Podá Řská Fakulta

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Podá Řská Fakulta Technická univerzita v Liberci Hospodá řská fakulta Studijní program: N 6208 – Ekonomika a management Studijní obor: Podniková ekonomika Rostoucí význam nových trh ů pro automobilový pr ůmysl na p říklad ě Čínské lidové republiky Increasing importace of new markets for the automotive industry on an example of the People´s Republic of China DP-PE-KPE-2009-29 Bc. JI ŘINA LAJBNEROVÁ Vedoucí práce: prof. Ing. Ivan Já č, CSc. - Katedra podnikové ekonomiky Konzultant: Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Georg Gelke - Škoda Auto a.s. Po čet stran: 151 Po čet p říloh: 3 Datum odevzdání: 22. 05. 2009 2 Prohlášení Byla jsem seznámena s tím, že na mou diplomovou práci se pln ě vztahuje zákon č.121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, zejména § 60 - školní dílo. Beru na v ědomí, že Technická univerzita v Liberci (TUL) nezasahuje do mých autorských práv užitím mé diplomové práce pro vnit řní pot řebu TUL. Užiji-li diplomovou práci nebo poskytnu-li licenci k jejímu využití, jsem si v ědoma povinnosti informovat o této skute čnosti TUL; v tomto p řípad ě má TUL právo ode mne požadovat úhradu náklad ů, které vynaložila na vytvo ření díla, až do jejich skute čné výše. Diplomovou práci jsem vypracovala samostatn ě s použitím uvedené literatury a na základ ě konzultací s vedoucím diplomové práce a konzultantem. V Liberci, 22. 05. 2009 3 Anotace Automobilový pr ůmysl p ředstavuje jedno z klí čových odv ětví národních hospodá řství většiny zemí sv ěta. Jeho vývoj a význam v posledních letech vzr ůstá p ředevším na rozvojových trzích jako je Čína, Indie, Rusko či Brazílie. Automobilový pr ůmysl potažmo celý sv ět byl v lo ňském roce zasažen globální ekonomickou krizí, která s sebou přinesla nejen řadu rizik, ale i výzev. Především pro čínský automobilový pr ůmysl, který si jako jeden z mála uchoval r ůst i v letošním roce, by mohla sou časná finan ční krize znamenat posun na první pozici mezi sv ětovými producenty automobil ů. Sílící konkurence a rostoucí požadavky zákazník ů působí jako stimul nejen na zahrani ční výrobce, ale i na čínské automobilky ve zvyšování kvality a komfortu nabízených voz ů. Tém ěř všichni výrobci automobil ů mají dnes své zastoupení na čínském trhu. I Škoda Auto zde ve spolupráci se svou mate řskou spole čností Volkswagen a čínskou automobilkou Shanghai Automotive Industry Company zahájila p řed dv ěma lety lokální výrobu. Po čet vyrobených voz ů i jejich obliba u čínských zákazník ů každým rokem nar ůstá. Nejen Škoda Auto, ale i mnoho dalších výrobc ů automobil ů usilují o posílení pozice na tomto klí čovém trhu. Klí čová slova automobily, automobilový pr ůmysl, Čína, Čínská lidová republika, celosv ětová finan ční krize, globalizace, joint venture, kvalita, OEM, prodej, Škoda Auto a. s., trh, Volkswagen AG, vývoj, WTO, zákazník 4 Annotation Automotive industry represents one of the branches of national economies of most countries of the world. In recent years, it´s development and importance has been rising, especialy at developing markets such as China, India, Russia and Brasil. Automobile industry, like the rest of the world, was hit by the global financial crisis last year which has brought both risks and challenges. For Chinese automotive industry which, as one of few, has kept its growth over this year, current financial crisis could mean a shift to the leading position among the world´s car producers. Growing competition and customers´ requirements act as an impulse to increase quality and comfort of vehicles produced by both Chinese and foreign car factories. Nearly all car manufacturers are represented on the Chinese market nowadays. Skoda Auto, in cooperation with its home company Volkswagen and Chinese car manufacturer Shanghai Automotive Industry Company, alo started a local production in China two years ago. Number of cars produced and their popularity keep rising each year. Not only Skoda Auto but also many other car producers are trying to strenghten their position at this key market. Key words cars, automotive industry, China, Chinese people´s republic, global financial crisis, globalisation, joint venture, quality, OEM, Skoda Auto a.s., Volkswagen AG, development, WTO, customer 5 OBSAH Seznam zkratek a symbol ů .................................................................................................... 9 Seznam tabulek.................................................................................................................... 12 Seznam obrázk ů................................................................................................................... 13 1. ÚVOD............................................................................................................................. 15 2. VÝVOJ NA SV ĚTOVÝCH AUTOMOBILOVÝCH TRZÍCH................................ 17 2.1 ÚVOD DO ODV ĚTVÍ .............................................................................................. 17 2.2 PO ČÁTKY AUTOMOBILOVÉ HISTORIE ............................................................ 18 2.3 VÝVOJ DO ROKU 1945 .......................................................................................... 19 2.4 VÝVOJ PO 2. SV ĚTOVÉ VÁLCE........................................................................... 20 2.5 CELOSV ĚTOVÁ PRODUKCE V ROCE 2007 ....................................................... 21 2.6 GLOBALIZA ČNÍ TENDENCE................................................................................ 22 2.7 KRIZE V AUTOMOBILOVÉM PR ŮMYSLU ........................................................ 25 3. VSTUP NA NOVÉ TRHY ........................................................................................... 28 3.1 ROZHODOVÁNÍ O VSTUPU NA MEZINÁRODNÍ TRHY.................................. 28 3.2 VÝB ĚR ZAHRANI ČNÍCH TRH Ů........................................................................... 29 3.3 FORMY VSTUPU NA MEZINÁRODNÍ TRH ....................................................... 31 3.3.1 Výroba v tuzemsku............................................................................................... 32 3.3.1.1 Nep římý export ............................................................................................. 32 3.3.1.2 Přímý export.................................................................................................. 33 3.3.2 Výroba v zahrani čí ............................................................................................... 34 3.3.2.1 Poskytování licencí ....................................................................................... 34 3.3.2.2 Přímé investice .............................................................................................. 35 3.4 VSTUP ZAHRANI ČNÍCH SPOLE ČNOSTÍ NA ČÍNSKÝ TRH ............................ 35 3.4.1 Důvody pro vstup na čínský trh ........................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Podmínky vstupu zahrani čního kapitálu .............................................................. 36 3.4.3 Možné formy vstupu zahrani čních investor ů........................................................ 37 3.4.3.1 Reprezenta ční kancelá ř ................................................................................. 37 3.4.3.2 Joint venture .................................................................................................. 39 3.4.3.3 Spole čnost pln ě vlastn ěná zahrani čním subjektem........................................ 42 4. ČÍNSKÁ LIDOVÁ REPUBLIKA ............................................................................... 45 4.1 ZÁKLADNÍ INFORMACE O TERITORIU ............................................................ 45 4.1.1 Geografie............................................................................................................... 47 4.1.1.1 Poloha a rozloha............................................................................................ 47 4.1.1.2 Podnebí.......................................................................................................... 50 4.1.2 Demografie a její vývoj........................................................................................ 50 4.2 EKONOMICKÁ CHARAKTERISTIKA ZEM Ě...................................................... 52 6 4.2.1 Ekonomický vývoj po 2. sv ětové válce ................................................................ 52 4.2.2 Ekonomické reformy konce 70. let ...................................................................... 53 4.2.3 Otev ření ekonomiky v 90. letech ......................................................................... 53 4.2.4 Vstup ČLR do 21. století...................................................................................... 54 4.3 ZAHRANI ČNĚ-POLITICKÁ ORIENTACE............................................................ 54 4.3.1 Členství ČLR v mezinárodních institucích .......................................................... 55 4.3.1.1 WTO a její význam pro automobilový pr ůmysl............................................. 55 4.4 ZÁKLADNÍ MAKROEKONOMICKÉ UKAZATELE............................................ 58 4.4.1 Hrubý domácí produkt.......................................................................................... 58 4.4.2 Vývoj inflace ........................................................................................................ 61 4.4.3 Nezam ěstnanost.................................................................................................... 62 4.4.4 Zahrani ční obchod................................................................................................ 63 4.4.5 Obchodní a ekonomická spolupráce
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