Introduction to Art Historical Research: Western Painting NTNU Graduate Institute of Art History September 16Th 2009

Introduction to Art Historical Research: Western Painting NTNU Graduate Institute of Art History September 16th 2009

Jan van Eyck, Rollin’s Virgin, 1432, Louvre, Paris

1 Andrea Mantegna, Saint Sebastian, 1457-58, Andrea Mantegna, Saint Sebastian, 1457-58, Louvre, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienne Paris

Jacopo Pontormo, Descent from the Cross, 1526-28, Santa Felicita, Florence

2 Annibale Carracci, Le mangeur de fève, 1584, Galleria Colonna, Rome

Michelangelo Merisi dit Le Caravage. Fruits in a basket, 1597, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan

3 Annibale Carracci, Baptism of Christ, 1584, San Gregorio, Bologne

Jean Antoine Watteau, L’Enseigne de Gersaint (Gersaint’s Sign), 1720, Schloss Charlottenburg, Potsdam

4 5 Thomas Fearnley, Turner the day of the vernissage, ca.1837, Coll. Thomas N. Fearnley, Oslo

Gustave Caillebotte, View through a grid, 1880, Musée van Gogh, Amsterdam

6 The Question of Images Before the Renaissance. A Summary •! The Greco-roman tradition •! Christianity –!Byzantium and the Eastern Roman Empire 313-1453 AD –!Europe from Charlemagne until the Trecento (800-1300 AD)

Evolution of sculpture in Ancient Greece

l’Apollo of Mantiklos, beginnings of th 7th C. B.C., Apollo of Piraeus, -520-510. B.C.., Roman copy after Praxiteles, Apollon Saurocton, ca. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Archeological Museum, Le Pirée 350 B.C., Louvre, Paris

7 Polydoros, Hagesandros, Athenodoros, Laocoon, ca. 50 B.C., Musei Vaticani, Rome

Monumental head of Emperor Constantine, circa 330 after Christianity, marble, Rome (height 185 cm)

8 Bust of Pseudo- Seneca, 1st Century B.C., Museo Head of Constantine , ca. 330 A.C., bronze, Rome Archeologico Nazionale, Naples

9 Andy Warhol, Gold Marilyn, 1962, MOMA, New Madona of San Sisto, Rome, Santa Maria York del Rosario

Byzantium: chronological guidelines 3th Century A.D. until 1453

•! 313 Official authorization of Christian religion •! 325 Council of Nicea •! 431 Council of Ephesus (cult of Virgin Mary) •! 476 Downfall of the Western Roman Empire, Rome captured by Odoacer •! 6th Century: development of legends of miraculous images •! 730 Iconoclasm •! 787 2nd Council of Nicea: religious images are restablished •! 815 New Iconoclasm •! 843 The religious images are restablished by the Impress Theodora and the Patriarch Methodus

10 Geopolitical Situation around 528

Icon, Christ, (detail), 6th Century, Icône, Mandylion of Edessa, ca. 3rd and 5th Saint Catherine Monastery, Mont Century, Saint-Peter, Vatican Sinai

11 Psalter Chludov, The Crucifixion, icnoclast destroying an image of Christ, 2nd half of the 9th C. Historical Museum, Moscow

Scenes of iconoclasm during the Protestant Reform, ca. 1550

12 2001, Destruction of the Bhudas of Maniyan by the Taliban, Afghanistan

Legends of miraculous images

Acheiropoieta images (« not handmade ») •! Image of Christ from Kamouliana, (discovered in a well but remained miraculously dry •! Image of Edessa, the face of Jesus was imprinted on a cloth (also known as Mandylion) •! Vera Icon (Veronica’s Veil ), the face of Jesus was imprinted on the veil Veronica gave to swipe his sweat (one of the Stations of the Cross) •! Images of the Virgin painted by Saint Luke

13 Shroud of Turin

Master of Saint Veronica, Saint Veronica, ca. Icon, The King Abgar and the Mandylion, 1400, Alte Pinakothek, Munich (detail), ca. 940, Saint Catherine Monastery, Mont Sinai

14 Icon, Christ, (detail), 6th Century, Icône, Mandylion of Edessa, ca. 3rd and 5th Saint Catherine Monastery, Mont Century, Saint-Peter, Vatican Sinai

Mandylion of Laon (Holy Face), 13th Century, Laon, Cathedral Jan van Eyck, Portrait of Christ, 1440, Groeiningemuseum, Bruges Albrecht Dürer, Self-portrait in Christ, 1500, Alte Pinakothek, Munich The Holy Face and its reformulations

15 Fayum mummy portraits 3rd C. and 120-130 A.D.

Cefalu (Italy, Sicily), Cathedral, 1131-1148,

16 Monreale (Italy, Sicily), Cathedral, ca. 1180-1190

Contemporary cult of images : Margaret Tyler and her collection of Princess Diana’s images

17 Christianity : Eastern / Western Europe

•! Constantinople (Byzantium): religion is above all urban. It is centralized and depends on a political and social organized edifice •! Western Europe: until the 12th C. the situation is rural. There is no central and efficient political institution. From the 12th Century, the Christian religion finds its place amongst cities. Trade and political institutions become centralized

Evangiles de Lindisfarne, détail des entrelacs, vers Evangile d’Ebbo, Saint Matthieu, après 700, Londres, British Library 823, Epernay, Bibliothèque municipale

Autun, Eglise Saint-Lazare, vers 1130-1146, vue de la nef sur le chœur

18 Christian Art: Western Europe

•! Sculture disappeared •! The Barbarians bring a new aesthetics based on geometry, decorativity and zoomorphism •! Renewal of Antiquity appears with Charlemagne during the Lindisfarne Gospels, detail, ca.700, London, British Library 9th C.

Lindisfarne Gospels, ca. 700, London, British Library

19 Irish Codex, Saint Mark, 8th C., Stiftsbibliothek, Saint Gall, Switzerland

20 Ebbo Gospels, Saint Matthew, after 823, Ebbo Gospels, Saint John, after 823, Epernay, Epernay, Bibliothèque municipale Bibliothèque municipale

Ebbo Gospels, Saint Luke, after 823, Epernay, Ebbo Gospels, Saint Mark, after 823, Epernay, Bibliothèque municipale Bibliothèque municipale

21 Conques, Reliquiary of Saint Fides (Sainte-Foy) 9th C.. and after

Eastern Europe / Western Europe •! Cult of images (icons) •! Culte of relics •! During the Middle Ages, images in Western Europe have a didactical purpose. They are pedagogical tools

Conques, Abbatiale Sainte-Foy, Portail occidental, deuxième quart du 12ème s.

22 Conques, Abbey-church of Saint Fides (Sainte-Foy), west portal, second quarter of 12th C..

Conques, Abbey-church of Saint Fides (Sainte-Foy), west portal, second quarter of 12th C..

23 Saint-Gilles (France), Eglise Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, ca. 1142, west portal

Arch of Constantin, 315 AD., Rome

San Gimignano, view of the towers erected during the struggles between Ghelphs and Ghibellines factions (supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, ca. 1300

24 Bologne, The Asinelli and Garisenda Towers (height 98 metres) , 13th C.