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Mass Extinctions and Clade Extinctions in the History of Brachiopods: Brief Review and a Post-Paleozoic Case Study

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Mass Extinctions and Clade Extinctions in the History of Brachiopods: Brief Review and a Post-Paleozoic Case Study Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 125(3): 711-724. November 2019 MASS EXTINCTIONS AND CLADE EXTINCTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF BRACHIOPODS: BRIEF REVIEW AND A POST-PALEOZOIC CASE STUDY ATTILA VÖRÖS1,2*, ÁDÁM T. KOCSIS2,3 & JÓZSEF PÁLFY2,4 1*Corresponding author. Department of Paleontology and Geology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, POB 137, Budapest H-1431, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] 2MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, POB 137, Budapest H-1431, Hungary. 3GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Geology, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] To cite this article: Vörös A., Kocsis Á.T. & Pálfy J. (2019) - Mass extinctions and clade extinctions in the history of brachiopods: brief review and a post-Paleozoic case study. Riv. It. Paleont. Strat., 125(3): 711-724. Keywords: Rhynchonelliformea; diversity; spire-bearers; biotic crises; end-Triassic; Toarcian. Abstract. Brachiopods are a key group in Phanerozoic marine diversity analyses for their excellent fossil record and distinctive evolutionary history. A genus-level survey of raw diversity trajectories allows the identification of the Brachiopod Big Five, episodes of major genus losses in the phylum which are compared with the established Big Five mass extinctions of Phanerozoic marine invertebrates. The two lists differ in that the end-Cretaceous extinction appears subdued for brachiopods, whereas the mid-Carboniferous is recognized as an event with significant loss of brachiopod genera. At a higher taxonomic level, a review of temporal ranges of rhynchonelliform orders reveals episodes of synchronous termination of multiple orders, here termed clade extinctions. The end-Ordovician, Late Devonian and end-Permian events are registered as both mass extinctions and clade extinctions. The Late Cambrian and the Early Jurassic are identified as the other two clade extinction events. Coincident with the Early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, the last clade extinction of brachiopods is defined by the disappearance of the last two spire- bearing orders, Athyridida and Spiriferinida. Their diversity trajectory through the recovery after the end-Permian crisis parallels that of the extant terebratulides and rhynchonellides until a Late Triassic peak but diverge afterwards. The end-Triassic diversity decline and Toarcian vanishing of spire-bearers correspond with contraction in their spatial distribution. The observed patterns and extinction selectivity may be explained both ecologically and physiologically. The specialized adaptation of morphologically diverse spire-bearers, as well as their fixed lophophore and passive feeding put them at a disadvantage at times of environmental crises, manifest in their end-Triassic near-extinction and Toarcian demise. Similar analyses of other clade extinctions may further improve our understanding of drivers and processes of extinction. INTRODUCTION and became a subordinate player in the shallow-ma- rine benthic communities after the end-Permian bi- Brachiopods are a key fossil group in the otic catastrophe. Paleozoic evolutionary fauna of Sepkoski (1981), During their Paleozoic heyday, brachiopods characterized by a distinctive diversity history. The developed free-lying, semi-infaunal and possibly phylum reached the peak of its adaptive and evolu- free-swimming ways of life and extremely varied tionary success in the second half of the Paleozoic morphologies and ornamentation styles, and at- tained extremely high taxonomic diversity (Rud- Received: February 28, 2019; accepted: August 1, 2019 wick 1970; Curry & Brunton 2007). (Note that in 712 Vörös A., Kocsis Á.T. & Pálfy J. MASS EXTINCTIONS AND CLADE EXTINCTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF BRACHIOPODS The following brief review will focus on the history of the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea (Articulata auctt.) which chiefly accounts for the dramatic changes in brachiopod diversity, much more than the other two subphyla, the Linguli- formea and Craniiformea. Changes in the gener- ic abundance of brachiopods (Curry & Brunton 2007) clearly show the signs of several crises in ancient marine ecosystems. Most of the Big Five Fig. 1 - Number of brachiopod genera during the Phanerozoic (af- mass extinctions appear also on this brachiopod ter Curry & Brunton 2007) and the number of genera that became extinct at the Brachiopod Big Five (indicated by ar- diversity curve: the end-Ordovician, Late Devoni- rows). an, end-Permian and end-Triassic events are eas- ily recognizable (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the this study, we use the term diversity to refer to sim- famous fifth of the Big Five, the end-Cretaceous ple taxic richness, either at species, genus or higher event, appears subdued and was perhaps less dra- taxonomic level). However, after the end-Permian matic for brachiopods. Alternatively, a more rapid crisis and during the Mesozoic marine revolution recovery may have masked the diversity decrease at (Vermeij 1977), rhynchonelliform brachiopods re- low temporal resolution (Alroy et al. 2008). Of the turned to the conservative modes of life with pedi- four events of the Brachiopod Big Five that clearly cle attachment or cementation and, as reflected by coincide with the classical Big Five, the greatest was their considerably reduced diversity, were outcom- the end-Permian with 308 genera becoming extinct, peted by bivalves (Gould & Calloway 1980; Thayer closely followed by the Late Devonian (256). The 1985; Walsh 1996). end-Ordovician event ranks third (108), whereas The long and eventful history of the phylum the end-Triassic appears the smallest of the brachi- Brachiopoda is replete with extinction events of opod mass extinctions with the disappearance of different magnitudes. The major drops in the clas- 72 genera (data from Curry & Brunton 2007). Con- sical diversity curve of marine invertebrates (Raup versely, the fourth in rank among the Brachiopod & Sepkoski 1982), i.e. the originally identified “Big Big Five, in the mid-Carboniferous with 84 genera Five” mass extinctions, are unquestionably recog- becoming extinct, does not correspond to any of nizable in the updated generic abundance curve of the classical Big Five. brachiopods (Curry & Brunton 2007). However, Mass extinctions are commonly analyzed at there are some important differences in the magni- low taxonomic levels and measured in terms of ra- tude, timing, and significance of these events. Some tio of taxic loss across stratigraphic boundaries. For of these deviations are discussed in this paper. our study, the Brachiopod Big Five extinctions and In the first part, we briefly review the dif- the post-Paleozoic decline are demonstrated using ferences between the established Big Five and the the simple count of genera. On the other hand, “Brachiopod Big Five” events, i.e. the five greatest it seems also worthwhile to analyze the extinction mass extinctions of brachiopods, in terms of ge- events and the decline of the phylum at a high- neric abundance. We also introduce here the term er taxonomic level. In the case of Rhynchonelli- “clade extinction”, a useful concept to discuss ex- formea (Articulata) the highest meaningful level is tinctions at the higher taxonomic level of orders, the rank of orders. The extinction events that mark for those events when entire brachiopod clades van- the final disappearances of orders are termed here ished. The second part presents a case study with a clade extinctions, because these events involve ul- concise discussion of the last, post-Paleozoic clade timate, definitive losses of the brachiopod groups extinction of the brachiopods in the Early Jurassic. concerned. Mass extinctions and clade extinctions in the history of brachiopods 713 Fig. 2 - Comparison between the major mass extinctions (the Brachiopod Big Five) and the clade extinctions (extinctions of orders) among brachiopods. Range charts after Carlson (2007). The range chart of the orders of Rhyn- Brachiopod Big Five. Admittedly, such compila- chonelliformea, compiled by Carlson (2007) and tions may not fully capture the complexity of these adapted here (Fig. 2), shows that the changes in events, as the temporal resolution may be too crude number of orders principally follow the gener- to reveal the details, especially for the Paleozoic. ic diversity curve of Curry & Brunton (2007). It Nevertheless, the pattern of correspondence and starts with eight orders in the Cambrian, then, after divergence in diversity trajectories at low taxonom- the Devonian peak (12), decreases to nine in the ic levels and clade termination events is insightful. Permian, falls to five in the Triassic, and ends with In the Paleozoic history of the Rhynchonel- three extant orders. liformea, the mass and clade extinctions were com- More importantly, Figure 2 also shows that monly followed by rapid recoveries accompanied the clade extinctions, i.e. the ultimate disappear- by significant morphological innovations (Rudwick ances of orders, are not perfectly in agreement 1970; Curry & Brunton 2007). This pattern com- with the Brachiopod Big Five events. The end-Or- pletely changed after the end-Permian catastrophe. dovician, Late Devonian and, most remarkably, The four surviving orders, Rhynchonellida, Tere- the end-Permian extinctions are classified to both bratulida, Athyridida and Spiriferinida (joined
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