DOCSLIB.ORG

The Centenary of Korea's Sam-Il (March First)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Centenary of Korea's Sam-Il (March First) The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Volume 17 | Issue 16 | Number 1 | Article ID 5301 | Aug 15, 2019 The Centenary of Korea’s Sam-il (March First) Independence Movement: Remembering Japanese Art Critic Yanagi Sōetsu’s Solidarity with Colonized Koreans Penny Bailey Abstract culture, Kwanghwamun Gate One hundred years on from Korea’s Sam-il (March First) Independence Movement, this article outlines a number of factors that led to 2019 marks the hundredth anniversary of the the mass mobilization of Koreans in sustained stirrings of a major watershed in Korean nationwide efforts to oust the Japanesehistory, the March First Movement三一運動 colonizers from the peninsula. Although much (Kr. Sam-il undong; Jp. San’ichi undō), which of the pro-independence activism took place at began with mass popular protests calling for the grassroots level in Korea, the movement independence in Seoul on 1 March, 1919. also provided an opportunity forThese protests ignited others across the contemporaneous transnational commentators country that maintained momentum for over a to publicly make known their disapproval of year, forming the earliest and most widespread Japan’s escalating imperial expansionism and displays of Korean resistance to the Japanese its rigid colonial policies. In Japan, a number of seizure of Korea in 1905, the annexation in concerned observers questioned the dominant 1910, and the era of colonization which lasted mode of thinking at the time which pitted the until Japan’s defeat in World War II. As a colonial project as a noble and altruistic political campaign seeking the reinstatement of venture that would “civilize” Koreans.Korean sovereignty, the Sam-il Movement was Criticisms ranged from a distrust of the not confined to the Korean peninsula, but empire’s political motivations to the economic extended to the diaspora and supporters in costs of running the colonies, and moral many international locations including Japan, opposition based on humanitarian grounds. Manchuria, China, the United States, and parts One Japanese commentator who demonstrated of Europe.1 The study of these cosmopolitan solidarity with the colonized Koreans was the accounts is important in broadening our art critic Yanagi Sōetsu 柳宗悦 (1889–1961), understanding of their contribution to who published a number of impassioned intellectual exchange on the movement and appeals in an effort to demonstrate his situating modern Korean history within the indignation at Japan’s occupation of the broader global context. This article focuses peninsula and to highlight the importance of predominantly on expressions of support for acknowledging and protecting Korea’s vast the Koreans shown by the Japanese art critic repository of extraordinary visual cultures. Yanagi Sōetsu 柳宗悦 (1889–1961),2 who closely watched the unfolding events in Korea (Jp. Chōsen) in the colonial era, monitoring how Keywords: Yanagi Sōetsu, Sam-ilthe protests affected daily life for Koreans in Independence Movement, March Firstthe colony, and whether his peers would speak Movement, Japanese colonialism, Korean visual out against the brutality of Japan’s response to 1 APJ | JF 17 | 16 | 1 the crisis. carried out its first restoration project on Sŏkkuram.5 On his visit, however, Yanagi was Yanagi’s interest in Korea began around 1914, scathing of the results, complaining that “It when an acquaintance living in colonial Korea, looks less like a restoration than a case of Asakawa Noritaka 浅川典孝 (1884–1964), vandalism.” In his own careful observations of visited him at his home in Abiko (Chiba) with a the “eternal masterpiece” (ei’en na kessaku) gift of a Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) porcelain Sŏkkuram, Yanagi identified in the central, vessel decorated with a cobalt-paintedprincipal Buddha and thirty-seven relief “autumn-grass” design. Yanagi was captivated carvings of other figures in the Buddhist by the understated elegance of the work, pantheon on the surrounding grotto walls a sparking an interest in Korean visual cultures unique national aesthetic emblematic of the that also led him to seek out similarly rustic spirit of the Korean people.6 handmade wares in Japan. Later, he would define such wares asmingei 民芸 (a contraction of minshūteki kōgei 民衆的工芸, “crafts of the people”) after he and his potter friends Hamada Shōji 浜田庄司 (1894–1978), Kawai Kanjirō河井寛次郎 (1890–1966), Tomimoto Kenkichi 富本憲吉 (1886–1963) and Bernard Leach (1887–1979) established Japan’s Folk Crafts Movement 民芸運動 (Mingei undō) in the mid-1920s.3 In 1916, Yanagi decided to visit Asakawa Noritaka and his younger brother Asakawa Takumi 浅川巧 (1891–1931) in Seoul (Jp. Keijō) in order to experience Korean culture first hand. Arriving at the Port of Pusan on 11 August, Yanagi toured a number of locations in The unrestored Sŏkkuram Grotto, circa the southern part of the peninsula before 1912 (Source: Chōsen Sōtokufu [The catching the train to Seoul to spend two weeks Government General of Korea], Bukkokuji with the brothers. While in North Kyŏngsang to Sekkutsuan [Pulguksa and Sŏkkuram], Province, Yanagi was particularly impressed 1938, “Plate 22 Former View of Sekkutu-an with the ancient capital of Kyŏngju (Jp. Keishū), Cave-Temple,” n.p.) where he was struck by the beauty and grandeur of Sŏkkuram Grotto (Jp. Sekkutsuan).4 The grotto had been constructed At the time of his visit, Yanagi was part of a from granite blocks in the eighth century under group of educated young men in Tokyo Unified Silla (668CE–935CE), when Korean including Mushanokōji Saneatsu 武者小路実篤 Buddhist art and architecture was at its zenith. (1885–1976), Shiga Naoya志賀直哉 However, when it was “discovered” by the (1883–1971), and Arishima Takeo有島武郎 Japanese around 1910, it was in a state of (1878–1923) who styled themselves as the disrepair due to centuries of neglect under the group Shirakaba 白樺 (White Birch). The group Neo-Confucian governance of the Chosŏn was formed through their mutual interest in monarchy. Between 1913 and 1915, the modern Western art and literature, which the Government-General of Korea 朝鮮総督府 (Kr. members introduced in the 160 issues of their Chosŏn ch’ongdokpu; Jp. Chōsen sōtokufu) eponymous journal from 1910 to 1923. As a 2 APJ | JF 17 | 16 | 1 platform for the dissemination of avant-garde His work, which traced strong ethnic links ideas celebrating individuality and subjective between Koreans and Manchurians in the expression, Shirakaba took a leading role in ancient Kingdom of Puyŏ, rejected both the modern Japan in disseminating reproductions imposition of China’s historical suzerainty over of the works of artists including Paul Cézanne, Korea and Japan’s contemporary claims of Henri Matisse, and Paul Gauguin (many for the authority in the peninsula.10 In 1907, Sin played first time), and translations of the writings of a seminal role in the formation of the art historians and thinkers such as Julius clandestine nationalist organization Sinminhoe Meier-Graefe, C. Lewis Hind, and Henrik 新民会 (New People’s Association), before Ibsen.7 One of the individuals the group held a leaving the country just before the formal particular admiration for was Leo Tolstoy annexation in 1910, to continue his nationalist (1828–1910), whose pursuit of individual activities abroad.11 betterment and unwavering commitment to liberal humanism aligned with the members’ The outbreak of the protests in Seoul in 1919 own ideological pursuits. For Yanagi, the can be attributed to a number of factors discovery of Tolstoy was a crucial formative feeding public resistance to the Japanese influence on his intellectual development, colonization of the country and grievances with reinforcing his resolve (from around 1908) to the colonial administration. Foremost among distance himself from his youthful defense of these, Koreans opposed the harsh conditions of militarism.8 the first decade of authoritarian “military rule” (Jp. budan seiji) adopted by the colony’s first After the outbreak of the Sam-il protests, governors, Terauchi Masatake寺内正毅 (g. Yanagi was among the first public intellectuals 1910–1916) and Hasegawa Yoshimichi 長谷川好 in Japan to openly state his anger at the 道 (g. 1916–1919). The assimilationist program entrenched view of Korean society and culture inaugurated under their guidance was designed propagated by colonial apologists as backward to educate Koreans in Japanese ways, and was and impoverished. Horrified by the swift and proclaimed as a philanthropic mission that brutal nature of Japan’s response to the amounted to “the spread of civilization.”12 The protesters—and what he perceived as a lack of authorities believed that the racial and cultural condemnation of Japan’s actions in its newest similarities shared by the two peoples would colony—Yanagi began publishing prolifically ensure the success of the Koreans’ about Korea in various newspapers and high- incorporation into the Japanese empire. In profile journals, framing his petitions for reality, however, this “inclusion” in empire was Japan’s withdrawal from the peninsula and the only nominal, as colonial subjects were not return of Korean sovereignty around his afforded the same rights as Japanese nationals, expressions of empathy for colonial Koreans, and Korean culture was largely disparaged or his admiration for Korean art, and his concern ignored.13 for the preservation of the country’s visual cultures.9 Outside the colony, international events such as the 1917 dismantling of the Tsarist autocracy In Korea, the anti-colonial struggle had begun in the Russian Revolution, and the participation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zainichi Chōsenjin and the Independence Movement in Everyday Life
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012) 29 Zainichi Chōsenjin and the Independence Movement in Everyday Life Choi Jinseok (Ch’oe Chinsŏk)* Introduction “Zainichi (在日, Migrants from Korea),” “Kankokujin (韓国人),” Chōsenjin (朝鮮人),” “Korean,” I have long been concerned about how I should refer to myself within Japanese society. Should I introduce myself as a Zainichi, Kankokujin, Chōsenjin, or Korean? The task of introducing myself may appear to be a simple one. However, it is in fact a complex matter whose roots can be traced back some 100 years. After much hesita- tion, I have decided to introduce myself as “Chōsenjin.” This is because I have decided to be one with my history The term “Chōsenjin” is one that is very difficult to translate into Ko- rean. While Chōsenjin can be conveyed as Chosŏnin, or people of Chosŏn, the translation of the echoes associated with “Chōsenjin” is a much more complex task. The term “Chōsenjin” is still accompanied by negative vestiges in Japan. Chōsenjin is a racially discriminative word that was created by Japanese and internalized by the people of Chosŏn. Neverthe- less, the vestiges associated with “Chōsenjin” are not always negative. For me to introduce myself to others as Chōsenjin evokes a profound emotion akin to love and hatred. As such, “Chōsenjin” is a term that connotes contradictory notions. * Associate Professor, Hiroshima University. 30 Zainichi Chōsenjin and the Independence Movement in Everyday Life The difficulty translating “Chōsenjin” emanates from the existence of a line dividing our people. This line dividing us did not originally exist, nor was it desired.
    [Show full text]
  • REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University
    REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University The Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute of Columbia University were inaugu rated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia. REVOLUTION GOES EAST Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism Tatiana Linkhoeva CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of New York University. Learn more at the TOME website, which can be found at the following web address: openmono graphs.org. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress. cornell.edu. Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Linkhoeva, Tatiana, 1979– author. Title: Revolution goes east : imperial Japan and Soviet communism / Tatiana Linkhoeva. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Series: Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019020874 (print) | LCCN 2019980700 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501748080 (pbk) | ISBN 9781501748097 (epub) | ISBN 9781501748103 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Communism—Japan—History—20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to Korea Day: from Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism
    International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 3764–3780 1932–8036/20190005 Welcome to Korea Day: From Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism IRINA LYAN1 University of Oxford, UK With the increasing appeal of Korean popular culture known as the Korean Wave or hallyu, fans in Israel among Korean studies students have joined—and even replaced— ethnic Koreans in performing nationalism beyond South Korea’s borders, creating what I call hallyu fan-nationalism. As an unintended consequence of hallyu, such nationalism enables non-Korean hallyu fans to take on the empowering roles of cultural experts, educators, and even cultural ambassadors to promote Korea abroad. The symbolic shift from diasporic to hallyu nationalism brings to the fore nonnationalist, nonessentialist, and transcultural perspectives in fandom studies. In tracing the history of Korea Day from the 2000s to the 2010s, I found that hallyu fan-students are mobilized both by the macro mission to promote a positive image of Korea in their home societies and by the micro motivation to repair their own, often stigmatized, self-image. Keywords: transcultural fandom studies, hallyu, Korean Wave, Korean studies, Korea Day, diasporic nationalism While talking with Israeli students enrolled in Korean studies (mostly female fans of Korean popular culture) in an effort to understand their motivations behind organizing Korea Day and promoting Korean culture in Israel in general, I was surprised when some of them used the Hebrew word hasbara, which literally translates as “explanation.” As a synonym for propaganda, hasbara refers to the public diplomacy of Israel that aims to promote a positive image of Israel to the world and to counter its delegitimization.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean History in Maps: from Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century Edited by Michael D
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09846-6 - Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century Edited by Michael D. Shin Frontmatter More information Korean History in Maps Korean History in Maps is a beautifully presented, full-color atlas covering all periods of Korean history from prehistoric times to the present day. It is the first atlas of its kind to be specifically designed for students in English-speaking countries. There is a map for each era in Korean history, showing every major kingdom or polity that existed on the Korean peninsula, and maps are also included for topics of additional historical interest, including each major war that took place. In addition, the atlas contains chronologies, lists of monarchs, and overviews of the politics, economy, society, and culture for each era which are complemented by numerous photos and full-color images of artifacts, paintings, and architectural structures. This fascinating historical atlas is a complete reference work and unique teaching tool for all scholars and students of Korean and East Asian history. I © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09846-6 - Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century Edited by Michael D. Shin Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09846-6 - Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century Edited by Michael D. Shin Frontmatter More information Korean History in Maps From Prehistory to the Twenty-first Century EDITED BY Michael D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief of the Korea History
    A Brief of the Korea History Chronicle of Korea BC2333- BC.238- 918- 1392- 1910- BC57-668 668-918 1945- BC 108 BC1st 1392 1910 1945 Nangrang Dae GoGuRyeo BukBuYeo Unified GoRyeo JoSun Japan- Han DongBuYeo BaekJae Silla Invaded Min JolBonBuYe Silla BalHae Gug o GaRa (R.O.K DongOkJeo (GaYa) Yo Myng Korea) GoJoSun NamOkJeo Kum Chung (古朝鮮) BukOkJeo WiMan Won Han-5- CHINA Gun SamHan (Wae) (Wae) (IlBon) (IlBon) (IlBon) (Wae) (JAPAN) 1 한국역사 연대기 BC2333- BC.238- BC1세기- 918- 1392- 1910- 668-918 1945- BC 238 BC1세기 668 1392 1910 1945 낙 랑 국 북 부 여 고구려 신 라 고 려 조선 일제강 대한민 동 부 여 신 라 발 해 요 명 점기 국 졸본부여 백 제 금 청 동 옥 저 고조선 가 라 원 중국 남 옥 저 (古朝鮮) (가야) 북 옥 저 위 만 국 한 5 군 (왜) (왜) (일본) (일본) (일본) (일본) 삼 한 (왜) 국가계보 대강 (II) BC108 918 BC2333 BC194 BC57 668 1392 1910 1945 고구려 신 라 고조선(古朝鮮) 부여 옥저 대한 백 제 동예 고려 조선 민국 BC18 660 2 3 1 GoJoSun（2333BC-108BC) 2 Three Kingdom（57BC-AD668) 3 Unified Shilla（668-935) / Balhae 4 GoRyeo（918-1392) 5 JoSun（1392-1910) 6 Japan Colony（1910-1945) 7 The Division of Korea 8 Korea War（1950-1953) 9 Economic Boom In South Korea 1. GoJoSun [고조선] (2333BC-108BC) the origin of Korea n According to the Dangun creation mythological Origin n Dangun WangGeom establish the old JoSun in Manchuria. n The national idea of Korea is based on “Hong-ik-in-gan (弘益人間)”, Devotion the welfare of world-wide human being n DanGun JoSun : 48 DanGuns(Kings) + GiJa JoSun + WeeMan JoSun 4 “고조선의 강역을 밝힌다”의 고조선 강역 - 저자: 윤내현교수, 박선희교수, 하문식교수 5 Where is Manchuria 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Curriculum Vitae of In-Jin Yoon
    Curriculum Vitae of Professor In-Jin Yoon (Updated on September 30, 2013) Brief Bio In-Jin Yoon is professor of the Department of Sociology, Korea University and the former presidents of the Association for North Korean Migrants Studies and the Association for the Studies of Koreans Abroad. He received his Ph. D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the Asian American Studies Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara. His major publications include On My Own: Korean Businesses and Race Relations in America, Korean Diaspora: Migration, Adaptation, and Identity of Overseas Koreans, and North Korean Migrants: Lives, Consciousness, and Support Policy for Resettlement, South Koreans’ Perceptions of Migrant Workers and Multicultural Society, and Migration and Transnational Space in Northeast Asia, Mutual Perceptions of North Korean Migrants and South Koreans, Trends and Tasks of Studies of Koreans Abroad, and the History of Koreas Abroad. His research interests include social psychology, minorities, international migration, and multiculturalism. His email address is [email protected] and [email protected] Name In-Jin Yoon Date of birth June 30, 1963 Department of Sociology, Korea University 1, 5ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-ku Work address Seoul, Korea, 136-701 (Phone and Fax: 82-2-3290-2490) (Mobile: 82-10-6324-2490) 1 E-mail [email protected], [email protected] Education Period Academic Institution March, 1981-August, 1985 BA degree in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Korea University (Minor in Philosophy) September,
    [Show full text]
  • Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1974 The Post-War Democratization of Japan: Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture Hiroyuki Hamada College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Hamada, Hiroyuki, "The Post-War Democratization of Japan: Voting Patterns of Osaka Prefecture" (1974). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624882. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-yyex-rq19 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POST-WAR DEMOCRATIZATION OF JAPAN: n VOTING PATTERNS OF OSAKA PREFECTURE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Sociology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts by Hiroyuki Hamada May, 197^ APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved: May, 197^ Edwin H. Rh: Satoshi Ito, Ph.D. ___ Elaine M. The mo ^ Ph.D. DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my father, Kazuo Hamada, OSAKA, Japan. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............... iv LIST OF TABLES ............... v LIST OF MAPS AND GRAPH .......... ....... vii ABSTRACT . ......... viii INTRODUCTION ...................... .......... 2 CHAPTER I.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1911 Revolution and the Korean Independence Movement: the Road to Democratic Republicanism
    The 1911 Revolution and the Korean Independence Movement: The Road to Democratic Republicanism KIM Bong-jin 1. Foreword The Xing Zhonghui 興中会 （Revive China Society） started by Sun Yat-sen（ 1866-1925） and Wang Zhaoming 汪兆銘（ Wang Jingwei, 1883-1944） merged with the Hua Xinghui 華興会 established by Song Jiaoren 宋教仁 （1882-1913） and Huang Xing 黄興（ 1874-1916） on August 20, 1905 in Tokyo to become the Zhongguo Tongmenghui 同盟会 （Chinese Revolutionary Alliance）. Sun Yat-sen was selected to head the organization, and Huang Xing to run general affairs. Various documents were adopted, including the “mili- tary government proclamation,” “general articles of the Tongmenghui,” and “revolutionary strategy.” The Tongmenghui issued as their organizational publication the Minbao 民報, which adopted the general principles advocated by Sun of “expel the Manchus and restore China, establish a republic, and equalize land rights.” Subsequently, they fomented uprisings all over China, but all ended in failure. The Wuchang New Army successfully revolted against the Qing govern- ment on October 10, 1911. Other provinces followed suit by declaring inde- pendence from the central government. On January 1, 1912 the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, with Sun Yat-sen as provisional president. On February 12, however, Yuan Shikai （1859-1916） compelled the child emperor Puyi（ 1906-1967） to abdicate. The next day Sun Yat-sen turned in his resignation as president and recommended to the provisional National Assembly that Yuan take the position. On February 15 the provisional National Assembly agreed on Yuan’s appointment and to designate Nanjing as the capital.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GLOBALIZATION of K-POP by Gyu Tag
    DE-NATIONALIZATION AND RE-NATIONALIZATION OF CULTURE: THE GLOBALIZATION OF K-POP by Gyu Tag Lee A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cultural Studies Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2013 George Mason University Fairfax, VA De-Nationalization and Re-Nationalization of Culture: The Globalization of K-Pop A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Gyu Tag Lee Master of Arts Seoul National University, 2007 Director: Paul Smith, Professor Department of Cultural Studies Spring Semester 2013 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2013 Gyu Tag Lee All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my wife, Eunjoo Lee, my little daughter, Hemin Lee, and my parents, Sung-Sook Choi and Jong-Yeol Lee, who have always been supported me with all their hearts. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation cannot be written without a number of people who helped me at the right moment when I needed them. Professors, friends, colleagues, and family all supported me and believed me doing this project. Without them, this dissertation is hardly can be done. Above all, I would like to thank my dissertation committee for their help throughout this process. I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Paul Smith. Despite all my immaturity, he has been an excellent director since my first year of the Cultural Studies program.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea
    Operational Environment & Threat Analysis Volume 10, Issue 1 January - March 2019 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED OEE Red Diamond published by TRADOC G-2 Operational INSIDE THIS ISSUE Environment & Threat Analysis Directorate, Fort Leavenworth, KS Topic Inquiries: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea: Angela Williams (DAC), Branch Chief, Training & Support The Hermit Kingdom .............................................. 3 Jennifer Dunn (DAC), Branch Chief, Analysis & Production OE&TA Staff: North Korea Penny Mellies (DAC) Director, OE&TA Threat Actor Overview ......................................... 11 [email protected] 913-684-7920 MAJ Megan Williams MP LO Jangmadang: Development of a Black [email protected] 913-684-7944 Market-Driven Economy ...................................... 14 WO2 Rob Whalley UK LO [email protected] 913-684-7994 The Nature of The Kim Family Regime: Paula Devers (DAC) Intelligence Specialist The Guerrilla Dynasty and Gulag State .................. 18 [email protected] 913-684-7907 Laura Deatrick (CTR) Editor Challenges to Engaging North Korea’s [email protected] 913-684-7925 Keith French (CTR) Geospatial Analyst Population through Information Operations .......... 23 [email protected] 913-684-7953 North Korea’s Methods to Counter Angela Williams (DAC) Branch Chief, T&S Enemy Wet Gap Crossings .................................... 26 [email protected] 913-684-7929 John Dalbey (CTR) Military Analyst Summary of “Assessment to Collapse in [email protected] 913-684-7939 TM the DPRK: A NSI Pathways Report” ..................... 28 Jerry England (DAC) Intelligence Specialist [email protected] 913-684-7934 Previous North Korean Red Rick Garcia (CTR) Military Analyst Diamond articles ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Korea Between the United States and China: How Does Hedging Work? Park Jin 60 | Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies
    59 Korea Between the United States and China: How Does Hedging Work? Park Jin 60 | Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies “We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies.” The words of the 19th- century British statesman Lord Palmerstone seem to resonate in 21st-century Asia. For example, China and the United States fought against each other during the Korean War, but now the two great powers are exploring a new style of constructive strategic partnership. Japan and Vietnam fought against the United States in the last century, but they too are now strong allies and major strategic partners of the United States. In this fast-changing region of explosive economic growth and constant power shifts, even the most traditional alliances are being tested while previously unlikely partnerships are being forged. Amid deepening uncertainty and ambiguity, states continue to struggle to answer that fundamental question of foreign policy: friend or foe? The same question was much easier to answer during the Cold War period; the world was divided into two blocs, and small and middle powers only had to choose between them. My friend’s friend was a friend, and my enemy’s friend was an enemy. After the bipolar world turned into a unipolar hegemony whether you chose to be a friend or a foe to the United States, the choice was still a binary one.1 Such reassuring simplicity has been fading away rapidly. With the projected rise of a new superpower in China and the perceived challenges to the U.S.-centric hub-and- spokes system in an age where economic interdependence has increased and power shift has occurred, especially in Asia, it requires a sophisticated diplomacy to adapt to the perceived shifts in geopolitical landscape and to optimize a policy mix for managing alliances and new partnerships.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement Author(S): Timothy S
    American Society of Church History A Political Factor in the Rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement Author(s): Timothy S. Lee Source: Church History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp. 116-142 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3170582 Accessed: 19/04/2009 21:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Society of Church History and Cambridge University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Church History.
    [Show full text]