dello status quo. 121 2 PARTE II Algeria e Tunisia nelle regione geopolitica euro-mediterranea 132 Capitolo 3. Le relazioni euro-mediterranee dalla nascita della CEE al Processo di Barcellona 133 3.1) Geopolitica della regione euro-mediterranea: alcuni cenni preliminari e metodologici. 133 3.2) La proiezione mediterranea della CEE, tra echi coloniali e primi tentativi di una strategia comune: gli Accordi di Associazione di prima generazione e la Politica Mediterranea Globale. 141 3.2.1) Gli Accordi di Associazione con i Paesi Terzi Mediterranei (1957-1972). 141 3.2.2) La Politica Mediterranea Globale (1972-1990) 146 3.2.3) La Politica Mediterranea Rinnovata (1990-1995). 151 3.3) Il principio di condizionalità nelle relazioni euro-mediterranee. 156 Capitolo 4. Il “nuovo corso” delle relazioni euro-mediterranee: dal Processo di Barcellona alle primavere arabe. 162 4.1) La Conferenza di Barcellona e il lancio del Partenariato Euro-Mediterraneo. 162 4.2) Gli Accordi di Associazione nel quadro del PEM, il caso specifico di Algeria e Tunisia. 168 4.3) Limiti e debolezze del Partenariato Euro-Mediterraneo. 179 4.4) La Politica Europea di Vicinato: il ritorno del bilateralismo e la difficile convivenza PEM-PEV. 183 4.5) L’applicazione della PEV in Tunisia e il mancato recepimento in Algeria. 191 4.6) L’Unione per il Mediterraneo 203 4.7) L’UE dinanzi alle primavere arabe, tra parziali risposte e sfide future. 214 4.8) Un partenariato per la democrazia e la prosperità condivisa con il Mediterraneo meridionale e la nuova Politica Europea di Vicinato: “more for more” e “3M” (Market, Mobility, Money). 218 Alcuni rilievi conclusivi 228 Appendice 232 Bibliografia 247 Sitografia 268 3 Introduzione e premesse metodologiche. La presente ricerca che si pone a compimento del mio percorso triennale di dottorato (2012-2014) affonda le sue prime - e ormai lontane - origini nel lavoro condotto per la mia tesi di Laurea specialistica nell’anno accademico 2009/2010. In quell’occasione avevo indagato e analizzato le principali caratteristiche e cause dell’evoluzione, o più correttamente dell’involuzione, della Repubblica Popolare Democratica Algerina, in un momento in cui l’importanza strategica assunta dal Paese nelle dinamiche geopolitiche della regione mediterranea risultava sempre più evidente. Da un lato, l’interesse nei confronti dell’Algeria - ed in particolar modo del suo potenziale economico, rappresentato dalle ingenti risorse energetiche e dalla forza lavoro a basso costo - emergeva allora come sempre crescente; dall’altro, sempre più spesso, i Paesi della riva nord del Mediterraneo si affrettavano a qualificare l’Algeria come “un partner credibile e affidabile”, “dimenticando” i pesanti deficit democratici che affliggevano ed affliggono il Paese. Inaspettatamente, a partire da dicembre 2010-gennaio 2011, i Paesi del Mediterraneo, e la Tunisia per prima, sono tornati ad essere i protagonisti indiscussi sotto le luci della ribalta mediatica. Gli eventi che hanno colpito, senza alcuna previsione da parte degli studiosi e degli osservatori più attenti, in primo luogo la Tunisia, decretando di fatto la fine del regime di Ben Ali, al potere da 23 anni, hanno portato molti ad immaginare che l’effetto-domino potesse espandersi alla vicina Algeria, mettendo in crisi l’establishment di Bouteflika e la sua permanenza al potere. Il presente elaborato, frutto del lavoro di ricerca condotto durante il triennio di dottorato, è nato con l’obiettivo di confutare le diffuse convinzioni di una generica assimilazione dei sistemi politico-istituzionali e costituzionali della regione maghrebina. Nello specifico, il lavoro parte dall’osservazione che l’Algeria e la Tunisia, benché presentino alcuni fattori strutturali comuni, sono realtà con caratteristiche assai differenti. Pertanto anche la natura delle rivolte - più mature in Tunisia, e solo timidamente accennate in Algeria nel gennaio 2011 - è stata diversa; sia, dunque, gli sviluppi recenti, sia i possibili scenari futuri non possono essere assimilati o comunque ricondotti ad unico paradigma. 4 Il fatto che, a distanza di quasi cinque anni, l’Algeria non sembri essere stata intaccata dall’ondata di rivolte che ha scosso la regione MENA alterando il quadro geopolitico del Mediterraneo, insieme alla recente rielezione, nell’aprile 2014, del Presidente Bouteflika per il suo quarto mandato consecutivo, confermano la premessa posta alla base del presente lavoro. La complessa attualità che i due Paesi continuano a rappresentare nel quadro della geopolitica contemporanea ha offerto - e continua ad offrire - un continuo stimolo ad aggiornare e indagare ulteriormente il lavoro intrapreso in questi anni. A mio parere, l’analisi comparata sull’evoluzione dei sistemi politico-istituzionali e costituzionali dei due Paesi inserita nelle complesse dinamiche geopolitiche della regione euro-mediterranea, che questo lavoro propone, può rappresentare un modesto contributo alla comprensione di un fenomeno così complesso e ancora in fieri quale è quello delle primavere arabe - e nel caso specifico, delle due “eccezioni agli antipodi” rappresentate dai due case-studies oggetto della presente analisi. A oggi la Tunisia, infatti, si presenta come l’unico Paese che abbia intrapreso una transizione più o meno lineare, seppure avvolta da numeorse luci e ombre, risultando per l’appunto un’eccezione all’interno del fosco panorama che segue le primavere arabe. Il mantenimento dello status quo della vicina Algeria, appena e solamente scossa dal vento delle cosiddette primavere arabe, ha portato gli osservatori più attenti a stigmatizzare il Paese, nei primi mesi delle rivolte, come “l’exception algeriénne” - espressione che forse oggi può apparire superata, alla luce del pantano nord-africano e medio-orientale. Il complesso periodo storico nel quale stiamo vivendo necessita dunque di una riflessione attenta sulla natura e sulla portata degli eventi, nonché sui loro sviluppi più recenti, che tenga ben conto della realtà geopolitica dell’area euro-mediterranea, nella quale i due Paesi giocano un ruolo fondamentale. L’analisi dei due Paesi in questione, geograficamente vicini e apparentemente simili, ma intrinsecamente diversi tra loro, è apparsa da subito come uno strumento utile alla comprensione della realtà contemporanea e al tentativo di delineare, per quanto difficile possa essere, il vulnus della partita geopolitica che si gioca nell’intera regione, e che interessa in maniera sempre più evidente anche la sponda settentrionale. Il lavoro si suddivide in due parti essenziali, ciascuna delle quali presenta al suo interno due diversi capitoli. 5 La prima parte è dedicata allo studio dei due Paesi in chiave storico-politologica e giuridico-istituzionale, ripercorrendo le principali tappe costituzionali della storia algerina e tunisina dalle indipendenze alle primavere arabe. In particolare, nel primo capitolo si tenta di analizzare l’evoluzione o meglio l’involuzione in chiave comparata dei sistemi
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