Les Pel·Lícules Musicals D'animació Dels Estudis Walt Disney

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Les Pel·Lícules Musicals D'animació Dels Estudis Walt Disney Les pel·lícules musicals d’animació dels estudis Walt Disney: anàlisi de l’aparició i evolució dels elements recurrents a les cançons (1937-2010) Alba Montoya Rubio ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. Les pel·lícules musicals d’animació dels estudis Walt Disney: anàlisi de l’aparició i evolució dels elements recurrents a les cançons (1937-2010) Alba Montoya Rubio Director: Dr. Josep Lluís i Falcó Tutora: Dra. Rosa Maria Subirana Rebull Pla de Doctorat: Història i teoria de les arts (1314DHA) Les pel·lícules musicals d’animació dels estudis Walt Disney: anàlisi de l’aparició i evolució dels elements recurrents a les cançons (1937-2010) Alba Montoya Rubio Universitat de Barcelona, maig 2017 RESUM Aquesta tesi estudia la música a les pel·lícules de Disney, concretament la configuració de les seves cançons, si hi ha uns patrons formals en la seva creació i disposició en un llargmetratge animat. A partir d’aquesta anàlisi, es pretén esbrinar si existeix el que sovint es denomina “la fórmula” Disney, segons la qual en aquestes pel·lícules sempre hi ha d’haver un determinat tipus de cançó amb uns trets molt definits. Per resoldre aquesta qüestió s’han analitzat un total de 34 pel·lícules, fent un especial èmfasi en els moments musicals i tots els elements que hi interactuen: la lletra, la imatge i la música. D’aquesta anàlisi i de la comparació d’aquestes pel·lícules ha estat possible deduir com han estat dissenyades, si existeixen uns patrons formals en la configuració dels números musicals i si tot això dona lloc a un estil únic i diferenciable a nivell artístic, a més de permetre revisar la definició del musical com a gènere cinematogràfic. Les cites, transcripcions, exemples sonors i audiovisuals d’il·lustració d’aquesta tesi doctoral apareixen amb finalitat de recerca. L’autora s’empara en: - Dret de cita. Artículo 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, según el Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril. - Fair use. Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. Agraïments Aquesta tesi no hauria estat possible sense l’ajut i guia del meu director de tesi, Josep Lluis i Falcó. El camí ha estat llarg i complicat, però finalment hem arribat a la nostra destinació. Durant el trajecte ha estat molta la gent que m’ha ofert la seva ajuda quan l’he demanada. Tenint en compte el caràcter “internacional” de la tesi, voldria agrair en els idiomes en què específicament m’he dirigit a totes aquelles persones que, d’una manera o altra, m’han ajudat. I would like to specially thank to the composers and lyricists that worked in Disney that kindly answered my questions: Carol Connors, Ayn Robers, Mark Mancina, Stan Fidel, JAC Redford, Artie Butler and Ellen Fitzhugh. Also many thanks to the Disney former workers and directors Kevin Lima and Rob Minkoff. Thank you to Jonathan Heely and Jacqueline Janacua, from the Disney Archive, for letting me consult the selected music sheet; as well as Michael Barrier and John Canemaker for giving me the contact of the Disney Archives. Also many thanks for their help and advice to Tom Miller, Michael Cole, Federico Spinetti, Frank Hentschel, Ross B. Care, Tom Miller, Jay Cooper, Diane Ventura, Daniel Batchelder and Scott Wolf. And of course, to Coco, for scanning me those pages from a rare book in New York. También quisiera agradecer a Borja Montero aquella charla telefónica en la que me explicó en qué consiste el trabajo de un animador y Jorge Fonte, por toda la información que me dió en su momento sobre Disney. Per últim, però no per això menys important, no voldria oblidar a Carme Junyent, que em va ajudar amb la traducció del zulu de les lletres de The Lion King. I, evidentment, als meus amics i família per escoltar-me pacientment parlar durant aquests gairebé cinc anys dia sí, dia també, sobre Disney i les seves cançons. 8 Alba Montoya Rubio Índex Introducció ................................................................................................. 29 Notes prèvies sobre la terminologia ..................................................................33 Estructura del treball ........................................................................................34 Bloc 1 1. Hipòtesis de la tesi .................................................................................. 41 2. Estat de la qüestió .................................................................................. 43 2.1 Els estudis d’animació Disney: història i relació amb la música ................45 2.1.1 Els inicis (1919-1936) .........................................................................45 2.1.2 El període clàssic (1937-1967) ............................................................49 2.1.3 La decadència (1970-1988) .................................................................54 2.1.4 El renaixement (1989-1999) ...............................................................58 2.1.5 La transició (2000 -) ..........................................................................61 2.2 La transmissió de valors de Disney ............................................................64 2.3 La relació entre l’animació i els contes de fades ..........................................66 2.4 Versions originals i doblatges: l’estudi de Disney des de la traducció ..........69 9 Les pel·lícules musicals d’animació dels estudis Walt Disney: anàlisi de l’aparició i evolució dels elements recurrents a les cançons (1937-2010) 2.5 L’animació de Disney com a pastitx de les arts visuals ................................71 2.6 La música a Disney ....................................................................................75 3. Marc teòric ............................................................................................. 79 3.1 L’estudi de les rondalles i contes de fades ...................................................79 3.1.1 Estructura ..........................................................................................80 3.1.2 L’espai i el temps ................................................................................84 3.1.3 Contingut i objectiu ...........................................................................84 3.1.4 Personatges i arquetips ........................................................................86 3.2 Música aplicada ..........................................................................................89 3.2.1 Música i significat ...............................................................................89 3.2.2 Característiques de la música a l’audiovisual .......................................91 3.2.2.1 Leitmotiv .....................................................................................91 3.2.2.2 Música empàtica i anempàtica .....................................................93 3.2.2.3 Mickeymousing ...........................................................................93 3.2.2.4 Música diegètica i extradiegètica .................................................94 3.2.2.5 Cançons i fons musical ................................................................96
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