DOCSLIB.ORG

Chilling As a Factor in Crop Location with Particular Reference to Deciduous Orchards in California

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ROBERT HENRY ARON for the degree DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY (Name of student) (Degree) in Geography presented on (Major department) ate)' Title:CHILLING AS A FACTOR IN CROP LOCATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DECIDUOUS ORCHARDS IN CALIFORNIA Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy James F. Lahey Several empirical formulas that may be used to estimate avail- able chilling are presented in this study.Many climatic parameters were considered in the derivation of these formulas.One equation employing only maximum and minimum temperatures hada coefficients of correlation (R) and R2 values of .978 and .957, respectively.This equation was used in estimating the availability of chilling at 273 stations throughout California.Using these estimates and considering such factors as altitude and marine influences, the availability of chilling throughout California was mapped. Factors that influence the effectiveness of the chilling received such as low and high temperatures, high light intensity, shade, fog, cloud cover, topography and wind were analyzed. Which temperatures are most effective in satisfying theplant's chilling requirement, the amount required by different varieties, the effects and consequences of inadequate chilling, and treatments which may ameliorate the effects of inadequate chilling were considered. Hormonal and physical and anatomical plant response changes occurring during rest were discussed. Chilling as a Factor in Crop Location with Particular Reference to Deciduous Orchards in California by Robert Henry Aron A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1975 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Pfessor of Geography U in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of Geography 14 y Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented Typed by Lyndalu Sikes and Ilene M. Anderton for Robert Henry Aron ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author expresses his thanks to the many individuals who offered their time and knowledge during the research and writing of this study. For their invaluable assistance during the very early phases of this study, the author wishes to thank Dr. John Kimura, Professor of Geography at the California State University at Long Beach for his encouragement when initial problems appeared overwhelming; Dr. Mary Smoke, Associate Professor of Mathematics at California State University at Long Beach, with whose aid these problems were overcome, and Mr. Don Rough, Farm Advisor for San Joaquin County for his encouragement to pursue this study further. Dr. Rodney Steiner, Professor of Geography at California State University at Long Beach, is thanked for his assistance in the mapping of chilling hours. During the research of this study, the author is indebted to the expertise of many agricultural researchers for their time in clarify- ing aspects of their research and/or of plant processes related to this study. Elizabeth Stoebel is thanked for typing and correcting the grammer of the first draft. Dr. Granville Jensen, Professor of Geography at Oregon State University, is thanked for his help in the translation of the many Spanish-written articles important to this study. To my research committee I extend a special word of gratitude: Dr. James F. Lahey, the Chairman, for his time during all stages of this study and particularly during the writing of the final draft. Dr. Leslie Fuchigami advanced many cogent suggestions and worth- while criticisms.I wish to acknowledge and thank the other members of my research committee; Dr. Robert Bard for his incisive questioning and valuable writing suggestions, Dr. Richard M. High- smith Jr. for his guidance during the coarse of my program, and Dr. Jong Lee, the graduate representative, for his time and for reviewing the drafts of this dissertation. Thanks are also due to the Oregon State University Computer Center for a research grant which covered all computer operation costs. Last but certainly not least,I wish to thank my good friend Bradley Roy Sands, Ph. D. candidate in Statistics at Oregon State University, for his advice and help with statistical procedures. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 1 II DECIDUOUS TREES' RESPONSES: CHILLING REQUIREMENT; WHEN CHILLING IS EFFECTIVE; HOW MUCH IS REQUIRED AND THE EFFECTS OF LIMITED AMOUNTS OF CHILLING 5 A.Introduction 5 B.Plant Responses Associated with Rest 10 1. Hormonal Changes 10 2. Anatomical and Physical Response Changes 19 a. The Effects of Photoperiod 19 b. The Role of Bud Scales 27 c. Changes in the Morphology and Physical Responses during the Dormant Period 29 1. Pre -Rest 29 2. Rest 30 3. Post-Rest 37 d. Vegis's Theory 38 e.Summation 40 C. Temperatures Effective in Meeting the Plants Chilling Requirement 41 1. Temperatures Effective for Chilling 41 2. Actual Bud Temperature Versus Air Temperature and When These Tem- peratures are Effective as Chilling 44 D. The Chilling Requirement of Deciduous Fruit and Nut Trees 52 E.Effects of Inadequate Chilling 57 F.Treatments that can have an Effect on a Tree's Chilling Requirement 64 1. Botanical Treatments 64 a. B ree ding 64 b. Other Physiological Treatments 68 1. Rootstock 68 2. Treatments Which Alter the Vegetative Condition 73 2. Chemical and Oil Sprays 74 Chapter Page III. CHILLING ESTIMATION 81 A. Formulation of Empirical Equations for the Estimation of Chilling 81 B. Climatic Factors Influencing the Effective- ness of the Chilling to Which a Plant is Exposed 92 1. Low Temperatures 92 2. High Temperatures 94 3. Light 100 a. Light Intensity 100 b. Photoperiod 100 4. Rainfall 101 C.Factors Affecting Bud Temperature 102 1. Shade 102 2. Fog 105 3. Cloud Cover 107 4. Humidity 107 5. Marine Influence 111 6. Topography 112 7. Wind 112 D. Areal Distribution of the Mean Number of Hours Under 45°F. Throughout California as Determined by Equation I 114 Analysis of the Availability of Chilling Throughout California as Interpreted Through the Maps and Site Evaluation 115 a. Elevation 116 b. Marine Influence 118 c. Inversions 121 1. Marine 121 2.Nocturnal 121 d. Latitude 122 e. Urban Heat Island 122 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 124 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 129 APPENDIX I 159 APPENDIX II 172 APPENDIX III 176 APPENDIX IV 186 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Apricot cultivar:tRaananat at Mashave Sade, 1969 under various spray treatments. 79 2 The effect of different light conditions on leaf bud opening of the Redhaven peach. 104 3 Distribution of differences in daily maximum temperatures, expressed as a percentage of the total number of observations when comparing the highest and lowest maximums recorded by thermo- couples in apricot flower buds with the maximums recorded by shelter and black bulb thermographs and a thermocouple exposed in air. 188 4 Distribution of differences in daily minimum tem- perature, expressed as a percentage of the total number of observations when comparing the highest and lowest minimums recorded by thermocouples in apricot flower buds with the minimums recorded by shelter and black bulb thermographs and a thermocouple exposed in air. 190 5 Distribution of differences in daily normal mean temperature, expressed as a percentage of the total number of observations when comparing the highest and lowest normal means recorded by thermocouples in apricot flower buds with the normal means recorded by shelter and black bulb thermographs and a thermocouple exposed in air. 192 6 Distribution of differences in daily frequency mean temperature, expressed as a percentage of the total number of observations when comparing the highest and lowest frequency means recorded by thermo- couples in apricot flower buds with the frequency means recorded by shelter and black bulb thermo- graphs and a thermocouple exposed in air. 194 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Gibberellin promotes the germination of lettuce seed in the dark. 14 2 A model for the hormonal mechanisms of seed dormancy and germination using gibberellin, cytokinin, and inhibitor. 15 3 Histograms indicating the growth-promoting and growth inhibiting activities in extracts of Betula pubescens seedlings. 21 4 Stem elongation of Betula pubescens seedlings and inhibitory activities from the extracts of the seedlings. 22 5 Flow diagram showing the effect of day length on the production of GA or ABA via the phyto- chrome system. 24 6 Desmayo and Loarre 2 almond flower bud growth curves. 33 7 Diagrammatic representation of the various types of narrowing and widening of the temperature range for germination and bud break at times of change in growth activity. 39 8 Graph of the coefficients for the correlations of bud drop with the hours of shelter and black bulb temperatures under 45 degrees F. accumulated after September 1 to the dates indicated. 47 9 Effect of one hour per day under 45°F.on the date of bloom of an apricot flower bud. 51 10 Effect of inadequate chilling on bloom date. 58 11 Theoretical monthly distribution of hours below 45°F. 84 Figure Page 12 Theoretical linear fit of monthly distribution of hours below 45oF. 84 13 Actual monthly distribution of hours below 45°F. during California winters. 84 14 Initial linear fit of actual monthly data of hours below 45oF. from California 84 15 Iterative linear fit of actual monthly data from California. 84 16 Effect of one growth unit (warm) per day on the date of bloom of an apricot flower bud. 98 17 Generalized representation of absorptivity for water vapor and carbon dioxide, as a function of wavelength. 109 18 Five station winter moving mean normal lapse rates for the San Joaquin Valley. 119 19 Five station winter moving mean normal lapse rates for the Sacramento Valley. 120 20 Increasing wind speed with initial conditions of a wind speed at one mile per hour and air-bud temperature difference equal to 25o.
Recommended publications
  • Is Human Hibernation Possible?

    Is Human Hibernation Possible?

    ANRV334-ME59-12 ARI 16 December 2007 14:50 Is Human Hibernation Possible? Cheng Chi Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Med. 2008. 59:177–86 Key Words The Annual Review of Medicine is online at hypothermia, 5-AMP, torpor, hypometabolism http://med.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev.med.59.061506.110403 The induction of hypometabolism in cells and organs to reduce is- Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. chemia damage holds enormous clinical promise in diverse fields, in- All rights reserved cluding treatment of stroke and heart attack. However, the thought 0066-4219/08/0218-0177$20.00 that humans can undergo a severe hypometabolic state analogous to hibernation borders on science fiction. Some mammals can enter a severe hypothermic state during hibernation in which metabolic activity is extremely low, and yet full viability is restored when the animal arouses from such a state. To date, the underlying mecha- nism for hibernation or similar behaviors remains an enigma. The beneficial effect of hypothermia, which reduces cellular metabolic demands, has many well-established clinical applications. However, severe hypothermia induced by clinical drugs is extremely difficult and is associated with dramatically increased rates of cardiac arrest for nonhibernators. The recent discovery of a biomolecule, 5-AMP, which allows nonhibernating mammals to rapidly and safely enter severe hypothermia could remove this impediment and enable the wide adoption of hypothermia as a routine clinical tool. 177 ANRV334-ME59-12 ARI 16 December 2007 14:50 INTRODUCTION ing mammals.
  • Trolling & the First Amendment

    Trolling & the First Amendment

    TROLLING & THE FIRST AMENDMENT: PROTECTING INTERNET SPEECH IN THE ERA OF CYBERBULLIES & INTERNET DEFAMATION Fernando L. Diaz TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 136 II. Background ......................................................................................... 139 A. Levels of Scrutiny as Applied to Different Types of Speech ...... 139 B. The Supreme Court’s Protection of Anonymous Speech in Traditional Forums ...................................................................... 140 III. Analysis ............................................................................................... 143 A. Using Elonis v. United States as a Case Study in Consideration of the Incompatibility of Traditional First Amendment Jurisprudence with Internet Speech. ...................... 143 B. Court Decisions Regarding Anonymous Speech on the Internet ................................................................................... 147 C. Legislative Overreach .................................................................. 154 IV. Recommendation ................................................................................ 156 V. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 158 “Just as the strength of the Internet is chaos, so the strength of our liberty depends upon the chaos and cacophony of the unfettered speech the First Amendment protects.”1 - Judge Dalzell Fernando L. Diaz has a B.A.,
  • Journal Vol 18 No 1 & 2, September 2002

    Journal Vol 18 No 1 & 2, September 2002

    Journal of the British Dragonfly Society Volume 18 Number I & 2 September 2002 Editor Dr Jonathan Pickup TheJournal ofthe Bn/ish DragonflySociely, published twice a year, contains articleson Odonata that have been recorded from the United Kingdom and articles on EuropeanOdonata written by members of the Society. The aims of the British Dragonfly Society(B.D.S.) are to promote and encourage the study and conservation ofOdonata and their natural habitats, especially in the United Kingdom. Trustees of the British Dragonfly Society Articles for publicanon (twopaper copes er ('.Ir copy plus disk please) should be sent rothe Chairman: T G. Beynon Editor. Instructions for authors appor inside Vice�Chairma,,: PM. AUen back cover. SecrellJry: W. H. Wain '1rriJJuru: A. G. T Carter Back numbers of the Journal can be purchased Edilnr, J. Pickup from the Librarian/Archivist at ConV<nOrof Dragonfly ConstnJal"'" Group, 1-4 copies £2.75 percopy, P Taylor 5 copies or over £2.60 per copy (members) or £5.50 (non-mcmbe.. ). Ordinary Trustees: M. T Avcrill Ordinary membership annual subscription D.J. Pryce D. Gennard £10.00. D. J. Mann Overseas subscription £12.50. All subscriptions are due on 1st April each year. Late payers will be charged £1 extra. ADDRESSES Life membership subscription £1000. Edilor: Jonathan Pickup, Other subscription rates (library, corporate) on 129 Craigleith Road, application to the Secretary, who will also deal Edinburgh EH4 2EH with membership enquiries. e�mail: [email protected] SW'eUJry: W. H. Wain, The Haywain, Hollywater Road, Bordon, Hants GU35 OAD Ubrarian/Arr:III'VtSl: D.
  • November 2005 JH.Pmd

    November 2005 JH.Pmd

    Published by Pike & Fischer, a subsidiary of BNA, In c. http://ddee.pf.com Vol. 5, No. 11 | November 2005 Applying Sedona Principles, U.S. District Contents 1 News: Using Sedona Principles, Court Says Metadata Must Be Produced U.S. District Court Says Metadata Must Be Produced Under emerging standards of elec- vember 2003 (the case was filed the tronic discovery, a court order direct- preceding April), and again in Decem- 4 Courts & Procedure: The ing a party to produce electronic ber 2004. The plaintiff claims that to Current Legal Landscape spreadsheets as they are kept in the date, the defendant has produced for Native File Production ordinary course of business requires “only a few improperly redacted ver- the producing party to produce those sions relating to some plaintiffs and 6 Cases: Internet Archive Wins documents with the metadata intact. initial opt-in plaintiffs.” On April 12, Dismissal of Complaint; Magistrate Judge David J. Waxse’s 2005, defendant’s counsel agreed to Delaware High Court Adopts opinion in Williams v. Sprint/United begin producing the documents. Tough Standard For Revealing Management Company, 2005 WL No documents were produced by Identity of Anonymous Blogger; Scope of E-discovery 2401626, D. Kan. (September 29, the next discovery hearing on April in Florida Cases Examined; 2005), a provisionally certified em- 21, but counsel acknowledged that he Ginsburg Denies Emergency ployment action, is noteworthy not had nine boxes of such documents in Plea to Vacate Stay only for its holding on producing his possession and again stated that Lifting PATRIOT Act Gag Order metadata, but for the “emerging stan- their production would be forthcom- dards” he relied on to reach it.
  • GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHS File Subject Index

    GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHS File Subject Index

    GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHS File Subject Index A (General) Abeokuta: the Alake of Abram, Morris B.: see A (General) Abruzzi: Duke of Absher, Franklin Roosevelt: see A (General) Adams, C.E.: see A (General) Adams, Charles, Dr. D.F., C.E., Laura Franklin Delano, Gladys, Dorothy Adams, Fred: see A (General) Adams, Frederick B. and Mrs. (Eilen W. Delano) Adams, Frederick B., Jr. Adams, William Adult Education Program Advertisements, Sears: see A (General) Advertising: Exhibits re: bill (1944) against false advertising Advertising: Seagram Distilleries Corporation Agresta, Fred Jr.: see A (General) Agriculture Agriculture: Cotton Production: Mexican Cotton Pickers Agriculture: Department of (photos by) Agriculture: Department of: Weather Bureau Agriculture: Dutchess County Agriculture: Farm Training Program Agriculture: Guayule Cultivation Agriculture: Holmes Foundry Company- Farm Plan, 1933 Agriculture: Land Sale Agriculture: Pig Slaughter Agriculture: Soil Conservation Agriculture: Surplus Commodities (Consumers' Guide) Aircraft (2) Aircraft, 1907- 1914 (2) Aircraft: Presidential Aircraft: World War II: see World War II: Aircraft Airmail Akihito, Crown Prince of Japan: Visit to Hyde Park, NY Akin, David Akiyama, Kunia: see A (General) Alabama Alaska Alaska, Matanuska Valley Albemarle Island Albert, Medora: see A (General) Albright, Catherine Isabelle: see A (General) Albright, Edward (Minister to Finland) Albright, Ethel Marie: see A (General) Albright, Joe Emma: see A (General) Alcantara, Heitormelo: see A (General) Alderson, Wrae: see A (General) Aldine, Charles: see A (General) Aldrich, Richard and Mrs. Margaret Chanler Alexander (son of Charles and Belva Alexander): see A (General) Alexander, John H. Alexitch, Vladimir Joseph Alford, Bradford: see A (General) Allen, Mrs. Idella: see A (General) 2 Allen, Mrs. Mary E.: see A (General) Allen, R.C.
  • National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation

    National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation

    NPS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service WAV 141990' National Register of Historic Places NATIONAL Multiple Property Documentation Form REGISTER This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Cobscook Area Coastal Prehistoric Sites_________________________ B. Associated Historic Contexts ' • The Ceramic Period; . -: .'.'. •'• •'- ;'.-/>.?'y^-^:^::^ .='________________________ Suscruehanna Tradition _________________________ C. Geographical Data See continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in j£6 CFR Part 8Q^rjd th$-§ecretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. ^"-*^^^ ~^~ I Signature"W"e5rtifying official Maine Historic Preservation O ssion State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this
  • MISSOURI COURT of APPEALS EASTERN DISTRICT STATE Ex Rel

    MISSOURI COURT of APPEALS EASTERN DISTRICT STATE Ex Rel

    MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS EASTERN DISTRICT STATE ex rel. CONCERNED CITIZENS ) FOR CRYSTAL CITY et al., ) ) Relators, ) ) v. ) No. ED_________ ) HONORABLE BENJAMIN F. LEWIS, ) Judge, on Special Assignment, Circuit ) Court, Jefferson County, Missouri, ) ) Respondent. ) SUGGESTIONS OF AMICI CURIAE PUBLIC CITIZEN AND AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF EASTERN MISSOURI IN SUPPORT OF PETITION FOR WRIT OF PROHIBITION In this case, the circuit court has ordered the host of an Internet message board to provide information identifying the authors of thousands of messages posted by citizens who exercised their First Amendment right to speak anonymously online, without making any individualized determination that there was a compelling need to breach those citizens’ right to speak anonymously and, indeed, without an explanation of why any of the identities should be disclosed. Courts in other states have consistently held that the First Amendment right to speak anonymously requires notice to those whose anonymity is sought to be breached and a legal and evidentiary showing that establishes a compelling need to overcome that First Amendment right. Moreover, appellate courts have routinely agreed that anonymously, interlocutory review is necessary to protect that 1 right to speak anonymously when a discovery order threatens that right. Accordingly, this Court should grant a writ of prohibition. I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE This petition for writ of prohibition arises from a motion to compel sustained in a Sunshine Act lawsuit brought by Concerned Citizens for Crystal City, et al. The plaintiffs contend that the City of Crystal City made the decision to lease land to Wings Enterprises for the construction of a pig-iron smelter through a series of secret meetings that violated the Sunshine Act.
  • Equity Will Not Enjoin a Libel”: Well, Actually, Yes, It Will

    Equity Will Not Enjoin a Libel”: Well, Actually, Yes, It Will

    SEVENTH CIRCUIT REVIEW Volume 11, Issue 2 Spring 2016 “EQUITY WILL NOT ENJOIN A LIBEL”: WELL, ACTUALLY, YES, IT WILL ∗ ANN C. MOTTO Cite as: Ann C. Motto, “Equity Will Not Enjoin a Libel”: Well, Actually, Yes, It Will, 11 SEVENTH CIRCUIT REV. 271 (2016), at http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/Documents /Academic Programs/7CR/11-2/motto.pdf. INTRODUCTION “If there is one amendment, that is literally first among equals, then it is truly the First Amendment.”1 The First Amendment prohibits prior restraints on speech, i.e., judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous, defamatory, or harmful.2 However, the imposition of subsequent liability for defamation does not abridge the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment.3 It is this important distinction drawn by the United States Supreme Court—subsequent punishment vs. prior restraint—that denotes the permissible remedies and punishments in a court of law for defamation. One question remains unanswered by the Supreme Court: while the First Amendment allows for after-the-fact punishment for defamation in the form of money damages, or even imprisonment, does the First Amendment permit ∗ J.D., Chicago-Kent College of Law, May 2016. 1 Cailah E. Garfinkel, The Importance of an Independent Judiciary and a Free Press, 22 SUM DEL. LAW. 28 (2004). 2 There are a few exceptions to the prohibition on prior restraint discussed infra Part I. 3 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 301–02 (1964). 271 SEVENTH CIRCUIT REVIEW Volume 11, Issue 2 Spring 2016 permanent injunctions against published or spoken speech that has been found to be defamatory by a judge or jury? Permanently enjoining defamatory speech is preventing speech before it happens.
  • An Economic Analysis of Law Versus Equity

    An Economic Analysis of Law Versus Equity

    AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW VERSUS EQUITY Henry E. Smith* October 22, 2010 I. INTRODUCTION Like “property,” the terms “equity” and “equitable” are hardly missing from legal discourse. They can refer to fairness, a type of jurisdiction, types of remedies and defenses, an owner’s stake in an asset subject to a security interest and other ownership interests, as well as a set of maxims, among other things. These uses of “equity” and “equitable” all trace back to courts of equity, which, with some exceptions, ceased to exist as separate courts or even as a distinct form of jurisdiction by the early twentieth century.1 So the term “equity” might seem to be an etymological curiosity. This paper challenges that view. It argues that the notion of equity is functionally motivated and can be given an economic analysis under which it makes sense to have a separate decision making mode that is loosely identified with historical equity jurisdiction and jurisprudence. * Fessenden Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. Email: [email protected]. I would like to thank Bob Ellickson; Bruce Johnsen; Louis Kaplow; Steve Spitz; and audiences at the Fourth Annual Triangle Law and Economics Conference, Duke Law School; the George Mason University School of Law, Robert A. Levy Fellows Workshop in Law & Liberty; the Harvard Law School Law and Economics Seminar; the Workshop on Property Law and Theory, New York University School of Law; the University of Notre Dame Law School Faculty Workshop; the International Society for New Institutional Economics, 14th Annual Conference, University of Stirling, Scotland; and the Carl Jacob Arnholm Memorial Lecture, Institute of Private Law, University of Oslo Faculty of Law.
  • Beyond Terrorism: the Potential Chilling Effect on the Internet of Broad Law Enforcement Legislation

    Beyond Terrorism: the Potential Chilling Effect on the Internet of Broad Law Enforcement Legislation

    St. John's Law Review Volume 80 Number 2 Volume 80, Spring 2006, Number 2 Article 5 Beyond Terrorism: The Potential Chilling Effect on the Internet of Broad Law Enforcement Legislation Todd M. Gardella Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/lawreview This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. John's Law Review by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BEYOND TERRORISM: THE POTENTIAL CHILLING EFFECT ON THE INTERNET OF BROAD LAW ENFORCEMENT LEGISLATION TODD M. GARDELLAt INTRODUCTION Terrorists manipulate themselves to society's center stage by exploiting the omnipresence of the media within the modern information age. It is generally understood that, for so much as the cause of modern international terrorism seems to cast itself as diametrically opposed to western values and modernity, its proponents are unafraid to utilize the Internet to further their goals of disruption and destruction. In many ways, the information age is the great enabler of terrorism, providing not only the channels for terrorists to communicate amongst themselves throughout the globe, but also providing them the opportunity to amplify their voice, spread their message, and permeate the homes of those plugged into the modern world of interconnectivity. Both the ubiquity of the Internet and its connection with terrorism distinguish the new millennial era from previous eras of war or crises. The United States' war on terrorism comprises a global effort; terrorism's war on the United States pervades the consciousness of the interconnected multitudes in an effort to shatter our political will.1 In many ways, the decentralized, networked, and amorphous characteristics of the Internet resemble those of the modern terrorist infrastructure.
  • The Constitutional Implications of Body-Worn Cameras and Facial Recognition Technology at Public Protests

    The Constitutional Implications of Body-Worn Cameras and Facial Recognition Technology at Public Protests

    Washington and Lee Law Review Online Volume 75 Issue 1 Article 1 8-30-2018 Chilling: The Constitutional Implications of Body-Worn Cameras and Facial Recognition Technology at Public Protests Julian R. Murphy [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr-online Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Fourth Amendment Commons, Law Enforcement and Corrections Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation Julian R Murphy, Chilling: The Constitutional Implications of Body-Worn Cameras and Facial Recognition Technology at Public Protests, 75 WASH. & LEE L. REV. ONLINE 1 (2018), https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr-online/vol75/iss1/1 This Development is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington and Lee Law Review Online by an authorized editor of Washington & Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chilling: The Constitutional Implications of Body-Worn Cameras and Facial Recognition Technology at Public Protests Julian R. Murphy* Abstract In recent years body-worn cameras have been championed by community groups, scholars, and the courts as a potential check on police misconduct. Such has been the enthusiasm for body-worn cameras that, in a relatively short time, they have been rolled out to police departments across the country. Perhaps because of the optimism surrounding these devices there has been little consideration of the Fourth Amendment issues they pose, especially when they are coupled with facial recognition technology (FRT).
  • Starting the Winter Season: Predicting Endodormancy Induction Through Multi-Process Modeling. Guillaume Charrier

    Starting the Winter Season: Predicting Endodormancy Induction Through Multi-Process Modeling. Guillaume Charrier

    Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction through multi-process modeling. Guillaume Charrier To cite this version: Guillaume Charrier. Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction through multi- process modeling.. 2021. hal-03065757v2 HAL Id: hal-03065757 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03065757v2 Preprint submitted on 31 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Starting the winter season: predicting endodormancy induction in walnut 2 trees through multi-process modeling. 3 4 Running title: Predicting endodormancy induction in walnut trees 5 6 Guillaume Charrier1 7 1Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France 8 *: corresponding author 9 Email: [email protected] 10 Tel: +33 4 43 76 14 21 11 UMR PIAF, INRAE Site de Crouel 12 5, chemin de Beaulieu 13 63000 Clermont-Ferrand 14 1 1 Abstract 2 Background and Aims 3 In perennial plants, the annual phenological cycle is sub-divided into successive stages whose 4 completion will lead directly to the onset of the following event. A critical point is the transition 5 between the apparent vegetative growth and the cryptic dormancy. To date, the initial date for 6 chilling accumulation (DCA) is arbitrarily set using various rules such as fixed or dynamic dates 7 depending on environmental variables.