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Comparison of Deep-River and Adjacent Sandy-Beach Fish Assemblages in the Napo River Basin, Eastern Ecuador

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Comparison of Deep-River and Adjacent Sandy-Beach Fish Assemblages in the Napo River Basin, Eastern Ecuador Copeia, 2002(2), pp. 333±343 Comparison of Deep-River and Adjacent Sandy-Beach Fish Assemblages in the Napo River Basin, Eastern Ecuador DONALD J. STEWART,MYRIAM IBARRA, AND RAMIRO BARRIGA-SALAZAR We sampled ®shes with a small trawl in the deep midchannel and with beach seines on nearby sandy beaches at ®ve sites along two parallel headwater tributaries of the upper Amazon in Eastern Ecuador. We quanti®ed ecological distance between ®sh as- semblages of deep-river and beach habitats and compared assemblage composition, species richness, and diversity. Results of detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) and two-way indicator species analyses (TWINSPAN) clearly revealed the presence of a striking faunal change (i.e., about 92% dissimilarity) between beach-zone and off-shore ®shes. The boundary between these assemblages occurred at about 2 m depth. Beach samples collected as far apart as 325 km were more similar to each other than to trawl samples taken only 10s of meters away. The beach-zone ®sh assemblage was strongly dominated by small characins, whereas the deep-river habitat was dominated by cat®shes and weakly electric gymnotiforms. Apparent adaptations to deep-water habitats included small size, ¯attened or elongated body, ventral mouths, reduced eyes, and sensory spe- cializations for life in what may be a nearly light-less environment (e.g., chemo- and electroreceptors). Visually oriented ®shes and those dependent on algal or detrital foods were mostly absent from the deep-river samples. We caught many more species along the beaches, but after correcting for higher numbers of individuals collected in beach habitats, species richness was not noticeably different between the two habitats. Species diversity also averaged slightly higher for beach samples, but the difference was not signi®cant. We infer that the deep-river habitat was undersampled and that further effort in the deep river would reveal the presence of many more species. Muestreamos peces con una malla de rastra en el canal profundo del rõÂo y con redes playeras en las playas vecinas, en cinco sitios a lo largo de dos triburarios pa- ralelos del Alto Amazonas en el Este del Ecuador. Quanti®camos la distancia ecoloÂgica entre ensamblajes de peces de las profundidades del rõÂo y de los habitats de playa, y comparamos la composicioÂn de esos ensamblajes, la riqueza de especies y la diversi- dad. Los resultados de `detrended correspondence analyses (DCA)' y `two-way indi- cator species analyses (TWINSPAN)' claramente revelaron la precencia de una mar- kado cambio faunõÂstico (i.e., cerca de 92% disimilarity) entre la zona de playa y los peces del centro del rõÂo. La barrera entre estos ensamblajes ocurrio a cerca de 2 m de profundidad. Muestras de playa colectadas a distancias de hasta de 325 km fueron maÂs similares de unas a otras que a muestras de rastra tomadas a solo unas decenas de metros de distancia. El ensamblaje de peces de playa fue markadamente dominado por caraÂcidos, mientras que el haÂbitat de aguas profundas fue dominado por bagres y gimnotiformes deÂbilmente eleÂctricos. Adaptaciones aparentes para los haÂbitats de aguas profundas incluyeron tamanÄo pequenÄo, cuerpo aplastado o alargado, bocas ven- trales, ojos reducidos, y especializaciones sensoriales para vivir el lo que problamente es un ambiente casi completamente obscuro (e.g., quimo- y electroreceptores). Peces visualmete orientados y aquellos que dependen de alga o detritus como alimento estuvieron en su mayorõÂa ausentes en las muestras de aguas profundas. Colectamos maÂs especies a lo largo de las playas, pero despueÂs de corregir por el nuÂmero alto de individuos, la riqueza especõ®ca no fue notoriamente diferente entre estos dos haÂbitats. El promedio da la diversidad especõ®ca tambien fue un poco maÂs alto en las muestras de playa, pero la diferencia no fue signi®cante. Inferimos que el haÂbitat de aguas profundas no fue muestreado su®cientement y que esfuezos futuros en aguas profundas podrõÂan revelar la presencia de muchas maÂs especies. ISH assemblages living in deep, midchannel de®ned as waters about 3 m or more in depth. F habitats of large tropical rivers are poorly In Africa, Poll (1959) trawled over sandy-bottom known. In the present context, such habitats are areas in Malebo Pool of the lower Zaire River q 2002 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 334 COPEIA, 2002, NO. 2 and discovered a ®sh assemblage dominated by the Napo basin and elsewhere are dominated bagrid cat®shes and weakly electric mormyrids. by small characins (i.e., less than about 100 mm Roberts and Stewart (1976) explored the lower SL; Ibarra and Stewart, 1989; Jepsen, 1997), and Zaire River rapids at low water and found a lagoon assemblages are dominated by curima- highly specialized fauna including ®ve species tids, cichlids, and small characins (Galacatos et of blind ®shes apparently adapted to live in in- al., 1996; Silvano et al., 2000). The small char- terstices or to burrow in the sediment. Samples acins in lagoons, however, are nearly all differ- from the Zaire rapids mostly were taken among ent species from those along the sandy beaches rocks at depths less than 2 m, but those sites of white-water rivers (Galacatos et al., 1996). In were open to much deeper water and covered marked contrast to those habitats, ®shes sam- by several more meters of water for all but a few pled with trawls in deeper, midriver channels weeks each year. In South America, sampling yielded many distinctive cat®shes (e.g., IsbruÈc- with trawls in deep channels of the lower Ori- ker and Nijssen, 1986; Stewart, 1985a,b, 1986) noco River revealed a diverse ®sh assemblage and gymnotoids (e.g., Mago-Leccia et al., 1985; dominated by cat®shes and weakly electric Lundberg and Mago-Leccia, 1986) that appear gymnotoid ®shes (LoÂpez-Rojas et al., 1984; to be components of a highly specialized assem- Lundberg et al., 1987, 1991). Most recently, J. blage similar to that reported from the lower Lundberg and Brazilian colleagues have been Orinoco and middle to lower Amazon basins. exploring the deeper channels of the middle Objectives of this paper are (1) to quantify eco- and lower Amazon basin, with trawl samples tak- logical distance between ®sh assemblages of en at depths up to 50 m. Those trawl collections deep-river and adjacent sandy-beach habitats in have yielded some 240 species, also dominated the Napo basin; and (2) to compare assemblage by cat®shes and gymnotoids, and have included composition, species richness and diversity be- blind ®shes (Lundberg and Rapp Py-Daniel, tween those two habitats. 1994; Friel and Lundberg, 1996; Lundberg et al., 1996; Cox Fernandes,1999). A common fea- MATERIALS AND METHODS ture of all these studies on deep-river ®shes is that they report an unexpectedly diverse fauna Sampling.ÐAll samples were collected in the dry with many rare or new taxa (e.g., Lundberg et periods of September to November 1981, and al., 1996). Many of these ®shes have unusual September to December 1983. The beach sam- morphological and physiological adaptations ples analyzed here were composites of several such as reduction or loss of eyes and apparent seine hauls at a site near or adjacent to a deep- compensatory hypertrophy of other sensory water site and were part of a broader study of structures (e.g., Stewart, 1985a; Lundberg and beach-zone ®shes (Ibarra and Stewart, 1989). Rapp Py-Daniel, 1994). We also have included data from the beach at Management of Amazonian ®shes for sustain- Cuyabeno because that was the most compre- able harvest and conservation of biodiversity re- hensive beach collection from the middle quires knowledge of species distributions and reaches of the Aguarico River. We collected how they converge to form communities. The samples from the offshore waters near the Napo River basin is within an area of exception- beaches in depths ranging from 1.5 to about 8 ally high diversity and endemism for many m using a 4-m otter trawl with 3-mm mesh in groups of plants and animals (Prance, 1982). the wings and body. The cod end of the trawl Thus, it should be a priority area for conserva- had a liner of nylon ¯y screen (1.5-mm mesh). tion of Neotropical biodiversity. The Napo basin The trawl typically was pulled with a 12±15 m also occupies a central position along the N±S long, ¯at-bottomed, metal riverboat using a rig- axis of the Andes, making it a suitable model ging similar to that reported by LoÂpez-Rojas et for community patterns and ecosytem processes al. (1984). All tows were pulled in an upstream all along the Upper Amazon from Colombia to direction because strong currents and abundant Bolivia. More than 500 species of ®sh have been snags made it dangerous to tow downstream. A reported from just the Ecuadorian portion of long rope with ¯oat was attached to the cod end that basin (Stewart et al., 1987; Ibarra and Stew- of the trawl to retrieve it from downstream art, 1989; Galacatos et al., 1996), and our recent when it caught on the abundant woody snags. ®eld studies have increased that number to Depth along each tow was monitored continu- about 575 (Galacatos 2001; unpubl. data). This ously with a portable echosounder. high regional species richness of ®shes may be Collection sites (Fig. 1) and associated habitat explained, in part, by marked habitat speciali- data are as follows: (1) CocaÐNapo River, zation of many of the taxa. For example, ®sh about 10.7 km upstream from the bridge at assemblages associated with sandy beaches in Puerto Francisco de Orellana (Coca), 0832.69S, STEWART ET AL.ÐDEEP-RIVER FISH ASSEMBLAGES 335 neden Beach, OR, 1995, unpubl.) for DCA and TWINSPAN.
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