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Signature Redacted Author Novel Electromagnetic Scattering Phenomena MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE by OFTECHNOLOGY Yi Yang OCT 0 3 2019 B.S., Peking University (2011) LIBRARIES I S.M., Peking University (2014) ARCHIVES Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2019 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2019. All rights reserved. Signature redacted Author ................................... Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science August 30, 2019 Signature redacted C ertified by .................. .. .......... I Marin Soja-in Professor of Physics and MacArthur Fellow Thesis Supervisor Signature redacted Accepted by............ L 9 sle A. Kolodziejski Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chair, Department Committee on Graduate Students 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 MITLibraries http://Iibraries.mit.edu/ask DISCLAIMER NOTICE Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. Thank you. The images contained in this document are of the best quality available. Novel Electromagnetic Scattering Phenomena by Yi Yang Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on August 30, 2019, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Abstract Scattering of electromagnetic waves is fundamentally related to the inhomogeneity of a system. This thesis focuses on several theoretical and experimental findings of electromagnetic scattering under contemporary context. These results vary from scattering off real structures and off synthetic gauge fields. The source of scatter- ing also varies from near-field to far-field excitations. First, we present a general framework for nanoscale electromagnetism with experimental verifications based on far-field plasmonic scattering. We also theoretically propose two schemes featured by thin metallic films and hybrid plasmonic dielectric nanoresonantors, respectively, aiming at achieving high radiative efficiency in plasmonics. Second, treating free electrons as a near-field scattering excitation, we derive a universal upper limit to the spontaneous free electron radiation and energy loss, verified by measurements on the Smith-Purcell radiation. Such an upper limit allows us to identify a new regime of radiation operation where slow electrons are more efficient than fast ones. The limit also exhibits a emission probability divergence, which we show can be physically approached -by coupling free electrons to photonic bound states in the continuum. Finally, we will discuss the scattering of optical waves off synthetic mag- netic fields. Specifically, we will describe a synthesis non-Abelian (non-commutative) gauge fields in real space, enabled time-reversal symmetry breaking with distinct man- ners. These synthetic non-Abelian gauge fields enables us to observe the non-Abelian Aharonov-Bohm effect with classical waves and classical fluxes, relevant for classical and quantum topological phenomena. Thesis Supervisor: Marin Soljaid6 Title: Professor of Physics and MacArthur Fellow 3 In memory of my mother. 6 Acknowledgments The past five years at MIT has been a transformational journey. It transformed me from a student who was curious about science into a serious researcher. It gave me valuable chances to interact with talented minds from all over the world. About life, it gave me heavy lessons on birth and death and made me become a stronger person. I would like to sincerely thank my advisor Prof. Marin Soljaeid for his guidance on my research and career development, as well as for his care on me and my family. It is an honor for me to have the chance to work with Marin. I also thank Prof. John D. Joannopoulos for his advice, encouragement, and inspiring discussions. I thank Prof. Steven G. Johnson and Prof. Karl K. Berggren for their great support and help on my projects. I thank Prof. Chao Peng for his visit and collaboration. I thank Prof. Qing Hu for counselling my graduate study. I sincerely thank Frederick Sangyeon Cho, Thomas Christensen, Chia Wei Hsu, Ido Kaminer, Steve E. Kooi, Xiao Lin, Josue Lopez, Aviram Massuda, Owen D. Miller, Nick Rivera, Charles Roques-Carmes, Yichen Shen, Scott Skirlo, Jamison Sloan, Xuefan Yin, Bo Zhen, Di Zhu, and the entire JDJ group for our friendship and fruitful discussions. I cannot make it through without the support of my family and friends. I thank my parents Shouzhi Yang and Changzhen Xie for their deepest love. I thank my wife Yifan for her company, support, and the greatest gift-our son Aspen, who is always my source of joy. I thank Di Zhu, as well as his family, for their daily helping hands and the leisure time we spent together. 7 Citations to Previously Published Work A portion of Chapters 2 has been published in the following papers: "Optically thin metallic films for high-radiative-efficiency plasmonics." Yi Yang, Bo Zhen, Chia Wei Hsu, Owen D. Miller, John D. Joannopoulos, and Marin Sol- jaeid.Nano letters 16, 4110, (2016). "Low-loss plasmonic dielectric nanoresonators." Yi Yang, Owen D. Miller, Thomas Christensen, John D. Joannopoulos, and Marin Sojaei6. Nano letters 17, 3238, (2017). A portion of the following paper appears in Chapter 3: "A General Theoretical and Experimental Framework for Nanoscale Electromag- netism." Yi Yang, Di Zhu, Wei Yan, Akshay Agarwal, Mengjie Zheng, John D. Joan- nopoulos, Philippe Lalanne, Thomas Christensen, Karl K. Berggren, and Marin Sol- jaei6. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.03988 (2019). To appear in Nature. A portion of the following paper appears in Chapter 4: "Maximal spontaneous photon emission and energy loss from free electrons." Yi Yang, Aviram Massuda, Charles Roques-Carmes, Steven E. Kooi, Thomas Christensen, Steven G. Johnson, John D. Joannopoulos, Owen D. Miller, Ido Kaminer, and Marin Sojaeid. Nature Physics 14, 894, (2018). A portion of the following paper appears in Chapter 5: "Synthesis and Observation of Non-Abelian Gauge Fields in Real Space." Yi Yang, Chao Peng, Di Zhu, Hrvoje Buljan, John D. Joannopoulos, Bo Zhen, and Marin Soljaid. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.03369 (2019). To appear in Science. 8 Contents 1 Overview 27 2 High Radiative-efficiency Nanoresonators 31 2.1 Introduction ....... .. 31 2.2 Far-field scattering ............................ 33 2.2.1 Enhanced quality factors with thin metallic films ....... 33 2.2.2 Scattering cross-section upper limit of hybrid nanoresonators . 39 2.3 Near-field spontaneous emission ..... ............. ... 42 2.4 Widely tunable quality factors . ............. ........ 45 2.5 Robustness to nonclassical corrections ............. ..... 47 2.6 D iscussion .. ............. ............ ...... 48 3 General Framework for Nanoscale Electromagnetism 51 3.1 Introduction ......... ............ ........... 51 3.2 M esoscopic theory .............. ............... 53 3.3 Numerical implementation ... ............. ........ 55 3.4 Quasi-normal-mode perturbation theory ... ............ 57 3.4.1 Perturbation theory framework .... ............. 57 3.4.2 Perturbation result in the cylindrical coordinates ....... 58 3.4.3 Perturbation strength comparison ... ....... ...... 59 3.4.4 Structural dependence of the spectral shift .... ....... 60 3.5 Experim ental setup ........ ......... ........ ... 61 3.6 Au-Au results: dispersion measurement of surface response functions 64 9 3.7 Si-Au results: robustness to detrimental nonclassical corrections .. 66 3.8 Al-Au results: partial cancellation of nonclassical corrections between spill-in/out m aterials .......................... 69 3.9 Materials and methods ......................... 70 3.9.1 Ellipsom etry ..................... ...... 70 3.9.2 Impact of surface roughness on optical response . ...... 72 3.9.3 Data analysis ................ .......... 75 3.9.4 Oxide layers of Si and Al nanodisks ........ ...... 76 3.9.5 Index dependence of measured surface response functions . 77 3.10 D iscussion ............ .................... 79 4 Fundamental Limits to Spontaneous Free Electron Radiation and Energy Loss 81 4.1 Introduction ...................... 81 4.2 Theoretical framework ................ 82 4.2.1 Three-dimensional general upper limits .. 82 4.2.2 Smith-Purcell radiation upper limit in three dimensions for rectangular gratings ............. 87 4.2.3 Limit asymptotics .... ........... 89 4.2.4 Penetrating electron trajectories ...... 91 4.2.5 Upper limit in two dimensions ........ 94 4.3 Key predictions ........ ............ 97 4.3.1 Slow-electron-efficient regime ........ 97 4.3.2 Enhanced radiation by coupling electrons with photonic bound states in the continuum ............ 97 4.4 Experimental verification ............... 100 4.4.1 Measurement in the visible wavelengths .. 100 4.4.2 Measurement in the infrared wavelengths .. 102 4.4.3 Experimental methods and data analysis .. 104 4.5 Discussion ................................ 107 10 5 Synthesis and Observation of Non-Abelian Gauge Fields 111 5.1 Introduction .... ..... ..... .... ..... .... ... 111 5.2 Non-Abelian gauge fields and state evolution ...... .. ..... 114 5.3 Synthesis of non-Abelian gauge fields .......... ....... 115 5.4 Observation of Non-Abelian Aharonov-Bohm effect .. ..... .. 118 5.5 Materials and Methods .. .......... ...... ..... .. 122 5.5.1
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